Altruism in animals and its type

This presentation is mainly about animal behavior topics, Altruism, Kin Selecetion, reciprocal altruism, and Hamilton's rule.

1. INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL TRIBAL UNIVERSITY , AMARKANTAK Topic – altruism, reciprocal altruism and kin selection PRESENTED BY – KULDEEP GAULIYA CLASS – B Sc. V SEM. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY ENR. NO. - 16014011 K

2. We will discuss about - Altruism And Altruistic Behaviour In animals Kin Selection Hamilton’s rule Reciprocal Altruism

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4. WHAT DOES ALTRUISM MEANS ? Simply its the interaction between the animals in which an animal benefits others at a cost to itself. It can also be defined as the sacrifices of owns wellbeing for benefit of others. The term altruism was coined by the French philosopher  Auguste Comte in French , as   altruisme , for an  antonym of egoism . He derived it from an Italian  altrui , which in turn was derived from Latin  alteri , meaning " other people " or " somebody else ". Simply the altruism is the action performed by an individual to benefit others without any intention of selfishness K

5. CONTINUE - For an altruistic act to be performed there should be at least two individuals , one who performs the altruistic act and another who receives the benefit. As the altruist and receiver are the two main components of the altruism, the whole set of action depends upon them. Altruism is the opposite of what we normally think about evolution, which is survival of the fittest. Means generally the altruism apposes Survival of The Fittest concept which has been described in The Theory Of Natural Selection as proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859. The survival of the fittest explains that   the individual who is fittest or make itself fit to the nature will survive but in contrast the altruistic behavior reduces the chances of survival of an individual. K

6. IMAGES SHOWING ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOR IN ANIMALS... K

7. CONTIUE... There are still several scientists who did not accept the animals really behave altruistically. According to them pure altruism never exist in nature. There must be a short of selfishness and no one will will to reduce its own chances of survival. EXAMPLES – 1. Vervet monkeys  give alarm calls to warn fellow monkeys of the presence of predators , even though in doing so they attract attention to themselves, increasing their personal chance of being attacked. 2. Wolves and  wild dogs bring meat back to members of the group not present at the kill. K

8. CONDITIONS OF ALTRUISM There are certain conditions which should be fulfilled – 1 . The altruistic behavior should not depend upon the recipient. 2 . The reproductive fitness of recipient must be elevated by the performed action. 3. The fitness of altruist must be decreased. K

9. Kin selection Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of an organism's relatives , even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Charles Darwin  was the to discuss the concept of kin selection in his book The Origin Of Species. John Maynard Smith  may have coined the actual term "kin selection" in 1964. Actually the word KIN means Closed Blood Relatives or Relatives. When an individual benefits another individual K

10. CONTINUE….   In 1955 the famous scientist of ethology and molecular biology J.B.S. Haldan explains about kin selection , he says - Let us suppose that you carry a rare gene that affects your behavior so that you jump into a flooded river and save a child , but you have one chance in ten of being drowned, while I do not possess the gene , and stand on the bank and watch the child drown. If the child's your own child or your brother or sister, there is an even chance that this child will also have this gene , so five genes will be saved in children for one lost in an adult. If you save a grandchild or a nephew, the advantage is only two and a half to one. If you only save a first cousin, the effect is very slight. It is clear that genes making for conduct of this kind would only have a chance of spreading in rather small populations when most of the children were fairly near relatives of the man who risked his life. K

11. Continue... So from the Halden’s explanation it is clear that the one who performs the altruistic act decreases its own fitness and increases others which is against the theory of natural selection but by saving the close relative ones increases the chances of spreading its own gene when the individual who has been saved will reproduce. K

12. HAMILTON’S RULE.... W D Hamilton was a English Evolutionary Biologist . Hamilton is known for his excellent work in proving existence of altruism, kin selection, and Hamilton rule. W D Hamilton explains the altruistic acts In terms of his theory of inclusive fitness which according to which, when measuring the fitness of a trait of an individual, we must take into the consideration the effect of that trait on fitness of other individuals as well as who performs the behavior. The Hamilton's rule was published in 19964, which states that, kin selection causes genes to increase in frequency when the genetic relatedness of a recipient to an actor multiplied by the benefit to the recipient is greater than the reproductive cost to the actor. rB > C is mathematical from of Hamilton's rule. K

13. CONTINUE … Where, r = the genetic relatedness of the recipient to the actor B = the benefit gained by the recipient C = the cost incurred by altruist. Here r can can be said to be the measure for the probability that any given allele is shared by any two individuals. Greater r, so more closely and hence greater altruistic behavior. e.g. in communities of some monkeys the favour each other, but that with relatives more distant than half – siblings, this bias drops significantly. K

14. RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM The theory of reciprocal altruism was given by R L Triver . It explains the cases of altruism among unrelated organisms including numbers of different species. Some animals behave altruiscally towards others who are not related . When an individual is helped or benefitted by other individual and in future the recipient helps the altruist or returns the benefit when needed is known as reciprocal altruism. Example – Cleaner fish The host fish allows the cleaner fish free entrance and exit and does not eat the cleaner, even after the cleaning is done. The host signals the cleaner it is about to depart the cleaner's locality, even when the cleaner is not in its body. The host sometimes chases off possible dangers to the cleaner. K

15. CONTINUE….. The concept is close to the strategy of “tit for tat" used in game theory. Individuals who are involved in reciprocal altruism should interact with each other more than once and should have the ability to recognize the other individual with whom they had interacted in the past. This type of altruistic behavior is mostly seen in the small group of animals where the chances of being interact is greater. K

16. REFERANCES - "altruism (n .)".  Online Etymology Dictionary . Douglas Harper. Retrieved September 19, 2014. [P.J.Darlington, Jr. Altruism: Its characteristics and evolution , Nov. 3 1997]. Cheney, D. L.; Seyfarth, R. M. (1990).  How monkeys see the world: Inside the mind of another species . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10246-7. Jump up to: Stephens, C. (1996). "Modelling Reciprocal Altruism". British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 47 (4): 533–551. doi:10.1093/ bjps /47.4.533. Wikipedia Trivers , R.L. (1971). "The evolution of reciprocal altruism". Quarterly Review of Biology. 46 : 35–57. doi:10.1086/406755. Hamilton (1964). "The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior II". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7 . doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90039-6. Dawkins, Richard (2006). The Selfish Gene (30th Anniversary ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-929114-4. Google. K

17. THANK YOU… K