Agronomical Practices for Major Crops.pptx

Agronomical Practices for Major Crops

1. Agronomical Practices for Major Crops Dr. Paritosh Murmu Scientist (Agronomy) Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nabarangpur

2. Crop plants may be classified on basis of a morphological similarity of plants. From the agronomic stand point they may be classified on basis of use, but some crops have several different uses. Classification of crop plants

3. Economic importance : Cereal or grain crops Legumes for seed Forage crops Fiber crops Sugar crops Oil crops

4. Cereal or grain crops: Cereals are grasses grown for their edible seeds, the term cereal being applied either to the grain or to the plant itself. They include wheat, rice, maize, barley and other.

5. Legumes for seed: The chief legumes grown for their seeds are field beans, chick pea, lentil and other crops

6. Forage crops: Forage refers to vegetable matter, fresh or preserved utilized as food for animal. Forage crops include grasses, alfalfa, clover and other crops.

7. Fiber crops: The fiber crops include cotton, flax and rami Sugar crops: The sugar beet, sugar cane are grown for their sweet parts from which sucrose is extracted and crystallized. Oil crops: The oil crops include peanut, soybeans, sunflower, sesame, the seeds of which contain useful oils.

8. II- Special purpose classification : Cover crops: cover crops are those seeded to provide a cover for the soil. Catch crop: catch crop are substitute crops planted too late for regular crops or after the regular crop has failed. Clover are often used for this purpose. Silage crops: crops which cultivated for silage such as sorghums.

9. III- Classification as to growth habit: Annuals: is the plant which its life cycle is completed in one season as corn, wheat and rice Biennials plant that require two seasons to attain full development, mature seed and die are biennials. Red clover is a biennial plant. Perennials : some plant live for several years. They may produce seed each year but they do not die with seed production. Perennials plant are usually the trees.

10. IV- Classification as to growth season . Kharif Crops: The crops which are sown in the rainy season are called kharif crop . The rainy season in India is from June to September. For Example- Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut, cotton, etc. Rabi Crops: The crops grown in the winter season are rabi crops. Their time Period is generally from October to March. For Example- Wheat, gram, pea ,mustard, and linseed.

11. Basic Principles..... Soil amendmends Manures application Variety selection Seed treatment Nursery management (poly house/pro-tray/open) Drainage facility Fertiliser management Management of diseases & pests Water management weed control inter-culture operations Foliar applications (hormone, micro nutrients, amino acids etc.) Harvesting

12. Method Of Rice Cultivation Aerobic rice Ground cover rice production system Deep water rice Cultivation through drip irrigation SRI Up-land cultivation Low land rice 12 SRI

13. Selection of Varietie s-Short duration to medium duration var. Seed rate- for hybrid 20 kg/ha, short duration-60kg/ha, medium duration- 40kg/ha, long duration-30kg/h a Seed treatment-any systemic fungicide, Seed treatment with  Azospirillum @30g/kg seed and Phosphobacteria @ 30g/kg of seed Spacing - 20 cm X10 cm Nutrient management FYM @ 10-15 ton/ ha before 15 days of final land preperation N,P, K @150:50:50 kg/ha BGA flake @10 kg/ha at 10 DAT Azolla @ 30kg/ha at 3-5 DAT Azospirillum 2kg + Phosphobacteria2 kg/ha (inoculate with 25 kg soil + 25 kg FYM) 25 kg ZnSO4 Transplanted Rice cultivation

14. Major Weed flora in Rice Echinochloa colonum Echinochloa crusgali Weed Management

15. Cyperus iria Eclipta alba

16. Application of Pyrazosulfuron ( sathi )-80g/acre as pre-emergence i.e 0-3 DAT followed by Bispyribac sodium @ 80 ml/acre as post-emergence i.e 25 DAT Or Almix @8 g/acre at 15-20 DAT Or Pretilachlor-500ml/acre Weed management

17. Maize Cultivation Climate: A moderate temperature, adequate moisture are basic need of Maize crop. However, the crop is susceptive to water logging condition, which needs to be avoided. The most suitable temperature for germination is 21˚C and for growth 32˚C.   Soil: Maize is best adapted to well drained sandy loam to silty loam soils. Water stagnation is extremely harmful to the crop, therefore, proper drainage is a must for the success of the crop especially during kharif season. It can be grown successfully in soils whose pH ranges from 5.5 to 7.5 . Selection of seed:   Seed should be free from weed seed insect pest and disease . It should be purchased from reliable sources. It should be high germination percentage.For getting the highest yield it is necessary to use new hybrid seed every year. b. Seed treatment:   To protect the maize crop from seed and major soil borne diseases and insect-pests, seed treatment with fungicides and insecticides before sowing is advisable/ recommended as per the below given details.

18. Disease/insect-pest Fungicide/Pesticid Rate ofapplication (g kg-1seed) Turcicum Leaf Blight,, Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight, Maydis Leaf Blight Bavistin + Captan in 1:1 ratio 2.0 Pythium Stalk Rot Captan 2.5 Termite and shoot fly Imidachloprid 4.0 Season Optimum time of sowing Kharif Last week of June to first fortnight of July Rabi Last week of October for inter cropping and up to15th of November for sole crop Spring First week of February Sowing time:

19. Seed rate and plant geometry: Seed rate(Kg/ha) Spacing (cm) Grain 20 60 x 20 75 x 20 Sweet corn 8 75 x 25 75 x 30 Baby corn 25 60 x 20 60 x 15 Fodder 50 30 x 10

20. Nutrient management: Manures and fertilisers both play important role in the maize cultivation. Add 10 to 15 tonnes of FYM or compost before ploughing . Fertlisers to be applied based on soil test value, however, as a general recommendation, one could apply 120 kg N,60 kg P2O5, 60 kg K2O per hectare for hybrids and 80 kg N, 30kg P2O5, and 20 kg K2O per hectare for composites. As soil of Nabarangpur district is deficient in Zinc,it is advisable to apply 20-25 kg Zinc sulphate per hectare before sowing. Time of application : Time of fertiliser application is as much important as the quantity applied. In general, it would be advisable to apply the total quantity of Phosphorus(P) and Potassium(K) as basal and Nitrogen to be applied as given below. Sr. No. Crop stage Nitrogen rate (%) 1. Basal (at sowing) 20 2. V4 (four leaf stage) 25 3. V8 (eight leaf stage) 30 4. VT ( tasseling stage) 20 5. GF (grain filling stage) 5

21. Water management: Maize is very susceptible both to excess water and moisture stress. Never allow water to stand in maize field at any stage of its growth. Water stagnation even for six hours continuously and sufficiently damage the crop.Tasselling to silking stage is critical.

22. Major Weed flora in Maize Cynodon dactylon Cyperus rotundus

23. Sorghum helepanse Elusine indica

24. Celosia argentia Commelina benghalensis

25. Phylanthus niruri Portulaca oleracea

26. Solanum nigrum Amaranthus viridis

27. Weed Management Apply Topramezone 336g/l (w/v)SC @ 30 ml/acre at 2-5 leaf stage of weedes as early post emergent. Tembotrione 34.4% (w/w) SC @ 115 ml/acre at 3-5 leaf stages of weed. Plant protections: Maize stalk rot Control : Pyraclostrobin 133 g/l + Epoxiconazole 50 g/l (w/v) SE @300 ml/acre Stem borer:   These borers feed on leaves in the earlier stages. Later on they bore into the stem and cobs, rendering the plant unproductive. Control : Emamectin Benzoate 10g + Deltamethrin 20g mix in 15 lit. Of water and spray. Fall Army Worm : Severe Incidence of Fall Army Worm observed remarkably in Nabarangpur,Malkangiri,Koraput , Kalahandi district from last year. Control : Spinetoram 11.7% SC @ 180 ml/acre Chlorantraniliprole 18.5%(w/w) SC @ 60 ml/acre Apply 5% active ingredient of Azadiractin , release 20,000 Trichograma chilonis parasite 4-5 days in a week interval. Apply Beauveria bassiana @ 400g/acre. Apply 1.5% Chloropyriphus dust thickly in the field bund for avoiding migrating from one field to another field.

28. Soil Black gram does well on heavier soils such as black cotton soils which retain moisture in a better way. It can be grown in all types of soils ranging from sandy loam to heavy clay, except the alkaline and saline soils. Loam or slightly heavy soils with neutral pH are best suited for urdbean. Soil should be w ell d ra i ned and having good wat e r holding capacity. W aterl o gged, s aline and alka l ine so i l should be avoided . Black gram

29. Land Preparation Land should be ploughed in summer followed by two to three harrowing at pre-monsoon for kharif season. Land should be well levelled. Collect the weeds, previous crops stubbles, stones and clean the field for sowing. If necessary, one pre-sowing irrigation should be given.

30. Sowing Sowing should be done in line by drilling method. Seeds shou l d not be sown m ore than 5 t o 6 cm depth. Time of sowing Middle of June to middle of July is the proper time for black gram sowing in kharif season. For summer, sowing should be done from middle of February to middle of March. Late sowing should be avoided .

31. Seed treatment Rhizobium 200 gm + PSB 250 gm /10kg of seed. Seed treatment with (Carbendazim 1 gm+ Thiram 1.5 gm) per kg of seed. Greengram blackgram under intensive cropping should be treated with Carbofuran @ 0.2% one week before Rhizobium treatment against Root knot and Reniform nematode. Black gram fixes 57-105 kg/ha nitrogen

32. Seed rate and spacing Kharif -> 12 to 15 kg / ha*seeds with spacing of 30 X 10 cm Summer -> 20 to 25 kg / ha*seeds with spacing of 20-25 X 10 cm *Kharif season crop requires lesser seed rate and wider spacing because of very profuse plant growth but summer season crops need closer spacing and thereby a higher seed rate is required.

33. V arieties The powdery mildew - resistant variety LBG 17 is suitable for rabi in southern zone, and varieties PDU 1 and Mash 414 are suitable for spring season. Use of resistant varieties is recommended as follows: Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV) resistant varieties : Pant U - 19, Pant U - 30 Sarala, Jawahar urd - 2, Teja (LBG - 20), ADT - 4 Powdery Mildew (PM) resistant varieties : TAU - 2 , IPU 02 - 43 Stem fly resistant varieties : KBG - 512 Cercospora leaf spot resistant varieties : Jawahar urd - 2, Jawahar urd - 3 .

34. Fertilizer management 20:40: 40 NPK kg/ha along with 20 kg S/ ha greatly increases yield of pulses and also benefit the succeeding crop. Among the micro nutrients Zn is the most deficient nutrient. So the application of Zn @ 25 kg/ha as basal gives very promising results. Boron and Molybdenum gives better results in acid soil. Foliar spray of 2% DAP and 2% KCl at Pre flowering stage enhances the yield.

35. Irrigation management Kharif season crop is generally given one pre-monsoon at the time of seed bed preparation to ensure good germination but thereafter it does not need any irrigation until an drought occurs, but in summer season irrigation should be given as per critical stages and availability of irrigation water. Number and frequency of irrigation depend upon the soil type and weather. The crop should get irrigation at an interval of 10-15 days. From flowering to pod development stage, there is need of sufficient moisture in the field.

36. Weed management Pre-emergence application of Pendimethlin or Fluchoralin @1 kg a.i /ha at 1-3 DAS followed by Shaked ( Propaquizafop + Imazethapyr ) @ 40 ml/15 lit of water at 25 DAS

37. Solanaceous vegetables Chilli – Utkal Ava, Utkal Ragini , Arka Neelachal Prabha , VNR 305, Samhot ( seminis ) Brinjal – Utkal Anusree , Utkal Tarini , Utkal Maduri , Utkal Kesari , Arka Neelachal Shyama , Tarini ( Seminis ) Capsicum – California Wonder, Ganag (East West), Bharat (IAHS) Tomato – Utkal Shrawani , Utkal Pragyan , Arka Rakshat , Swarna Sambat , Pusa Hybrid 1, Laksmi Cole Crops Cabbage – Konark (Century hybrid), Hare Krishna ( Toketa ), Equitorian , Summer Queen (Syngenta) Cauliflower – Barkha Megha ( Seminis ), Noble Julee (Noble), Pusa Early Synthetic, Snow Ball 16

38. Cucurbits Watermelon – Sugar Baby, Black Magic ( Seminis ), Augusta ( Syngenta) Cucumber – Bakhra (Annapurna), Barapatta ( Kisan ), Sapta Sri ( Kiran ), Chaithali ( Sreemaa ) Pumkin – Guamal , Baydya Bati , Pusa Viswesh , Arjun ( East West) Bitter gourd – Nakhara Local, Chamman ( Nunhems ), Kumud (VNR ) Bottle gourd – PSPL, Pusa Hybrid 3, Pusa Santusti Onion Nasik Red, N 53, Agrifound Light Red, Agrifound Dark Red , Arka Niketan Okra Utkal Gaurav

39. Spine gourd Arka Neelachal Sree Yield/plant: 2-4 kg

40. Pointed gourd Arka Neelachal Kirti Yield/plant : 8-10 kg Swarna Alaukik Yield/plant: 8-10 kg Ivy gourd Arka Neelachal Kunki Yield : 15-20 kg Arka Neelachal Sabuja Yield : 25-30kg

41. Raised Bed Plug/ pro-tray Quality seedlings are essential for good growth and performance of vegetable crops

42. Raise nursery in well tilled soil by making beds 0.8-1.0 m wide and 15 cm height Add Five kgs of well rotten FYM, 100g of 15:15:15 complex fertilizer along with 2.5g carbofuran per m 2 Seed treatment Cole crops - Seeds dipped in HgCl 2 1 gm/lit/kg seeds for control soft rot and black rot diseases

43. Sowing Sow seeds thinly in rows 10 cm apart and 0.5 cm deep

44. Covering & Drenching Cover beds thinly with compost before mulching with dry straw or grass and drench with Captan (2g/l) or copper oxychloride (4g/l)

45. Hoeing & Thinning After the appearance of first true leaf, seedlings are thinned out On 20th day monocrotophos (1.5ml/l.), and on 25th day Zineb (2g/l) are sprayed During the last week in the nursery, the seedlings may be hardened by slightly withholding water

46. Mulching Organic – Straw, Chopped leaves Wood chips, Grass clippings Inorganic Plastic - Mulch film of 1.2m width and 30 micron thickness Benefits Weed suppression Temperature moderation Soil moisture moderation Sanitation

47. Fertilizer management Schedule fertigation once in 3 days starting from 21 days and ending at 130 days after transplanting for a 5 month duration crop, thus requiring 37 fertigations Brinjal 0-20 days: No fertigation 21-36 days: 2.0 kg of 19-19-19/ fertigation (6 fertigations ) 39-57 days: 3.0 kg of 19-19-19 +1.0 kg KNO 3 +1.0 kg CaNO 3 / fertigation (7 fertigations ) 60-129 days: 5.0 kg of 19-19-19 +1.5 kg KNO 3 + 2.5 kg CaNO 3 / fertigation (24 fertigations ) Give foliar sprays @ 5g/ litre using foliar spray grade fertilizers containing Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn , B, Cu, Zn three times starting from 45 days after transplanting at an interval of 15 days

48. Pollination 2 to 3 hives per acre for cucurbits Teasle gourd, pumpkin - Hand pollination Ivy gourd – parthenocarpic devt

49. Off-season vegetables cultivation Tomato (Arka Rakshyak, Arka Samrat )

50. Off-season vegetables cultivation Onion (Agri found dark red, Bhima super, Line 883)

51. Rice based vegetables cultivation

52. Grafted Brinjal......

53. Maize based vegetable cultivation

54. Vegetable cultivation for enterpreneurship development Drumstick (PKM-1, PKM-2 Papaya (Red Lady, Sapna)

55. Select right crop, season and variety Healthy seeds/seedlings/planting material Provide good environment for growth 4. Good soil fertility, pH, plant population 5. Mulch –Organic/Plastics – weed control & soil moisture conservation 6. Water 7. Pollination 8. Proper harvest timing Conclusions….