Akhenaten NEW POWERPOINT introductionnnn

introduction to Akhenaten

1. HSC Personalities in their time: Akhenaten Indicative Hours: 30

2. Syllabus

3. HSC Section Section III of the HSC Examination which is out of 25 There will usually be between 2 – 3 questions. Marks will usually be between 3 - 15. A source can be provided, but you are expected to know your own

4. 2019 HSC Exam

5. 2020 HSC Exam

6. 2021 HSC Exam

7. 2022 HSC Exam

8. 2023 HSC Exam

9. WARM-UP / RECAP What do you know/remember about Ancient Egypt? Ancient Egypt

10. Syllabus Section: Survey - The Historical context, Including:

11. SYLLABUS DOT POINT 1.1: GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING, TOPOGRAPHY, AND RESOURCES OF EGYPT AND ITS NEIGHBOURS

12. SYLLABUS DOT POINT

13. Learning Intention Success Criteria To be able to understand the geographical setting, topography, and resource of Egypt and its neighbours I can: Describe the geographical setting of Egypt and its neighbours Outline the resources of ancient Egypt

14. Introduction video Watch the YouTube video “Akhenaten – A Pharaoh Obsessed” by Extra History (8:45) and answer the questions in your booklet. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKSqgLQNIeQ What do you think of me after watching the video?

15. Key Terms You need to know the following key terms for this part of the unit: New Kingdom

16. Map

17. Geography, Topography, and resources – Cloze Passage Egypt is: - Located to the west of the Red Sea - Bounded in the north by the Mediterranean Sea - Bounded in the east by the western desert - Borders Nubia to the south

18. - In the 18 th Dynasty (1550 BC – 1292 BC), at beginning of the New Kingdom, Egypt’s neighbours included Libya, Palestine, Syria, Babylonia, Naharin , the land of the Mitanni, Hatti, the land of the Hittites, and Assyria. - Egypt's most prominent geographical feature is the river Nile, which was responsible for the growth and development of the country. Geography, Topography, and resources – Cloze Passage

19. - It rises in the mountains and lakes of central Africa, before flowing north through Egypt to the Nile Delta where it empties into the Mediterranean Sea. - In ancient times, the Nile flooded annually, making navigation difficult and destroying settlements built too close to the river, but at the same time ensuring the fertility of the surrounding land and its production of the food to feed the population. Geography, Topography, and resources – Cloze Passage

20. - The land adjacent to the river was Kmt (pronounced ‘ kemet ’), meaning the 'black land', while the desert was Dsrt (pronounced ‘ deshret ’), the 'red land’. - Beside this division was the one separating the land into Upper and Lower Egypt, reflected in the pharaoh's titles, ‘Lord of the Two Lands, King of Upper and Lower Egypt’. Geography, Topography, and resources – Cloze Passage

21. - The Nile not only provided water but was also the source of food in the animals it sustained and the agriculture it made possible. From within its own borders Egypt had minerals and ores, especially gold and granite from Aswan, as well as precious stones for jewellery. Its neighbours were sources of timber, pottery, copper. and luxury goods. Geography, Topography, and resources – Cloze Passage

22. By the time Akhenaten came to the throne, Nubia, Palestine, and Syria had been added to the Egyptian empire by his predecessors. Resources available to Egypt (imports): - Gold, cattle, ebony, ivory, feathers and animal skins from Nubia - Copper, lead and silver, precious stones from Syria-Palestine - Incense, fragrant woods, animals, gold, ivory an ebony, animal skins from Punt Resources that derived from Egypt (exports): - Barley, wheat, vegetables, fruit, wood and wine, fish from the Nile Valley - Fishing, fowling, farming, grazing, papyrus for sandals, paper, boats from Delta - Natron, amethyst, hard stone, wild game, minerals and gold from the desert

23. Thebes was the capital of Egypt at this time; however… Akhenaten relocated the capital to Amarna during his reign. Question: How does this map show evidence of foreign influence in Egypt?

24. Syllabus Section: Survey - The Historical context, Including:

25. SYLLABUS DOT POINT 1.2: An overview of the Eighteenth Dynasty SYLLABUS DOT POINT 1.3: An overview of the social, political, military, and economic structures of the eighteenth dynasty

26. Eighteenth Dynasty Pharaohs Find and highlight Akhenaten’s name on the list in your booklet

27. An overview of the Eighteenth Dynasty - When Akhenaten assumed the throne of the Two Lands, Egypt was at its greatest period of achievement in both internal and foreign affairs, its ‘golden age’. - His father, Amenhotep III, had reaped the rewards of the foreign conquests made by his warrior pharaoh predecessors, pharaohs such as Thutmose III, who had carved out an empire.

28. Amenhotep III Akhenaten An overview of the Eighteenth Dynasty

29. - Egypt was now in direct control of Nubia to the Fourth Cataract of the Nile while her sphere of influence in Syria-Palestine was effectively managed by a combination of garrison troops and vassals , who were tied to Egypt by vows of loyalty. - Diplomacy was now a major feature of Egyptian foreign policy. The pharaoh corresponded with his neighbouring rulers and vassals, and even married foreign princesses to cement the deals brokered between the 'royal brothers'. An overview of the Eighteenth Dynasty

30. - Freed from the need for foreign conquest, and in command of the great wealth it had brought to Egypt, Amenhotep III could concentrate on an extensive building program, which stimulated both the economy and the artistic creativity of Egypt's artists and craftsmen. An overview of the Eighteenth Dynasty

31. Structures of Eighteenth Dynasty Society - Eighteenth Dynasty Egyptian society was a highly complex hierarchy, dominated by the all-powerful pharaoh and his court. - Beneath him were social, political, economic, religious, and military structures that carried out the administration of Egypt. S ocial P olitical E conomic R eligious M ilitary Do you remember this acronym?

32. - Social status played an important role in the lives of ancient Egyptians, seen in the number of titles accumulated during their lives and displayed in their tombs. - Although normally there was little social mobility, some men of exceptional ability achieved this. A notable example is Ay, a commoner who served as Akhenaten's personal secretary and eventually became pharaoh after Tutankhamun. Structures of Eighteenth Dynasty Society

33. Activity: Sort the following social groups into pyramid on page of your booklet Slaves / Servants Nobles / Viziers Peasants / Farmers Priests Pharaoh Scribe Soldiers Merchants / Artisans

34. Social Structure - Women - Women derived their social status from their male relatives. For all, the role of wife and mother was the traditional expectation. In general, they played no role in the bureaucracy but higher-ranking women could serve as members of religious cults.

35. Social Structure - Women - The highest-ranking female in the land was the ‘Great Royal Wife’. Tiye , Great Royal Wife of Amenhotep III, carried out important religious and diplomatic roles in her husband’s reign. Her son's wife, Nefertiti, went on to play an exceptional role in Akhenaten's reign, perhaps even acting as his co-regent. Tiye Nefertiti

36. - Egypt’s prosperity was largely dependent on the efficient production and distribution of grain as the staple of the economy. - This explains the importance of the vizier and the high-ranking members of the civil administration, including overseers and treasurers. Structure - Economy

37. - They were supported by a vast bureaucracy of officials such as scribes. Pharaonic building programs featuring the construction of temples, tombs and palaces employed a host of workers from all ranks of society. - This included architects, artists, stonemasons, carpenters, metalworkers and sculptors who produced the great masterpieces for which this period is renowned. Structure - Economy

38. - Some of the most important people in the early New Kingdom belonged to the religious and military groups. The increasing prominence of the god Amun throughout this period guaranteed status and wealth to its high-ranking officials. - The military, which was responsible for the creation and maintenance of the empire, also enjoyed the benefits of high social rank. Structure – Religion and Military

39. - At the bottom of the Egyptian social ladder was the great mass of the population: the unskilled workers, especially the farmers, on whose labour the rest of Egypt depended. - Other unskilled workers included fishermen, herders and other food producers. - Below them again was the army of servants and slaves who waited on their masters. Structure – Ordinary People

40. Who am I? I am the patron god of Thebes I was associated with fertility and creation I was considered the king of the gods I was a god of the air and of the sun I was one of the most important gods in ancient Egyptian religion I was considered the king of the gods

41. I Am Amun AKA Amun-Re I was usually depicted as a man wearing a headdress with two tall feathers, representing the god of the air. If I am being referred to as Amun-Re, I have a sun drawn on my headdress. I was also depicted as a man with a ram’s head, symbolising fertility.

42. Syllabus Section: Survey - The Historical context, Including:

43. SYLLABUS DOT POINT 1.4: Role of Amun and Amun priesthood SYLLABUS DOT POINT 1.5: Roles of the king and relationship to the gods, including Amun

44. Amun and Amun Priesthood - Amun w as the tutelary (relating to protection) god of Thebes - He rose to prominence when Thebes became the capital at the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

45. - The relationship between the king and the Amun cult was an interdependent ( depend on each other ) one. - T he king promoted Amun as the state cult and appointed the chief priest, who in turn, supported the king. Amun and Amun Priesthood

46. But Amenhotep III challenged this… Instead of appointing officials from Thebes, I’m going to instead appoint them from Memphis. I’m also going to elevate the cult of the god Aten. Yes, Aten will be higher than Amun.

47. Discuss the potential reasons behind Amenhotep III's decision to elevate the cult of Aten and appoint officials from Memphis. What implications did this have for the traditional power structures in ancient Egypt?

48. Roles of the king and relationship to the gods

49. Amun Hatshepsut’s mother Queen Ahmose Ankh - Symbol of life Divine Conception of Hatshepsut

50. Amenhotep III depicting himself as a warrior pharaoh Who is depicted in this scene? What is happening in this scene? Why would it be important for a pharaoh to be portrayed like this? What do you see?

51. Another important feature of the king's relationship to Amun in this period is the 'warrior pharaoh' image. According to this, Amun directly inspired campaigns, assured victory and received the spoils of war. Booty was dedicated to Amun in his temples, especially at Karnak , which were built with the rich resources of conquest and decorated with scenes of the king's victories. Amun’s temple at Karnak Roles of the king and relationship to the gods

52. Syllabus Section: Survey - The Historical context, Including:

53. SYLLABUS DOT POINT 1.6: An overview of religious beliefs, cults, and practices of the Eighteenth Dynasty

54. - Beliefs - Cult - Practices Terms to know

55. - In the New Kingdom, the sun god Re became linked to Amun. - Re, as the creator god, was responsible for life, death and the afterlife, and all other gods came from him. - However, the kings who had reunited Egypt and established the New Kingdom had come from Thebes, the sacred precinct of Amun. Religion in the Eighteenth Dynasty

56. - Both gods were joined in a process called syncretism to form the composite deity Amun-Re. Religion in the Eighteenth Dynasty

57. - Hatshepsut's introduction of oracles, the Opet festival and the Beautiful Festival of the Valley, added new dimensions to Amun-Re’s worship. He was now a god who made his will known and who left his temples to move among people in the great processions associated with the religious festivals. - For the first time in this period, individuals were able to form a personal relationship with him, referred to as personal piety . Previously this was the prerogative (right) of the king alone. Religion in the Eighteenth Dynasty

58. Source: Akhenaten and Nefertiti make offerings to the Aten The sun-disc god Aten, depicted as a circle with many hands Akhenaten depicted in the Amarna style of art, noticeable because of his elongated face, pronounced chest and belly, and thick thighs

59. Religious Beliefs Brief notes Prominent cults – e.g. Horus, Re, Re­Horakhty , Isis, Hathor, Anubis Afterlife beliefs , especially the role of Osiris, and the concepts of ka and ba Funerary beliefs and customs , e.g. mummification, texts such as The Book of the Dead, royal and non-royal tomb location, design and decoration   The concept of ma 'at Activity: Research task on religious beliefs, cults, and practices of the Eighteenth Dynasty

60. Syllabus Section: Focus of Study – Background and Rise to Prominence, Including:

61. SYLLABUS DOT POINT 2.1: Family background and evidence for early years

62. - Akhenaten’s birthname was Amenhotep IV - Second son of Amenhotep III and his wife Tiye - Descended directly from the Theban pharaohs who expelled the Hyksos and established the Eighteenth Dynasty Background and rise to prominence Akhenaten “Of great use to the god Aten” “Successful for the Aten” Amenhotep “Amun is pleased” “Amun is satisfied”

63. - Akhenaten’s mother Tiye was the daughter of Yuya and Thuya , who were courtiers (companions the pharaoh who attended royal court) from the upper Egyptian town of Akhmim . - Yuya was “master of the king’s horses” and “his majesty’s lieutenant-commander of chariotry”. - Thuya held priestly roles in the cults of Amun, Min, and Hathor. Background and rise to prominence

64. - Akhenaten had an older brother, Thutmose, who was heir to the throne, who died when he was young. - He also had eight sisters, five of them to us known by name ( Sitamun , Iset , Henuttaneb , Nebetah , and Baketaten ) as well as the “Younger Lady”. Background and rise to prominence

65. - Akhenaten was probably born around year 18 of his father’s reign when his family lived at Memphis in the north of Egypt. - When Amenhotep III, Tiye and their family moved from Memphis to the new palace at Malkata in West Thebes, where he later probably began his married life with Nefertiti. - Evidence that Akhenaten accompanied them was found on a wine-jar seal: “the estate of the true king’s son Amenhotep”. Early Years

66. Co-Regency is a system where rule is shared by two monarchs. In Egypt this would usually be between senior and junior partners. The question of a co-regency Why do you think co-regency was implemented? What can be the benefits or disadvantages of a co-regency system?

67. - The issue of a co-regency between Amenhotep III and Akhenaten is important for understanding the changes that took place during the Amarna period. The question of a co-regency The Amarna period was an era of Egyptian history during the later half of the Eighteenth Dynasty when the capital of Egypt was moved to Akhetaten , now called Amarna, in Egypt. It saw significant religious and artistic changes.

68. - The focus on worship of the Aten – the disc of the sun – was a key part of Akhenaten’s reign; however, it had been introduced by his father. - Amenhotep III started the significant contributions to the development of the cult of the Aten. Question: Do you think Akhenaten was influenced by his father’s focus on the Aten? The question of a co-regency

69. - Scholars are divided in their opinions as to whether Akhenaten came to the throne immediately after his father’s death or whether he shared a co-regency with him in the last years of his reign. - As Akhenaten was not Amenhotep III's eldest son, a co-regency might have been used to strengthen his claim to the throne. The question of a co-regency

70. Third pylon at Karnak, built during the reign of Amenhotep III before the Hypostyle Hall The question of a co-regency Evidence initially came from the third pylon at Karnak

71. Relief showing Amenhotep III (right) standing in front of a smaller image of the figure of an erased king. The question of a co-regency Scholars have debated over who this figure is. It has been identified as being either Akhenaten or his son Tutankhamun, who tried to associate himself with Amenhotep III after his father’s religious reforms. Most likely, Horemheb erased that figure.

72. Short co-regency: Akhenaten could be seen as the chief initiator of the Amarna revolution (religious and artistic changes in Egypt) Long co-regency: Both Akhenaten and Amenhotep III played important roles in the Amarna revolution Possible length of co-regency: 2 – 8 years Historian’s stances on the issues of co-regency: For – Aldred and Hayes Against – Redford and Gardiner Why is the length of co-regency significant?

73. Archaeological Evidence Evidence: The cartouches of Amenhotep III on the right with his throne name ( Nebmaatre ) and Akhenaten on the left showing the early form of his name, Amenhotep. Found from the tomb of the vizier Amenhotep Huy in 2014.

74. What does the evidence tell us? - Tomb dates back to Amenhotep III’s Heb-Sed festival - The Heb-Sed festival is when a pharaoh celebrated 30 years of rule and was repeated every 3 years after - The evidence gives Amenhotep III a reign of 38 years - Therefore, there is strong evidence of co-regency for at least … years

75. SYLLABUS DOT POINT 2.2: Marriage: Queens and consorts

76. - Pharaohs often had several wives called “queens consort”. - The most important was called the “great royal wife”. - Akhenaten married Nefertiti either before he became pharaoh or early in his reign Marriage: Queens and Consorts

77. Great Royal Wife – Nefertiti Nefertiti’s name means “the beautiful one has come” Believed to be the daughter of Ay, the brother of Amenhotep III’s wife Tiye – this would make her Akhenaten’s cousin This bust was created by the sculptor Thutmose and was discovered in 1912 CE, now displayed a the Neues Museum in Berin

78. Secondary Wife – Kiya - Bore the title “greatly beloved wife”. - Known from a block found at the site of Hermopolis , located across the Nile from Akhetaten . - Evidence suggests that she is the mother of two of Akhenaten’s daughters Kiya on her canopic jar, found in Tomb KV55

79. Secondary Wife – Tadukhepa - A Mitannian princess from the land of Naharin . - Sent to marry Amenhotep III as part of a diplomatic marriage but appears to have been transferred to Akhenaten upon his father’s death. - Believed that she is the same person as Kiya; others believe she may have been Nefertiti herself.

80. HSC question HSC QUESTION

81. Syllabus Section: Focus of Study – Key features and Developments, including:

82. SYLLABUS DOT POINT 3.1: Titles and changes to his royal image over time