Airport

Mode of Transportation

1. Unit 4- Airport Planning & Design 1

2. Regulating Authority ICAO- International Civil Aviation Organization, an agency of UN headquartered at Montreal Canada It develops standards and laws for international flights FAA- Federal Aviation Agency, a governmental body of US headquartered Washington DC AAI & DGCA- Airport Authority of India & Directorate General of Civil Aviation 2

3. Airport Authority of India Controls overall air navigation in I ndia Came into being on 1st April, 1995 and is headquartered at New Delhi Formed by merging NAA (National Airport Authority) and IAAI (International Airport Authority of India) Functions of AAI Control and management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territory limits Design, development and operation of domestic and international airports Construction and management of facilities 3

4. Factors to be considered for airport site selection:- Topography (less obstruction i.e proper zoning laws , better visibility) Analysis for wind from wind rose diagram Grade, drainage & soil characteristics Availability of utilities (water supply, electricity) Economic consideration 4

5. RUNWAY CONFIGURATION FAA includes over 20 runway layouts Amongst them there are 4 basic runway patterns : SIMPLE RUNWAY PARALLEL RUNWAY OPEN-V RUNWAYS INTERSECTING RUNWAYS Parking system for runway 5

6. 6 SINGLE RUNWAY

7. PARALLEL RUNWAYS There are 4 types of parallel runways 7

8. OPEN-V RUNWAYS Runways diverging from different directions but do not intersect and form an open-V shape are ‘OPEN-V runways’ 8

9. INTERSECTING RUNWAYS Two or more runways that cross each other are classified as intersecting runways . This type of runway is used when there are relatively strong prevailing winds from more than one direction during the year. 9

10. RUNWAY LIGHTING These lights are used to assist pilot in to identify the runway GREEN THRESHOLD LIGHTS : Line the runway edge RED LIGHTS : Mark the end of runway BLUE LIGHTS : Run alongside taxiways While runways have YELLOW or WHITE lights marking their edges 10

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12. RUNWAY SIGNS Various kinds of runway signs are also used for facilitation They differ according to their purpose and action 12

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14. Aircraft components 14

15. 15 Aircraft components

16. Aircraft characteristics Type of propulsion engine Size of aircraft Minimum turning radius Capacity of aircraft Aircraft weight and wheel configuration Jet blast noise 16

17. weight &wheel configuration Different types of weights Operating empty weight Constant weight except payload and fuel =w1 Pay load Load for which revenues are generated (passengers + freight) Zero-fuel weight W1 + payload=w2 Maximum take-off weight Total amount of weight when it is taking off from runway, w3=w2+fuel Maximum standard landing weight Fuel consumed during transport will be deducted from take-off weight i.e < w3 17

18. Classification of Airports Based on Basic runway length- A(2100m), B, C, D, E(600m) Tyre pressure- 1(8.5kg/cm2), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7(2.5kg/cm2) 18

19. Factors affecting the size of airport Defined by the space for operators, controlling systems, facilities, manpower etc. Controlled by peak aircraft traffic, aircraft characteristics Elevation of airport size above MSL density and air pressure reduces Effects runway requirements, lift, drag etc. Aircraft performance varies altitude, air density, pressure , temperature Meteorological conditions Wind, temperature Effects runway orientation, length and no of runways reqd. Performance characteristics of aircraft Volume of air traffic (peak hour volume, size of aircraft, nature of air traffic, runways, taxiways etc.,) 19

20. Elements of Runway geometric design Runway Length Runway width Transverse Gradients Longitudinal gradients Sight distances 20

21. RUNWAY ORIENTATION Affecting factors:- WIND AIRSPACE AVAILABILITY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL VISIBILITY WILD LIFE HAZARDS TERRAIN AND SOIL CONSIDERATION 21

22. Runway design 22

23. Wind-Rose 23

24. Windrose 24

25. WIND ROSE ANALYSIS An approach often used in determining the runway orientation The method uses a wind rose template A transparent runway template is placed and rotated around the center of wind rose At each rotating angle, the percentage of allowable cross winds is measured 25

26. WIND ROSE METHOD 26

27. Basic Runway Length Assumed standard conditions Airport altitude is at sea level Temperature at airport is 15 degree Celsius (standard temperature at any location is 15-0.0065*elevation in metres ) Runway is levelled in longitudinal direction No wind is blowing on runway Aircraft is loaded to its full loading capacity 27

28. Basic Runway Length Determined by considering following 3 cases:- Normal landing case Normal take-off case Engine failure case The case which works out the highest value for length is finally adopted 28

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36. Correction to basic runway length 36

37. Correction to basic runway length 37

38. Q 38

39. Q- calculate for the correct length of runway if, basic runway length=1620m, elevation of airport site=270m, Airport reference temperature=32.94 degrees and effective gradient=0.20% Ans-2150m 39

40. Turning radius of taxiway 40

41. Q- calculate for the turning radius of taxiway for an supersonic aircraft having wheel base=17.7m, width of taxiway 22.5m, wheel tread=6.62m, turning velocity=40kmph and f=0.13 Ans-180m 41