Air & Water Pollution-Causes, Effects & Solution.pptx

Environmental issues; air pollution and water pollution; causes, effects and solutions

1. ERUM NAZ 1605 B.S ENGLISH 5 TH SEMESTER

2. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION 1.Burning of Fossil Fuels: Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles is one the major cause of air pollution. Carbon Monoxide caused by improper or incomplete combustion and generally emitted from vehicles is another major pollutant along with Nitrogen Oxides, that is produced from both natural and man made processes . 2. Household and Farming Chemicals : When we use these chemicals at home or offices with no or little ventilation, we may fall ill if we breathe them. Crop dusting, fumigating homes, household cleaning products or painting supplies, over the counter insect/pest killers, fertilizer dust emit harmful chemicals into the air and cause pollution.

3. 3 . Exhaust from factories and industries : Manufacturing industries release large amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and chemicals into the air thereby depleting the quality of air. Petroleum refineries also release hydrocarbons and various other chemicals that pollute the air and also cause land pollution . Ammonia is a very common by product from agriculture related activities and is one of the most hazardous gases in the atmosphere. Excessive use of insectides,pesticides and fertilizers emit harmful chemicals into the air causing air and water pollution 4 . Automobile Emissions: Automobile emissions are the number one source of carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds released into the atmosphere. While the emissions of any single vehicle are usually quite low, when you add up the millions of vehicles in transit in any given urban metropolitan area, you come up with quite a lot of emissions .

4. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION 1. Acid Rain : Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. When it rains, the water droplets combines with these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls on the ground in the form of acid rain. 2 . Eutrophication : Eutrophication is a condition where high amount of nitrogen present in some pollutants gets developed on sea’s surface and turns itself into algae and adversely affect fish, plants and animal species. 3. Respiratory and heart problems : The effects of Air pollution are alarming. They are known to create several respiratory and heart conditions along with Cancer, among other threats to the body. Children in areas exposed to air pollutants are said to commonly suffer from pneumonia and asthma.

5. 4 . Depletion of Ozone layer : Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer will go thin, it will emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and eye related problems. 5 . Global warming : Another direct effect is the immediate alterations that the world is witnessing due to Global warming. With increased temperatures world wide, increase in sea levels and melting of ice from colder regions and icebergs, displacement and loss of habitat have already signaled an impending disaster if actions for preservation and normalization aren’t undertaken soon.

6. SOLUTIONS TO AIR POLLUTION Cleaning Smokestacks and Exhaust Pipes . Use of Renewable or Green Energy Sources. Individual Level Prevention Methods. Raising Awareness Through Campaigns and Advocacy

7. CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION 1. Sewage and waste water: Pathogens are known as a common water pollutant; The sewers of cities house several pathogens and thereby diseases. The sewage and waste water that is produced by each household is chemically treated and released in to sea with fresh water. The sewage water carries harmful bacteria and chemicals that can cause serious health problems. Microorganisms in water are known to be causes of some very deadly diseases and become the breeding grounds for other creatures that act like carriers. A very common example of this process would be Malaria. 2.Industrial waste: Industries produce huge amount of waste which contains toxic chemicals and pollutants which can cause air pollution and damage to us and our environment. They contain pollutants such as lead, mercury, sulphur , asbestos, nitrates and many other harmful chemicals. Many industries do not have proper waste management system and drain the waste in the fresh water which goes into rivers, canals and later in to sea.

8. 3 . Mining activities: Mining is the process of crushing the rock and extracting coal and other minerals from underground. These elements when extracted in the raw form contains harmful chemicals and can increase the amount of toxic elements when mixed up with water which may result in health problems. Mining activities emit several metal waste and sulphides from the rocks and is harmful for the water. 4. Marine dumping: The garbage produce by each household in the form of paper, aluminum, rubber, glass, plastic, food if collected and deposited into the sea in some countries. These items take from 2 weeks to 200 years to decompose. When such items enters the sea, they not only cause water pollution but also harm animals in the sea. 5. Accidental Oil leakage: Oil spill pose a huge concern as large amount of oil enters into the sea and does not dissolve with water; there by opens problem for local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters.

9. 6 . Chemical fertilizers and pesticides: They are useful for the plants growth. However, when these chemicals are mixed up with water produce harmful for plants and animals. Also, when it rains, the chemicals mixes up with rainwater and flow down into rivers and canals which pose serious damages for aquatic animals. 7 . Radioactive waste: Nuclear energy is produced using nuclear fission or fusion. The element that is used in production of nuclear energy is Uranium which is highly toxic chemical. The nuclear waste that is produced by radioactive material needs to be disposed off to prevent any nuclear accident. 8 . Urban development: As population has grown, so has the demand for housing, food and cloth. As more cities and towns are developed, they have resulted in increase use of fertilizers to produce more food, soil erosion due to deforestation, increase in construction activities, inadequate sewer collection and treatment, landfills as more garbage is produced, increase in chemicals from industries to produce more materials.

10. EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION 1. Health Aspects of Water Quality: Consumption of polluted water is a major cause of ill health in India. Polluted water causes some of the deadly diseases like cholera, dysentery, diarrhea, tuberculosis, jaundice, etc. About 80 per cent of stomach diseases in India are caused by polluted water . 2 . Effect of Organic Pollution on Water Quality: All organic materials can be broken down or decomposed by microbial and other biological activity (biodegradation). Organic and some of the inorganic compounds exhibit a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) because oxygen is used in the degradation process . 3 .Death of aquatic (water) animals: The main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills life that depends on these water bodies. Oxygen is a basic requirement of almost all aquatic life. Aquatic life is adversely affected if sufficient oxygen is not available in the water.

11. Malnutrition: Sea food is one of the main sources of our food. Agriculture run-off including pesticide and chemical fertilizer, industrial effluent, civic waste water, dumping of chemical waste and oil spills mainly cause sea pollution. As a result sea life receives big hit. It either finishes or gets infected with poisonous effects of the sea pollutants. Ultimately it loses nutrient value and human beings consume sea food of polluted water and do not consume original amount of the nutrients from them. Loss of biodiversity: Loss of biodiversity is the biggest threat to this universe. It is feared that if various species keep on extinguishing on the same pace then a day would come when we the human beings have to directly face this threat. Therefore it is must to contain biodiversity which means retaining the variety of life as broad as possible. Hundreds of various living beings and plants have been extinguished from this world. Now sea pollution is a direct threat to the marine life.

12. SOLUTIONS OF WATER POLLUTION Proper use and dispose of chemicals. Control storm water runoff. Control of sediments and erosion from construction sites. Clean Up Beaches and Waterways. Use fertilizers wisely and give preference to native plants

13. CAUSES OF SOIL POLLUTION 1.Natural factors: The natural factors that cause soil erosion includes volcanic eruptions, changes in rainfall pattern, earthquakes, topographic changes, wind and glacier movements. Natural factors of soil erosion (like rainfall, wind, topography, etc.) are further increased by human activities. 2.Human activities: Soil pollution is further increased by human-activities. Some of the human activities that causes land or soil pollution includes the following: > The main factors of land pollution are increasing rate of soil erosion caused due to deforestation. > In most of the developing countries increasing rate of soil erosion due to deforestation and faulty agricultural practices has degraded land to a large scale because the fertile top soil has been washed out.

14. The excreta of birds, animals and humans are source of soil pollution by biological agents. Sewage used as manure causes soil pollution. Acid rains increase the acidity of soils that is injurious to plant growth. It is caused by the presence of pollutants in the environment. The major causes of acid rains includes human activities such as burning of fossil fuels, and introduction of harmful gases. The toxic chemicals in the form of solid and liquid wastes that are disposed by industries and factories is the major source for soil pollution. The nuclear power plants are responsible for producing radioactive wastes. These are harmful for the soil.

15. Harmful effects of land pollution Land pollution results in substantial decrease in soil fertility and agricultural production. Chemical pollutants in the form of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, insecticides and herbicides cause various diseases and several deaths. Those bacteria which are transmitted to human-beings from soil infect causes dysentery, cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, etc. The decomposition of various waste materials causes harmful gases and bad smell. Clogging of micro-holes of the soil by particles in the sewage destroy the soil micro-organisms. Land pollution is one of the main cause of air and water pollution.

16. Control of Land pollution Controlled and judicious use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, insecticides and herbicides. Proper disposal of industrial and urban wastes. After proper treatment the urban and industrial effluents should be used for irrigation purposes. Proper land use and management. Proper use of fertilizers and biocides. Land pollution can be controlled by adopting as follows: Soil erosion should be checked.