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1. Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya

2. Contents Introduction Types of Cropping System Food grain & their required agro -climatic condition Regional distribution of crops in India Major cropping system in India Area specific cropping system Aim of area specific cropping system Conclusion

3. Area Specific Cropping System in Relation to Farmers’ Economy

4. INTRODUCTION Area-specific cropping systems play a pivotal role in shaping the economic landscape for farmers These systems, tailored to the unique characteristics of a particular region, contribute significantly to the overall well-being of farmers and their communities Firstly, area-specific cropping systems take into account the local climate, soil conditions, and water availability This targeted approach enhances productivity and fosters a more stable economic environment for farmers area-specific cropping systems play a vital role in shaping the economic fortunes of farmers

5. WHAT IS A SYSTEM? A system is a group of interacting components, operating together for a common purpose, capable of reacting as a whole to external stimuli

6. WHAT IS A CROPPING SYSTEM?

7. TYPES OF CROPPING SYSTEM

8. 6) INTERCROPPING Intercropping is a method of increasing agricultural productivity by planting two or more crops simultaneously on a specific plot of land in a specific row pattern The primary goal of this type of cropping is to make use of the space between two rows of main crop and produce more grain per unit area Small farmers who depend on rain for higher production are more likely to use it This procedure has a specific row pattern, such as 1:1 or 1:2, which means that the primary crop is in the first row and the other crops are in the second or third row These crops are blended in this technique despite having different nutrient needs Additionally, it stops pests and diseases from spreading to every plant involved in a particular crop

9. TYPES OF CROPPING

10. a) MIXED CROPPING Mixed cropping is a cropping technique in which two or more plants or crops are grown on the same plot of land or farm at the same time Plant seeds are mixed before being sown One crop may be the primary crop, while the others may be subsidiaries Furthermore, this technique helps restore soil fertility by allowing the remains of one plant to aid the growth of another, increasing overall yield Crops for mixed cropping are chosen based on their water and nutrient requirements, as well as the time required to grow and ripen Wheat and mustard, groundnut and sunflower, and other crop combinations are commonly used in mixed cropping It is a common practise in the majority of India's dryland tracts

11. a) MIXED CROPPING Different crop seeds are mixed in a specific proportion and sown In dryland areas of India, seed sowing is often done using the broadcasting technique For example, in rainfed conditions , sorghum, bajra, and cowpea are mixed and broadcasted to avoid complete crop failures and to determine minimum yields Its main goals are to reduce the likelihood of total crop failures and to meet the farmer's needs for food and fodder

12. b) SEQUENTIAL CROPPING Sequential cropping systems are a type of crop rotation where a farmer grows two or more crops in a sequence where a crop replaces the next soon after harvest After the main crop cultivated in the field or growing area has been harvested, this method often entails planting an additional crop Sequential systems are more typical where the growing season is long while intercropping systems are more commonplace where labor is easily accessible and reasonably priced Corn is a common crop that is grown in numerous locations in sequential cropping, particularly in tropical regions Oats, wheat, barley, soybean, sorghum, alfalfa, and many clovers and grasses are some of the more popular crops produced in succession with corn

13. b) SEQUENTIAL CROPPING As there is no overlap between two or more crops, sequential cropping is also known as non-overlapping cropping

14. c) RELAY CROPPING Relay planting refers to the simultaneous planting of multiple crops in the same plot in the same season Therefore, both crops share a portion of the growing season Planting rice , cauliflower, onion, and summer gourd in the same season is an example of relay cropping It also means that labour is distributed more evenly, insects spread less, and legumes actually add nitrogen to the soil Relay planting has less risk because it does not require relying just on one crop

15. Relay Cropping Winter Wheat

16. 7) RATOON CROPPING Ratooning is a commercial activity in numerous other crops in addition to sugarcane The practise of ratooning is widely employed on plants that will be utilised to make essential oils, fibre, and pharmaceuticals The most popular crops for ratooning are those that typically produce a consistent yield for three years For instance, the woody desert shrub guayule, a substitute for natural rubber, is harvested for the first time at the age of two and then ratooned every spring until a final crop of tops and roots is produced As a monocarpic annual plant, rice is grown

17. 8) STRIP CROPPING Strip cropping is growing planned rotations of erosion- resistant and erosion-susceptible crops or fallow on cropland areas in a systematic arrangement of strips across a field Strip cropping is effective since crops are arranged so that a strip of grass or close-growing vegetation is alternated with a clean tilled section or area with less protective cover On sloping land where sheet and rill erosion are concerns, the strips are laid out on the Strips of crops susceptible to erosion should be alternated with strips of erosion-resistant vegetation

18. Food Grains and their required Agro-climatic condition

19. Regional distribution of crops in India

20. MAJOR CROPPING SYSTEMS IN INDIA Rice Based Cropping Patterns: Rice is grown in the high rainfall area or in the areas where supplemental irrigation is available to ensure good yields With rice, other crops being cotton, vegetables and fruits Jute as an alternative to rice In Bihar, the alternative crops being pulses, wheat, maize, jute, sugarcane and oilseeds Maize-based cropping systems:Maize is grown in high rainfall areas or on soil with a better capacity for retaining moisture, but with a good drainage Sorghum based cropping system: Grown in medium rainfall regions Pearl-Millet based cropping system: Pearl millet is a more drought resistant crop than several other cereal crops and is generally preferred in low or less dependable rainfall and on light textured soils

21. MAJOR CROPPING SYSTEMS IN INDIA Rice Based Cropping Patterns: Rice is grown in the high rainfall area or in the areas where supplemental irrigation is available to ensure good yields Groundnut based cropping systems:These are popular in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra Cotton based cropping systems:These are popular in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab Sorghum , groundnut, pulses and wheat etc With irrigation in some places sugarcane and rice are also grown with cotton Wheat and Chickpea based cropping systems:Wheat and Chickpea are grown under identical climate and can be substituted for each other Rabi Sorghum based cropping systems:These are popular in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh

22. 3. PLANTATION AND OTHER COMMERCIAL CROPS Sugarcane, Tobacco, Potato, Jute, Tea, Coffee, Coconut, Rubber, Spices and condiments are important crops Generally, the areas occupied by these crops are very limited compared with those of food and other crops Besides the above-mentioned crops, there are certain horticultural crops like apple, mango and citrus fruits E.g. in the jute growing areas, rice is the usual alternative crop; in Punjab, Bihar, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, wheat and maize are rotation crops with sugarcane

23. 4. MIXED CROPPING

24. AREA SPECIFIC CROPPING SYSTEM Climate Considerations: Understanding the local climate, including temperature, rainfall patterns, and seasonal variations, helps determine suitable crops for cultivation Soil Analysis: Assessing soil fertility, texture, and composition aids in selecting crops that thrive in specific soil conditions Water Management: Efficient water use is crucial Crop Rotation: Alternating crops in a planned sequence helps maintain soil health, prevent pest and disease buildup, and maximize yields over time Pest and Disease Management: Identifying prevalent pests and diseases in the region allows for targeted preventive measures, reducing the need for excessive pesticide use

25. AREA SPECIFIC CROPPING SYSTEM Technology Adoption: Utilizing modern agricultural technologies, such as precision farming, can enhance efficiency and productivity in the context of the specific area's needs Market Demand: Understanding the market demand for specific crops helps farmers make informed decisions, ensuring economic viability

26. AIM OF AREA SPECIFI CROPPING SYSTEM Optimized Productivity: Area-specific cropping systems aim to identify and cultivate crops that thrive in the local agro-climatic conditions, leading to increased yields and efficient resource utilization Risk Mitigation: By tailoring crops to specific regions, farmers can reduce the impact of environmental risks, such as pests, diseases, and adverse weather conditions, thus safeguarding their economic interests Resource Efficiency: Aligning crops with the local environment helps in efficient use of resources like water, fertilizers, and pesticides, contributing to cost reduction and sustainability

27. AIM OF AREA SPECIFI CROPPING SYSTEM Economic Viability: Area-specific cropping enhances the economic viability of farming by promoting crops with higher market demand, potentially leading to increased income for farmers

28. SCOPE Precision Agriculture Integration: The scope includes integrating advanced technologies for precision agriculture, such as satellite imagery devices, to further refine area-specific cropping systems, enhancing efficiency and precision in farming practices Policy Development: There is a scope for policymakers to design supportive agricultural policies that incentivize and facilitate the adoption of area-specific cropping systems, promoting sustainable practices and economic growth in the agricultural sector Research and Innovation: Continuous research and innovation in crop varieties, agronomic practices, and technologies can expand the scope by identifying new possibilities for optimizing crop production in diverse agro-climatic zones

29. SCOPE Capacity Building: Opportunities exist to enhance farmers' capabilities through training programs and extension services, ensuring they are well-equipped to implement and benefit from area-specific cropping systems Global Collaboration: The scope extends to international collaboration for sharing best practices and knowledge, fostering a global approach to sustainable agriculture that addresses regional challenges and promotes food security

30. Relation of area specific cropping system with farmers economy Increased Yield and Income: Area-specific cropping systems, tailored to local conditions, lead to higher crop yields, directly contributing to increased income for farmers as they produce more with optimized resources Cost Reduction: By aligning crops with the natural environment, farmers can reduce input costs such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides, enhancing overall profitability Risk Management: Adapting crops to specific agro-climatic zones helps farmers mitigate risks associated with weather fluctuations, pests, and diseases, safeguarding their economic interests and reducing losses

31. Relation of area specific cropping system with farmers economy Market Demand Alignment: Focusing on crops in demand in the local or global market ensures that farmers produce what consumers need, potentially leading to better prices and market opportunities Sustainable Practices: Area-specific cropping promotes sustainable agricultural practices, enhancing soil health and reducing the environmental impact, which can positively influence the long-term economic viability of farming

32. CONCLUSION Area-specific cropping systems play a crucial role in enhancing farmers' economic outcomes This strategic approach not only boosts agricultural productivity but also contributes significantly to the overall economic well-being of farmers by optimizing resource utilization and income generation Furthermore, area-specific cropping systems contribute to risk mitigation for farmers, as they are better adapted to local climate and soil conditions

33. REFERENCES https://cropwatch.unl.edu/wheat/relaycrop https://masterssms.agron.iastate.edu/Content/Students/sample/classes/Sample/lesson09/detail/strip.html https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/sequential-cropping#:~:text=An%20example%20is%20planting%20maize,other%20in%20the%20same%20year https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2022.1001367/full https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/125/08/0846.pdf