AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS ppt all about airworthiness

Airworthiness

1. Aircraft Airworthiness BY – VISHAL RANA

2. AIRWORTHINESS Airworthiness has a number of aspects which relate to the legal and physical state of an aircraft. According to ICAO Annex 8, the term airworthy means “ The status of an aircraft, engine, propeller or part when it conforms to its approved design and is in a condition for safe operation .”

3. Who is responsible for Airworthiness? This is a shared responsibility. The pilot is ultimately responsible! As a pilot, you need to understand this. As a flight instructor, you need to make sure that your students understand this. Operating rules prohibit the operation of an aircraft that is not airworthy.

4. 91.3 Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command. (a) The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft.

5. 91.7 Civil Aircraft Airworthiness (a) No person may operate a civil aircraft unless it is in an airworthy condition. (b) The pilot in command of a civil aircraft is responsible for determining whether that aircraft is in condition for safe flight. The pilot in command shall discontinue the flight when unairworthy mechanical, electrical, or structural conditions occur.

6. 91.403 General. • The owner or operator of an aircraft is primarily responsible for maintaining that aircraft in an airworthy condition . No person may perform maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations on an aircraft other than as prescribed in this subpart and other applicable regulations . No person may operate an aircraft for which a manufacturer's maintenance manual or instructions for continued airworthiness has been issued that contains an airworthiness limitations section unless the mandatory replacement times, inspection intervals, and related procedures specified in that section or alternative inspection intervals and related procedures set forth in an operations specification approved by the Administrator under part 121 or 135 of this chapter or in accordance with an inspection program have been complied with. • •

7. 91.405 Maintenance required. • • Each owner or operator of an aircraft— Shall have that aircraft inspected as prescribed in subpart E of this part and shall between required inspections, except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, have discrepancies repaired as prescribed in part 43 of this chapter ; Shall ensure that maintenance personnel make appropriate entries in the aircraft maintenance records indicating the aircraft has been approved for return to service; Shall have any inoperative instrument or item of equipment, permitted to be inoperative repaired , replaced, removed, or inspected at the next required inspection; and When listed discrepancies include inoperative instruments or equipment, shall ensure that a placard has been installed as required . • • •

8. Airworthiness Defined Two conditions must be met before an aircraft can be considered “airworthy”: The aircraft must conform to its type certificate (TC); that is, when the aircraft configuration and the components installed are consistent with the drawing, specifications, and other data that are part of the TC, and include any supplemental TC and field-approved alterations incorporated into the aircraft. The aircraft must be in condition for safe operation; this refers to the condition of the aircraft relative to wear and deterioration.

9. Certificate of Airworthiness The Certificate of Airworthiness (C of A) or Airworthiness Certificate is the formal document issued by the  National Aviation Authority (NAA)  to certify that an aircraft is airworthy. Every individual aircraft has to gain its own C of A which is achieved when it can be shown to conform to the certificated Type Design  and  is in a condition for safe operation. As a general rule civil aircraft are not allowed to fly unless they have a valid C of A.

10. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION STANDARD AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE 1. N R E G ATIONALITY AND ISTRATION MARKS N12345 2. MANUFACTURER AND MODEL Boeing 747-400 3. AIRCRAFT SERIAL NUMBER 197142 4. CATEGORY T r a nsp or t 4 TE OF ISSUANCE 11/29/92 FAA REPRESENTATIVE Jo hn Q. Publican John Q. Publican DESIGNATION NUMBER DMIR ANM 123 Any alteration, reproduction, or misuse of this certificate may be punishable by a fine not exceeding $1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, or both. THIS CERTIFICATE MUST BE DISPLAYED IN THE AIRCRAFT IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE FE DERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS. FAA Form 8100-2 AUTHORITY AND BASIS FOR ISSUE This airworthiness certificate is issued pursuant to the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 and certifies that as of the date of issuance, the aircraft to which issued has been inspected and found to conform to the type certificate, therefor, to be in condition for safe operation, and has been shown to meet the requirements of the applicable comprehensive and detailed airworthiness code as provided by Annex 8 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, except as noted herein: EXEMPTION NO. 1013A FAR 25.471(b): Allows lateral displacement of C.G. from airplane centerline. TERMS AND CONDITIONS Unless sooner surrendered, suspended, revoked, or a termination date is otherwise established by the Administrator, this airworthiness certificate is effective as long as the maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations are performed in accordance with Parts 21, 43, and 91 of the Federal Aviation Regulations, as appropriate, and the aircraft is registered in the United States. DA

11. TERMS AND CONDITIONS Unless sooner surrendered, suspended, revoked, or a termination date is otherwise established by the Administrator, this airworthiness certificate is effective as long as the maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations are performed .

12. A TYPE CERTIFICATE IS A DOCUMENT ISSUED BY THE RESPECTIVE AUTHORITY(DGCA) TO AN APPLICANT WHO HAS PROVEN THAT THEIR AIRCRAFT, ENGINE, OR PROPELLER MEETS ALL APPLICABLE AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS PERTAINING TO THAT PRODUCT. TYPE CERTIFICATE

13. What is a repair? A repair restores the aircraft to its’ original unaltered or properly altered condition. Repairs must be accomplished in accordance with the manufacturer’s maintenance instructions or standard practices acceptable to the Administrator. Major repairs must be accomplished in accordance with approved data.

14. Major vs. Minor Repair Major Repair. A repair that fits one or more of the following: (1) Might appreciably affect airworthiness by changing weight, balance, structural strength, performance, powerplant operation, or flight characteristics if improperly done; or (2) Is not done according to accepted practices or cannot be done by elementary operations. Minor Repair. Any repair that is not classified as a major repair.

15. MAJOR REPAIRS AND MAJOR ALTERATIONS Major Repair means a repair: That, if improperly done, might appreciably affect weight, balance, structural strength, performance, powerplant operation, flight characteristics, or other qualities affecting airworthiness; or That is not done according to accepted practices or cannot be done by elementary operations.

16. Special Flight Permits An aircraft that does not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements may be operated if it is capable of safe flight. May be issued to fly an aircraft to a base where repairs, alterations, or maintenance are to be performed, or to a point of storage. Subject or operating limitations.

17. Flight Standards District Office 8525 Gibbs Drive, Suite 120 San Diego, California 92123 [phone], Fax: [phone] FAX - SPECIAL FLIGHT PERMIT This permit is for the following aircraft for the purpose of maintenance. REG. NO. MAKE: MODEL: S E R IA L N O : N123FA Piper PA38-112 38-79A0934 FROM: TO: VIA: Ramona, CA (RNM) El Cajon, CA (SEE) Direct This authorization must be displayed in the aircraft in accordance with 14 CFR §91.203(b) This authorization expires upon arrival at destination or February 12, 2006. These Operating Limitations are a part of the Special Flight Permit issued to the aircraft described above. Flight crewmembers must be properly certificated and rated in accordance with 14 CFR Part 61. The flight described above shall be made under VFR/VMC day conditions only, (unless the additional limitation below authorizes differently). The flight shall be made by the most direct and expeditious route consistent with the aircraft operating limitations and weather. FAR 91.707 requires that a Flight Plan be filed for flights between the USA and Canada or Mexico–no waiver available. Occupancy of the aircraft is limited to the pilot, essential flight crew required to operate the aircraft and its equipment and personal baggage. Flight over congested areas is prohibited, and takeoffs and landings shall be conducted to avoid congested areas in the vicinity of any of the airports used in conjunction with this authorization. Flight over a foreign country must have special permission from that country. Prior to flight, the aircraft must be inspected by a certificated mechanic or repair station to determine the aircraft is safe for the intended flight. The result of that inspection will be entered in the permanent aircraft records with the following similarly worded statement: “This aircraft has been inspected and has been found safe for the intended flight in accordance with Special Flight Permit dated February 2, 2006.” Operation of this aircraft is subject to the approval of the registered owner. The aircraft must display U.S. registration identification marks and have a registration certificate issued to its owner on board. This permit is valid for one flight only (Direct) with necessary fuel stops. Any Airworthiness Directive pertinent to this make and model of aircraft that requires compliance must be complied with before the ferry flight is initiated unless the AD specifies that the aircraft can be ferried to a location where the requirements of that specific AD can be accomplished. Additional Limitations: Airspeed not to exceed maneuvering airspeed for the aircraft. Gregory C. Nolting Aviation Safety Inspector Date issued: February 2, 2006

18. The flight described above shall be made under VFR/VMC day conditions only, (unless the additional limitation below authorizes differently). The flight shall be made by the most direct and expeditious route consistent with the aircraft operating limitations and weather. FAR 91.707 requires that a Flight Plan be filed for flights between the USA and Canada or Mexico–no waiver available. Occupancy of the aircraft is limited to the pilot, essential flight crew required to operate the aircraft and its equipment and personal baggage. Flight over congested areas is prohibited , and takeoffs and landings shall be conducted to avoid congested areas in the vicinity of any of the airports used in conjunction with this authorization. Flight over a foreign country must have special permission from that country. Prior to flight, the aircraft must be inspected by a certificated mechanic or repair station to determine the aircraft is safe for the intended flight. The result of that inspection will be entered in the permanent aircraft records with the following similarly worded statement: “This aircraft has been inspected and has been found safe for the intended flight in accordance with Special Flight Permit dated February 2, 2006.”

19. The Grey Area Manufacturer’s maintenance instructions may be limited in content and detail. Individual interpretation or understanding of the term “airworthy” may vary. You may consider the aircraft to be safe, but does it qualify as airworthy ?

20. What to look for: Verify that scheduled maintenance requirements are current. Verify that there are no open discrepancies (unscheduled). Verify that maintenance record entries have been made. Do a good preflight.

21. Scheduled Maintenance Required inspections (annual/100 hr.) Replacement of life limited components Altimeter/Transponder Certifications ELT battery replacement ELT annual check Airworthiness Directives All of these are predictable

22. Uns c hedule d Maintenance Line gripes How are they reported? Who decides what gets repaired? Can repair of the item be deferred? Has it been repaired or deferred properly? Has it been recorded properly?

23. MAINTENANCE Complete maintenance records should contain the following: Aircra ft L ogboo k

24. Records of the maintenance, preventive maintenance, alterations, 100 hour, annual, progressive and other required or approved inspections, as appropriate. Total time in service for the aircraft, each engine, each propeller, and each rotor. Current status of life-limited parts. Time since last required overhaul.

25. The Owner or Operator shall retain all maintenance records for 1 year after the work is performed or until the work is repeated or superseded by other work.

26. “RETURN TO SERVICE” No person may operate an aircraft, airframe, engine, propeller, or appliance on which maintenance, preventive maint., or an alteration has been performed unless:

27. RECORD ENTRIES Maintenance Records (except for inspections) shall contain the following information:

28. A description (or reference to data) of work performed. The date of completion of the work. The name of the person performing the work if other than specified below. The signature, certificate number, and kind of certificate held by the person approving the work.

29. “DESCRIPTION OF WORK PERFORMED” The description should be in sufficient detail to permit a person unfamiliar with the work to understand what was done, and the methods and procedures used in doing it. Records .

30. RECORD ENTRIES FOR INSPECTIONS The person approving or disapproving for return to service after any inspection performed IAW Part 91, 123, 125, & 135 shall make an entry in the maintenance record the following:

31. The type of inspection and a brief description of the extent of the insp. The date of the inspection and the total time in service. The signature, the certificate number, the kind of certificate held by the person approving or disapproving for return to service.

32. “I certify that this aircraft has been inspected in accordance with (insert type) inspection and was determined to be in airworthy condition.” Richard W.Rhuda AP123456789IA