Aims, goals and objectives

This presentation is about some educational terms which are necessary for lesson plans.

1. Educational Aims , Goals and Objectives

2. Outline Introduction Terminological Issues Aims Goals Objectives Formulating Instructional Objectives Blooms ’ Taxonomy of Educational Objectives Smart Objectives Conclusion Bibliography

3. Aims General statements that provide a sense of direction and serve as guiding principles for educational policy; Aims are the translations of the general philosophy and needs of the country; Aims are designed at the national/state level by policy making groups; Aims can be based on the constitution of the country;

4. O rnstein (1990, p. 84) « We use the term Aims to refer to broad statments about the intent of education . They are value- laden statments , written by panels , commissions, or policy-making groups, that express a philosophy of education and concepts of the social role of schools and the needs of schools and youth . In short, they are broad guides for translating the needs of society into educational policy »

5. Ennaji (1994, p. 158 ) «  Educational theorists distinguish three types of ELT aims : the goverment’s aims , the educational administrators ’ aims , and the teachers ’ aims . The first type is termed ends , the second goals and the third objectives  »

6. Examples of aims To prepare students for democratic citizenship ; To develop a moral character and personal descipline ; To strenghten ethical and spiritual values; To te ach the r ights and duties of citizenship ; To encourage creative and critical thinking .

7. Goals Derived from aims; Aims become goals when they become more specific and refer to a particular school or school system and to a specific subject area of the curriculum; Goals translate aims into statements that will describe what schools are expected to accomplish; Goals are more specific and definite than aims, but they are still nonbehavioral and therefore nonobservable and non-measureable.

8. Wilson (2005, p. 46 ) « Goals are the statements of educational intention which are more specific than aims but less specific than objectives »

9. Examples of Goals The development of reading skills ; The appreciation of arts; The understanding of scientific and mathematical concepts.

10. Objectives Philosophy ----Aims--- Goals ----- Objectives Objectives are stated in observable and measurable terms (outcomes, proficiencies or competences); Objectives are behavioral in nature and more precise than goals; Objectives state what students should know at the end of the course and what is expected from them ;

11. Examples of Objectives To identify the main idea of the author ; To be able to express advice , apology , complaint, etc.; To be able to locate the topic sentence and the supporting details ; To be aware of the differences between the present simple and present perfect .

12. Why use learning objectives? ( Gronlund , 2000) To provide a focus for instruction; To provide guidelines for learning; To provide targets for assessment; To communicate expectations to learners; To convey instructional intent to others; To provide for evaluation of instruction.

13. Types of Educational Objectives (Orenstein, 1990) Program Objectives: Address subjects at particular grade levels Course Objectives: Relate to particular courses within grade levels Classroom Objectives: Divided into unit objectives and lesson plan objectives

14. Bloom’s Taxonomy (1956) Cognitive Domain; Affective Domain; Psychomotor Domain;

15. Cognitive Domain Bloom’s Taxonomy Knowledge; Comprehension; Application; Analysis; Synthesis; Evaluation;

16. Affective Domain Krathwohl’s Taxonomy Receiving; Responding; Valuing; Organization; Characterization;

17. Psycho- motor Domain Harrow’s Taxonomy Reflex Movements; Fundamental Movements; Perceptual Abilities; Physical Abilities; Skilled Movements; Nondiscursive Communication.

18. Smart Objectives S--------- Specific ; M---------Mesurable; A---------- Achievable ; R---------- Result-based ; T-----------Time- bound .

19. Conclusion In sum , an objective is a specific , measurable and observable behviour of less than a day’s duration. A goal is the outcome of successfully completed objectives measured over a series of days . An aim is the product of a long term endevour measured over a course of one or more years .

20. Bibliography Anderson, L.W. and Krathwohl (Eds.) 2001 A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives.New York, Longman. Ennaji , M. & S adiqi , F? (1994). Applications of Modern Linguistics. Afrique Orient. Grunlund , N. (1990). Mesurement and Evaluation in Teaching. New York: MacGraw -Hill. Orenstien , A. (1990). Strategies for Effective Teaching. Loyla University of Chicago.