Air, noise and radiation pollution

public health dentistry

1. PRESENTED BY :- Dr SAKSHI KAUR CHHABRA 3 ND YEAR POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY AIR, NOISE AND RADIATION POLLUTION

2. POLLUTION The contamination of air, water, or soil by substances that are harmful to living organisms. Pollution can occur naturally, for example through volcanic eruptions, or as the result of human activities, such as disposal of industrial waste. 

3. AIR POLLUTION Air pollution is one of the present – day problems throughout the world. Air pollutants may be either emitted into the atmosphere or formed within the atmosphere itself. Primary air pollutants Secondary air pollutants Gaseous air pollutants Particulate air pollutants

4. SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION AUTOMOBILES

5. 2) INDUSTRIES

6. 3) DOMESTIC SOURCES

7. 4) TOBACCO SMOKE

8. 5) MISCELLANEOUS NATURAL SOURCES PESTICIDE SPRAYING

9. AIR POLLUTANTS More than 100 substances which pollute air have been identified. The important ones are C arbon monoxide C arbon dioxide Hydrogen sulphide Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide N itrogen oxides F luorine compounds O rganic compounds (e.g., hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, organic acids)

10. Pollutants may be in the form of solids, liquids ( vapours ) or gases. The combination of smoke and fog is called " smog".

11. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

12. [A] HEALTH ASPECTS The health effects of air pollution are immediate and delayed . The immediate effects are borne by the respiratory system , the resulting state is acute bronchitis . If the air pollution is intense, it may result even in immediate death by suffocation . This has taken place in the air pollution epidemic which occurred in London in 1952 . The delayed effects most commonly linked with air pollution are chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, bronchial asthma, and respiratory allergies .

13. [B] SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

14. PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTANTS The WHO has recommended the following procedures for the prevention and control of air pollution :- CONTAINMENT REPLACEMENT DILUTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL ACTION

15. [1] CONTAINMENT Prevention of escape of toxic substances into the ambient air. Containment can be achieved by a variety of engineering methods such as ventilation and air cleaning

16. [2] REPLACEMENT Replacing a technological process causing air pollution, by a new process that does not cause Air pollution. Increased use of electricity, natural gas and central heating in place of coal have greatly helped in smoke reduction.

17. [3] DILUTION Dilution is valid so long as it is within the self-cleaning capacity of the environment. For example, some air pollutants are readily removed by vegetation. The establishment of "green belts " between industrial and residential areas is an attempt at dilution.

18. [4] LEGISLATION Air pollution is controlled in many countries by suitable legislation, e.g ., Clean Air Acts .

19. [5] INTERNATIONAL ACTION To deal with air pollution on a worldwide scale, the WHO has established an international network of laboratories for the monitoring and study of air pollution. The network consists of two international centres at London and Washington, three centres at Moscow, Nagpur and Tokyo and 20 laboratories in various parts of the world. These centres will issue warnings of air pollution where and when necessary.

20. DISINFECTION OF AIR In recent years, disinfection of air has received much attention. The methods employed are : MECHANICAL VENTILLATION ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION CHEMICAL MISTS DUST CONTROL

21. NOISE POLLUTION Noise is often defined as " unwanted sound ", but this definition is subjective because of the fact that one man's sound may be another man's noise. Perhaps a better definition of noise is : " wrong sound, in the wrong place, at the wrong time ". Man is living in an increasingly noisy environment .

22. SOURCES NOISE POLLUTION The sources of noise are many and varied. These are automobiles, factories, industries , air-crafts etc. Noise levels are particularly acute near railway junctions, traffic round- abouts , bus terminuses and airports. Use of pressure horns, recreational noise of loudspeakers with full volume during festivities particularly at night are other sources of noise production. The domestic noises form the radios, transistors , TV sets - all add to the quantum of noise in daily life.

23. EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION

24. [A] AUDITARY EFFECTS Auditory fatigue : Auditory fatigue is defined as a temporary loss of hearing after exposure to sound.  It may be associated with side effects such as whistling and buzzing in the ears

25. [A] AUDITARY EFFECTS (b) Deafness : The most serious pathological effect is deafness or hearing loss . The victim is generally unaware of it in early stages. The hearing loss may be temporary or permanent.

26. [B] NON - AUDITARY EFFECTS INTERFERENCE WITH SPEECH ANNOYANCE EFFICIENCY PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES ECONOMIC LOSSES

27. CONTROL OF NOISE A variety of approaches may be needed to control noise These include :- CAREFUL PLANNING OF CITIES CONTROL OF VEHICLES INDUSTRIES AND RAILWAYS OUTSIDE THE CITY PROTECTION OF EXPOSED PERSON LEGISLATION EDUCATION

28. RADIATION Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through some material or through space .  Radiation is part of man's environment.

29. SOURCES OF RADIATION The sources of radiation to which man is exposed are divided into two groups :- NATURAL MAN - MADE [1] COSMIC RAYS [1] MEDICAL AND DENTAL :- X-RAYS AND RADIOISOTOPES [2] ENVIRONMENTAL :- [2] OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TERRESTRIAL [3] NUCLEAR :- RADIOACTIVE FALL- OUT (B) ATMOSPHERE [4] MISCELLANEOUS :- [3] INTERNAL :- TV SETS, RADIOACTIVE DIAL WATCHES, ISOTOPE TAGGED (A) POTASSIUM – 40 PRODUCTS, LUMINOUS MARKERS (B) CARBON – 14

30. TYPES OF RADIATION The term "ionizing radiation " is applied to radiation which has the ability to penetrate tissues and deposit its energy within them. Ionizing radiation may be divided into two main groups : electromagnetic radiations - X-rays and gamma rays (2) corpuscular radiations - alpha particles, beta particles (electrons) and protons

31. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION The biologic effects of ionizing radiation may be divided into two separate groups :- SOMATIC GENETIC

32. SOMATIC GENETIC IMMEDIATE DELAYED {1}RADIATION SICKNESS {2}ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROMES {1} LEUKEMIA {2} SHORTENING OF LIFE {1} CHROMOSOME MUTATION {2} POINT MUTATION

33. PROTECTION FROM RADIATION Unnecessary X- rays examinations should be avoided especially in case of children and pregnant women. Improvements leading to dose reduction. Workers must wear a film badge or dosimeter which shows accumulated exposure to radiation since last t ime t he instrument was charged. Besides, periodic medica l examinations, regular working hours and holidays must be ensured to workers to maintain their state of health.