Alpha Particle scatterring experiment

The Geiger–Marsden experiments (also called the Rutherford gold foil experiment) were a landmark series of experiments by which scientists discovered that every atom has a nucleus where all of its positive charge and most of its mass is concentrated. They deduced this by measuring how an alpha particle beam is scattered when it strikes a thin metal foil. The experiments were performed between 1908 and 1913 by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden under the direction of Ernest Rutherford at the Physical Laboratories of the University of Manchester.

1. _Bigndfrearer

experiment - Explain ei. experdro
iagnem ı

» waite down ms. pontebaje of Rutrenferel demic
model ard milita
ee pon

hin i

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odd, and

a definition af Gastone.» Inoban » aotope |

a vai J élamia, mecharion .ard, Tran

nechaniom

wem red

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genio Jura sh. Pete Mer ga,

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denenthe about y
Tie enodingen A
Yer ware equati

4

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tala ahapen ere. differen

y cadeidade ma enengy af ar

ku 4% Bohn abi in

what deen Bahn. adler mean? had À

hu of For @ohre median
etat in

amor! (vers)

eo ap an chen mt

d nb Cop À temo As EIA IÓ se

€ bh x 30%
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hm energy Gsefel. 039 fe
what an Spedlica

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|
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mode Of re ule, cod a miemacope: Tan y

grated à fee of 55 Mev alpha. pactitlen emite

from à rome mare of Me, foil: ad bitten
Gr tine, alle panticleo an they panel og
|
aliño. poritlen cod be ohaed by ta bee Honkın
on ML conan hamnond ar Kin, Ham expected! Ye |
been ers, cost the, prune, of Ta. adem Jam

ie rmdle of Br experiment +

obnercotivnn:

Hoot of fhe alpha,

den. panned theses 4
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collinieon «

4. tid 004 7 6}
aeatierad by more than €

ve hg. “patlielin dipheted

(8) “Aiud UE do

Cork of hee apne à

Bus

¿neident Alpha. poate

5. +
tg ails Wiege prima:
The. bubsdenes, uned in Rumenfende expediment
| ant an follotr -
1) à anticlen emitted from nodio active ovbotaree
dice. podiam

2) very thin que fol (ovo em)
2) ma bens coeud with End (rire Sul fries)

Densription of the. Expeciment Rutenford “ned Jar

voting alpha. panitelen an Juttetn which ha fine!
a} gold aloma

ala very thin (-woçem) Shut
Sulphide(ees)

He plod à men emer ith dire
behind mu gold foil» GE wan known that cohen
me alii parken fall on ain siulphéde » à
—mimude bright plantan of Fight sence‘ emmited

|

ho

6. Obaenyolien

itl
| éme Mr
Y cum m

only a.

ein. plraig

ñ

À (en very Jeu a. panielen - about 1 im 20.000 wer

JB Sek gn aie
:

ll

Airinuctond cbacrrved from Thin expeniner

a of we rante porn in ou

Jeu a= roue ant, divinted dan

paths

ug — paña

7. lanier! From Ty

experimental. obnemation

Rucrrrorc

dew ha fatiowing. corélunien —
2) major port of am alom zn empb on vacant

men pace. du to

Elielcon way be prunent

huir vegligible manner Compared. Compound compand

fo a parchelen , they can vot effect The pont

11) Since a Joo d- parteler (eonitively changed) ont
«e dutheted though nome orge and a very jew

& panticlen Jump bak on, Taste

frame, chould be
Redrescforcd AS poilicely ood
back of &- Pandieden Toppan te

badly an hu |

1) Rolurcning,
aicattion nuggeol thet

ail #2 manner

pe muclao in hey

whew and pocitive chongto ar

ponetininaded cendrally in a Pmall sagión

" pa

Y) fom me number of

fax paño he caleulaied eit ateo
añ atom in about 15em

and found

ned Th diamder ch

8. sn ar

Jatiaan tat deaimeterco of: an atem do aber

IP diner: greaben than that af IM muchun
pu atom

Tilo proves that major pant 0

Pr
IR emp

Frew the noun) of deviation 0} a: parlitden

tuttenford funttsic phowed That ‘He “amount of

vé change on an atomic mucdun in

1]
14

Rutherford Mar Model

saved on Ce panhicle ératlenérg. expen'ment »

futorcJord — ferunared "hen atom mode - The rein

jookelen of parenfond atom wad ant an

alors han hoo parto : (5 viselaco (iD
room pont» Wuchon in à minade,

ab the

partiels dose body
dhosige

Fhe. atoms AN posi dive

9. Rd Abus FOL Bae dh Fe, alia

in UT tie Teh ak
muchun in very nmall ch nz
alom an a eke
(2 Alm in eleclrically autel - "50 à m

number of elscheenn equal te pooitive chenger
of tre mudiuo ant. pranenf in an adem
Elsieonn Gui in ‘coviataint motion omound rez

ere me Planen Ir

quelean jn differant ori

a non mate

RE |

© Due do ti cometo!
yicifegol

around the. vuela à "the oukvard €
forcets, in,. gmelty counter ~ balanced by IM

aitaaefion, bete

imward,, elschontaht
ceptrupehal forve

étehamn and néun: fe
mbln the

piece Rugunderd, „ale. model ree

lc ayaiem » if in alae bmn an

yatero ale mil. Again. Pirée ha Gore

op mdun van Sick introduvd

10. ome. Geri bes

Ala late

oladed

ir med wen

Pie The relating. ele
Has and rel

Hd. plane ann aps

te

Cbrcsontatie

aod

acting. befsen
bdwesn weise
Bo Compan

eheelea odadie,

ebetren

nilation of Aug
of Rucvenfond adem

N E — nueltun

in Richie perd lem

below —

eats tae

ral.
them

Jonas

snag ebivihy
while” Ke
tod hat fore of
on the Mood
and deu 44
between guar fisral

de vot tou
meet

i

|
|

12. Semous

contept of alationory orbit” on energy tado |

Aeemidig de bahn, Aleblrons om state in I
ine Einéular : paths var ol edi
dedito. “one, round Ans mutleun, Durána
he colalon fhe cobos cuit hone aL
rules “Lb phy dled. Butler Heng adan
orales Harta "Fi 5 date! exa,

fie elit ina hdi de: sg
il ire A eth stars ona,

CA Slakfonany- pesto or y Amen

04 electron.

13. Emäited erengy
Aceon es
onbik irn Es, emery
Fein & Energy

Each exungy (evel hao o dufinike on fixed ennay

y by ve For the

tune -ensreqy ven ane dinigrad
mer: Fon nend

mano exergy vel ore
oi mea on mu on

LD concept ef angular momentum 94
gy dveln ane

face!

spre. penminnible onbitn on EN

phone Jon Which argulan mementum oJ TH rad

Y egin ara on integers mulhple of hs

| cngulare A ax de: wie M
| mann op ehren, v= lemon velosily 4 cie
ad op wbile Va > Angular, valoir -

a: rupmenerin Th

| te planks conotant

number ob onbit

14. PR eh ontgin of cries ape

Ae ec can famp from an orbit of 2
"9 Geek to anoren when electron fumpo En
From higher eme fuveln (Ex) Jo loe eo
fevel (E) mun itn enla energy re
Gr Te on hand am. efeatninn fonpn D
"zoom owen erengy level (£,), do highn enemy Du
LE Ann E Energy Tre enargr a
or
emitted on absorbed in tm. differeneé velos
ke energien of ma foo fevelo rueh Mat | de
EZ Py) ve ok, o tae Prune | ado
> emitled 6) Aboonbéd energy and hin |
ie plane Constant Mer. the: rédafed { w
ealtdtion energy ne = En £, well Produce | te

foie. npectnat dene covunpondive— ®
ji | be

lo Praguamey.."v (pe) | oe
han

15. i Lintlodon de Bohr Aerie Model
| D Coba, alemía. model. Com anglo tox. opte
Goa of tte br ond red Je ions 24 one
anplain 1

co

elemen aa. HE, Li

npectrok Livan Sy odo ¿mbr

le he. del eon alaban Sums

2) Aero Lg
do amos, Bowel

horn one emy Laval.

oe Gode og gre ermar De de ern f 7
oigo lira in pedo 0 puppooed to
a et Hose wien à apectagraph in det
it mere pare Thane ars Tas
even ver, tened Togemen „om OPA
. nk am mt give any explorar
on the yaulliple Gren In Gene epechurra
O hcondirg de pomgrs umesrdadnky prireht
E past In mbit and meten of
2 die ehetron tan vor

o vw nat por

be adewréned af Te fame fine with gend
pricinim Out in Bole Gohre adorn model that
han been dme

AS

16. eke, ade module alle jo ruengrines

wane tropas ‘of ag

% um sofntliohed by pe Brea Sa.

these dimmenihrs

17. Explanation of ale He adorn

air do OO

bom fpeeiam of Hyde } when high enungy

het in panced Theongh hedeanen ga? Af
so genial ght

PA a ee
ea gt Trnowgh à pndem
où “panaieg. tun “eme y a

ilinite come Argo

ome. Gen of ¿prestan lth
oro bind: tn, do wm an älemie OPIN”
Indasgen so
Ê . w
a

Joon Ta ingle

Arcondirg, 70 Coe mueny DH ©
unser. of exited hydegen aon ra ape
aboot differuart “osroint of enengy Frm name

power ands. vump fo :difjemrt wein : of

18. big eur «Tene atest ann, unadat
and po te alien pump bar do fewer
cergr "deln and ‘Teeinky quik ‚elsginemagnsik
raiadion of (Alen emergiendo mé |‘
of dije? pur definite frarueneven «whe |
an hein “jumps Jen mm em Geek |,
Emm enr et tin me we mme | |
of emitted radiation Ar given by TH! fol “à |
one
V = Res Ry = OBERE XI mi
Emtec.

art à okay, éthéne; emp |

to nm LA del |
Bedi So. ton, 2, 2 Lack:
devint bée Üghr region

19. 2. let
et, Ha ©

panes

in sed # Infraned main

ve Onscker rene, o
et Gene meta sel
mica h ifrorud région

Gel pond perte
sok oo net

ner mehr a mad
to Gnjuaned region (

se Ho vers,
tai, Ho %

Jom

20. ve

ple. Equesdion

Mlatiomohip between meving pardielo, and wort

do treated only |
de

F Gabe atom modet ele
an a mening. parité » $n 1024 Lauch

ed’ a. triony that (raving
im pte

brege put Jo

cines Mu ebanadendabica of

ad ae to plane quantem theony

Ta. ereray of a Phton, ES Av, où tae
omen hard »
Recendirg- to Einnteimn teeny af

|

equivalence |

of man and enengy |
|

|

|

|

|

|

Eom, ae m= mann of a moving. partiel
E > etutvelent energy
e =veleib of lam

Combined Tune jus equation we au

he

val

21. nes. mara of 0 phion sm + vefediy of

186. mac = momentum of 1 photon

| 2e RES
in annadared are unit

are af

bngl paid hat wave

4.02

Ale voire pandiele pa. wate
equation

|
| matten wad jew abrir
| Give. For reten ¿moment p 2m: the eyuahon

for, -matiers ware beconen

h
AF A ware gto of meten
mm nena of TRE pantile

ws velotiby of the, particle

Tila equation à 2
in Kom an DE Breaghie equohin

22. berge uneentain puireipt

were

ebenen

From the. parditle and wave olen of

Leigenberg. proved malhemahicaliy Mat it in der
Imponible Jo wenn. iad exact vebéity and

net position a} am eluetnen nimukkanesund
A ox de mi pnterdalmty in potion op. Ta
swoving, pärdiele sand. BP in THe. unarckanfy bo
Momentum of ms. parchele - Yen
AA aber»

FF Rs pleito aerated . 626x105

From min equation if in evident that Hf we
cet 4 diteronine fu. accunate porilion of
achete.

and vu verna

tre in velocity becomes uneiain

24. h i and inwainG
Mawel proved that ail type weibl and le

Baht in duned Jom Tu effeer of teme and

cwegridie. Jonge. For that ad. ight ant dombineó

Called Ehttrewagratie nadiähen + Treo radéation
enter tape sith Firequenty and npersad. anound
the moure

toga

ER

Light too hype a} enitigy “Basen

tre. veloc

Of whith, dependn on. ps madera, «Gi. ecc. qi

velocity of Ggnt do about Br 10° ams’. Bence Giga
loa Kind of ame, de frquenty, ware &rgn
ard velocity au. rulajed to one ‘aroran an
Jortor
EVRA hu, e > vedoeily of Lat.

y (ru) = nequeney

A + ume dength

25. in dune of Eight. tie, value of 4

fo very Rah; 66 amer Heron dalled unve
umber. D (veu) bere) chick expruna the varier
eh: woven pere esntimeter én uned ard heres

1 named ‘une mungen) 1 Bt à nefoted

ans fottewso :

Tu vinible ight io in. Jet only à wold

pant of efetnarognet

radiation + !whith include
alos “Gemma ra +. X= Hay se ullnosiolst ay

Srfrcarad: madiähen radio gen ehe TIL) ns
bavically 0imlán they“ dijfere > Jr “one! aria

mb by tin drequencien om ‘wavelerann

26. comegnstic

ok difjerart typen «

radiation ant. an Jelleun:
wove length af gamma. (y) ayn 10.0085 -0415nm

vere largo of x-ray 20.01 -iom

1.388 - uso nm

ove angth of rev nay

vase rat “of winible Éght 982 Zoo nm

wat. Grgth sf imprarad oyo + > Reonm
were. angth of pedis and Ty mayo: 221 mm
woe fength of VIBKYOR in vinihe dant:

Wie + BRO 42d om

Grdigo : 414 - 450nm

Blue 450 - Soo mm
Gum 500 - SAS mm
| velos: 625 ~ 600mm

Onasge. 500 - dax mm
Red + CAF - Roo nm

27. Gagion , they are

in tem, (| Lom

20:28 4m -25 bem

uned in. medial, truatment

A265 bm 25 4m

uned in ER Speamancopy

Far

LEA roger
AR región! } 35 Am > j000 Lom

ured fn midical récit ?

28. an Atem , the. eluetrero ar annanged in alien

@ aval. "Pending

| That injerusleaied nue

the. nite. niope,

fo Tht. quen

nbere ane required te eapran

and ontentution of th, ombilado

OF eheiner In an atom: rynaover . thant da à
‘mater, do expnina Me dination of opin of the
Othon + Tang, four. conclated number ane called
ante

4 kosa

Of Warten member rune. an feyoun
W pröreiple, quantum mu

NO Subeidräny quedan murio, ©:
D Magnetic. quantum name:

W Sin quart

Nurnben 6
D Pole NT que quico Seren “ad
prévu ha rain emengy Lave On ‘whieh The,
Chito ane: mb oxida iden a Tee

Polea: quasi number + Sf: in ‘expaeaned à

29. Rs or sa de

when mn 1,2,8.4,5 ee. th enengy Auen
are known an KL, M. N. 0 Shell runpedtively
We

maximum mumben a eltinem wäh dan

foie, in each panfeulan onl

la given by at

w

ube can,

min Fach präneiple ol in

divided tm

A “The. Juan kari
ember whith 26 died jp indica nula
In moon an pubmidiany quanta’ “rinbdd

Min dfined by Lo gk ene Have valde Irwin

o te mn) 1
when (2 0.1.2. than “Tae. oubaiatl ans, Lon 6
an 5. P.d. } onbitaén e
LB) magnetic 9 NW dn an-sajem» ao negarvebe 2
el Mahn »
Ahanged | clegtnom, move anourd He pores. L
Changed , wudeun. à magmeht field in pack, >
e y

im an adm; The hd ane... réaponnible, de u
a

ognétie. moment and. Ty: and... onden bed la

30. ville. relating. anound

Fue mueleun Tie, emetrom adne rotate ansund

do on xin eittan in éeuutoe „on in anti

Genie “dud ticn."3t Zn asiflasded’ hi à cand
Ho value. in +4 Cota 'edetwsine and the vale
Va Holen anti älbek wind

E An: stewie.” onbifed. do defired an
Me die cn (a alan in leh ‚img
Prababitity (00%) of finding. tes edecinon
edoud™ gy

! For plreiple quanivm

Tumben we ger à vale opm, tse and mio
Here “fou Ga! de gid Sorbona,
The > dict Ibon "ap Ulélectu daily "in: seque.

PrvmetnicoLl “along xi min ¿aia and Za

31. From second eh Where nan,

OR. gtk bs Land. thom. popnible value Jen

EFL o, Tun mean, That, frene, ane Tres

Hat ane

Po condita. ty ane Pe Be he on

darted ni ohape but, e ame arturo

Kein wend q eat + np

Y y ¿Y

“EE:
| ts ef px

| ]

2. ‚and..volue m = 9,

2 Mis

‘pati’ Détente

|

33. * polis Exelunien priveiple,!

5 J & principle avout
7 1925 w. paul: jonmudajed à printiple abe
Alm. Thin
De amargement of eheien in an
26 known an pau? extuoion primer

pudito exelunion péeiple ojajen an Jeleun:

Ta value of

je quent des |
in an afer, cannot be idnfen à

I meno spot among. me hetero jp an atom
he of at bank

ve. difieren,

ome quantum

For. example. à elammm jn hum adore
Pr tot obamım e,
fort tnd ebehem, e moto bea, mao. 554

34. Y Aubbair. prive
In an atom the ehemem oceupy difieren catoidad
oscondirg, do ruin jnentaning. energy Liveón

Thal mean,

‘the eleíneno frat occupy the ortdilak of foweat
exergy and mynleimaheeily fin tre orbilala 0)
mel. que mule én called Rap

> higher energy

principle

o. Gunmen wend mear

Re word " aufbau"
Er up
Tre ombifad

puit

which han lower value (mth) me Im

ower. energy and higken value of (nef) han

Wyk energy
Sample: amor
ad orbital: Ent m2 02

m4, 30

Ba. 45 “onsital
Dosh (nes aaa

ee 4S Cue) = ques

us) od

35. Tre dioibutron of e,

” diferent digerorate ómbilalo i.e. onbifaty of

Dome energy “bn govertnad Hund’: Rüde

fund's mule 4 an java:
TU ebenen wil distr bute Dhemacteen in

diffenent dugenena

E puch a way mar

Tantrum mumber op @

Ereclrad Dole. “he. opin of Thee umpacned
Settee ete ve IR na pans denen

Pegenenade mola ane’ ju’: Ps ont

de ble ami “seen $ ‘onbi ads

Beer The eehenie configura tion of 0008)

NOD":
NOD

36. 4 wat wilh b and colon of is

radiation oniginoted dre fo tramitien dhctnen

Jm th erecgy duel jo td energy Mave in pre atom?

se eres
ARE mumben of any radiation in atomic peti

of Weim in given by a

my
Ay = omas

2 2050482

poz à mesi eas
= qc do &m
2486-24 x in 486 zum
Simce the wwe gin of té madiafión in in The
Monge. of 450 Boo tm. tee cole, of THO

nadedien wit be’ blue

=

37. ETE

= hoor a(t

Yt ome larga of nS

pecan of Haat

ome. rumbeie of any’ adición im alma
H-alom in gen byt

7

FhoOR ld ty

Cte > da)

09% xB (0.025 - 0 0 284081)

OR x1d x 0.04 00919

> 00461 Zee wi!

TESTS

- >

> 2 LEGS m

Été te 2
Tutti. BL Lam

39. do 0.95 4° and hat a,
95 d

0524

554 hoes win’ iéloren

02x32 = 0-4 meme
ro ta 6 (ottohedieal) à 9

4

do proved
by X-ray eddy of ne

ad cot nat

in unnoundd by tix ohleh ane, arranged

ocloladraf. + Each 17 in ounreundad +

by Sa na

Shape. mu. cetohdna£ dm ghen sele:

«fr Pi A =
LEHE

40. dadeulating. Tae noel» labio

Nadl of elemeniad piden at 2e and ET
step of nee |
Nett: rater ga)
st]
me)
ses]

Tre Anundien +

deat ob Jim = eat of @lmitahi
A y) alowitation + Pinmscialin enter

+ (sun of Eoadeation em

ny (som af Efneinea

alfil) y Lair energy
Atminadien :
He Jon als) — Wala) do + 108: 3° (amet!)

pioneciadien +

jus jon cl (8) — ete)

ip + 122-0

Senination

SN
Elehen oily:

eg pret oe? ~

ei (9) in Bud

41. tation enthalpy:

tija, Jen Meca) +67 (3) —> mac) (810 9

AH y x a y
E 5 May HAH + aa) + Art As)

Arge”

7 = A > Pa +88
M + [ag + A + a ei 4)

> [auront 122 +405 - 249)

we 2 ws
ay e
naco inc > mao
1 Y q
aero Eee ay
wats) al) *
u 2
ut Lera A
,

MAT 3239-2

AP

42. chat co fahren. energy

in a type of potential erungy The das, evenay
da the energy nuquirid fo brualk apart an lane
molid and comen ido Component atome into

| gretoue iom

a why bord do form fon example ?

+ Gond da ottunlly a cheval intenaction behscen
duo akmn mich are, muhally “gerer

au are. many Bob of ond ne covalent borg) }
Led by hong. gf elaeinem). fei bond

Ceheimotañe altesction dus 19 frame re a Chart

|. Gordo ar. Jone besaune evenzo ayer wand
fe phabiline hot

muy aan de 00 by Cor.
Thur, energy and

bond formation en a tyre of
exstunmie puuon. Menu. atnoer a bord bp
and energy to male

SR ne ca and asin Pau. esa

de rene otatle

45. 4 cadaree

vadene: bond Tong deneniben the, elte fone

Olicuetar. 0} modeulen. Te Hong ayo rat
edekea fil Mu ame onkilaln of an atom

within a wolle. $k ao maten ‘that ma
Tuelewo op ème atom da atnacied de me electo
ES amer alow

Yarioun piotilalen of me valemes, band 78073
dn. given velo:

has half. - fitted. vollra

D tre ovendapeeeg of
orbelaln 2} ue different fern ranutto, dn

tre. fenmation of mu omolent bond. The over.

being. came he elueme demity | behveen
foo bad akm de énemene + us given

Y otabilda "to ma miedo

DO Cane me alemie ontilalo pomnenr,

we Man one unpaiud electron , mone. than
one bend can be ferred and abraten padrad
An he. value, hile orto fee pant in mamta

47. a

a

ragion

Band on

tune am

Sigma. bond
bat! formed
bowie
bond > y
aden

su
orbital.

snow

emafınk ben

orbital

overstagping.

type

tooo

and

bae

by

th

joruined

"a

oiga

pattern

pi

aideutre

do known

detect

shored,

to

alewic, onbiteds

nara bel ES
+ t

oventagring.
covalent ber.
bond + “Th > amalınt
ovectarring 4
pi bernd. «olaa
aj deme
&

of

ovenlapeirg,

muchsun. ann

bend
tite

48. ©

CO 8 Jus fo opdin tm Feltavadınz a}
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