ALKALOIDS

alkaloids
chemical classification
pharmacological classification
Hegnaur's classification
isolation of alkaloids
purification of alkaloids

1. ALKALOIDS Farman Ahmad M.Pharm 1 st Semester Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products Central University of Punjab, Bathinda

2. Content Introduction Classification Nomenclature Extraction & Purification References

3. Introduction The term alkaloid (alkali like) was coined by Carl F.W. Meissner in 1819, derived from the Arabic word “Al qualja” means ashes of plants Group of natural occurring simple or complex nitrogen containing compounds Basic in nature Secondary metabolites abundantly found in plants and lesser extent in micro-organisms and animals Families rich in alkaloids are: Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, Papaveraceae In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, may also contain oxygen,sulfur and other elements Usually derivatives of amino acids Produce various physiological function in organisms like- anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-neoplastic, hypnotic, psychotropic, local anaesthetic etc

4. Classification Classification of alkaloids may be: Hegnauer’s classification Chemical classification Pharmacological classification Taxonomical classification

5. Classification Hegnauer’s classification True Alkaloids :- They contain nitrogen atom in heterocyclic system and derived from amino acids Example: Atropine, Morphine, Nicotine Proto alkaloids :- They do not contain nitrogen atom in heterocyclic system but derived from amino acids Example: Mescaline, Epinephrine, Ephedrine Pseudo alkaloids:- They contain nitrogen atom in heterocyclic system but not the derivative of amino acids Example: Caffeine, Theobromine, Coniine

6. Classification Chemical classification

7. Classification Chemical classification

8. Classification Pharmacological classification

9. Classification Taxonomical classification Alkaloids are classified based on biological sources. Examples: Quinine from the bark of Cinchona calisaya, Rauwolfia from roots of Rauwolfia serpentina, Morphine from dried latex of Papaver somniferum, etc .

10. Nomenclature There is no unique method for naming alkaloids Many individual names are formed by adding the suffix " ine " to the species or genus name For example, atropine is isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna If several alkaloids are extracted from one plant then their names often contain suffixes "idine", "anine", "aline", "inine" etc. Naming alkaloids as the second Latin name the plant extract from him like Belladonine from belladonna Naming alkaloids according to the physiological effect (therapeutic) ex. Narcotic (Narcotine) , emetic ( emetine) Naming alkaloids according to the Discoverer ex. Pelletierine from P elletier There are also at least 86 alkaloids whose names contain the root "vin" because they are extracted from  vinca  plants such as  Vinca rosea  ( Catharanthus roseus ); these are called  vinca  alkaloids

11. Extraction & Purification Stas-Otto method Plant’s Material (Dried & Powdered) Moist with water Treat with lime Extract with organic solvent Filtration Filtrate Add water Organic layer of alkali Add water & Acid Salt form in aqueous layer Purification Purified by chromatography

12. REFERENCES Libretexts (2020) Alkaloids , Chemistry LibreTexts . Available at: https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD_Chem_231A%3A_Methods_of_Organic_Synthesis/Under_construction/1_Ideas/Alkaloids (Accessed: 05 October 2023). (n.d.). Jiwaji University.  http://www.jiwaji.edu/pdf/ecourse/pharmaceutical/Alkaloids-Classification%20&%20Identification.pdf Introductory Chapter: Alkaloids -Their Importance in Nature and for Human Life . (n.d.). IntechOpen - Open Science Open Minds | IntechOpen .  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/66742 Classification of Alkaloids - Solution Parmacy . (n.d.). Solution Parmacy .  https://solutionpharmacy.in/classification-of-alkaloids/ Contributors to Wikimedia projects. (2001, October 24).  Alkaloid - Wikipedia . Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid#In_medicine Extraction Method of Alkaloids - Solution Parmacy . (n.d.). Solution Parmacy .  https://solutionpharmacy.in/extraction-method-of-alkaloids/

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