Amazon Rainforest Deforestation Awarenesses

This is the part of syllabus including in plant anatomy systematic and development

1. 2 Group 01 Shiza Liaqat Shafaq Mahmood Muhammad Ayyoub Rameen Tehreem Rida Fatima Adeeba Noshair Aleena Naeem Muhammad Qaism

2. Natural system of classification

3. Plant classification Plant classification is the arrangement or placement of plants into plant groups in an orderly sequence according to phenetic and phylogenetic relationships that are more artificial. Species is the basic unit of classification indeed more than 50 different systems of classification for been proposed to date .Of these only few are dominant and different parts of the world .however no system completely in reflecting the phylogenetic relationship of the taxa concered . All these classification based on the criteria they have into any one of the following systems : Artificial system of classification Natural system of classification Phylogenetic system of classification

4. Natural system of classification In natural system all the important morphological characters of the plants are taken into the account to judge their natural resemblance and relationships . The plants are thus classified according to their natural relationships .in this system plants are first grouped into large higher categories and then these categories are further divided and sub divided until the basic category called the species is reached . It is based on the morphology ,cytology, molecular biology and genetics . The natural system of classification is a biological classification based upon morphological and anatomical relationships and affinities.

5. Artifical system of classification These are the first category and primitive types of classification based on the Aristotelian approach. In the artificial system of classification the plants have been classified based on the presence or absence of single and few arbitrarily selected and easily observable characters .Owing to this in several cases closely related plants species are placed in different groups and unrelated plants are kept together.  Artificial systems of classification were based on morphological characters such as habit, habitat, colour, number and shape of leaves. They were mainly based on vegetative characters or on the androecium structure .

6. Natural system of classification Artifical system of classification It is based on only one or a few characters . The characters are liable to change with change in the environment . It accepts an analogy for grouping. It is based on morphological or reproductive triats.Other traits are not used. It is based on large number of characters The characters are stable. It avoids analogy. It is based on morphology , anatomy,embryology ,molecular biology and genetics.

7. Natural system of classification Artifical system of classification The artificial system does not study homology . On the basis of their habitat or number and position of their stamen and style. The natural system brings out homology. Its explains natural and some phylogenetic relationships .

8. Phylogenetic system of classification These are the modern and recent system of classification. The arrangement of plants or plant groups are mainly are mainly classified the evolutionary relationship of plants. These classification are based on several characters of the plants such as morphological anatomical ecological and biochemical characters taken into account . A phylogenetic system of classification reflects possible evolutionary relationships based on ancestry and descent.

9. Natural system of classification Phylogenetic system of classification Based on evolutionary and genetics tendencies of plants Grouping of plants on the base of genetic. It includes Darwin concept of evolution Based on natural affinities among the plants . Grouping of plants on the basis of morphological similarities . Darwin had proposed the theory of natural selection, ancient plants were related to modern plants

10. Natural system of classification Phylogenetic system of classification Organisms were placed together on the base of genetics This system believes that every specie is come from evolutionary change Example Engler and prantle It plays together organisms that have the greatest number of share features This system doesnot deals with the evolutionary history of plants Example Benthem and hooker

11. Principles of Natural Classification Phylogenetic Relationships The natural system of classification is based on the evolutionary relationships between plants, as determined by their shared morphological, anatomical, and genetic characteristics Hierarchical Structure The natural system organizes plants into a hierarchical taxonomic structure, with increasingly broad categories (e.g., kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species ) Adaptations and Diversity The natural system also takes into account the diverse adaptations and specialized features that have evolved in different plant lineages

12. Plants are grouped together based on their common ancestry and descent from a shared ancestral species . that reflect the degree of relatedness between different plant groups . providing a framework for understanding the remarkable diversity of the plant kingdom.

13. Importance of Natural Classification

14. 15 Understanding Plant Evolution The natural system of classification provides valuable insights into the evolutionary history and relationships of plants. By grouping plants based on their shared characteristics, botanists can trace the development and divergence of plant species over time, revealing the complex web of life that has shaped the plant kingdom.

15. 16 Improved Plant Identification The natural system of classification allows for more accurate and efficient identification of plant species. By considering the overall similarities and differences between plants, rather than relying solely on a few superficial traits, botanists can more confidently determine the identity and relationships of various plant specimens.

16. 17 Practical Applications The natural system of classification has numerous practical applications, including in agriculture, horticulture, and conservation efforts. By understanding the inherent relationships between plants, researchers and professionals can make more informed decisions about plant cultivation, resource management, and the preservation of threatened species.

17. Contribution of differernt scientist in natural classification Bauhin 154 1_1631 M.Adonsol 1727-180 Published families des plants Rejected artificial system of classification Recognized as grand father of numerical taxonomy All chracters of all plant organs were considered Published historia plantrum in which 5000 plants were described Recognized crucifers (brassicas ) and labiates (family lamiassi).

18. A.P de condole 1778-1841 Alphones de condole 1806 Proposed and describe every specie of seed plants Published theory elementaire de la batonique Explain all the basic principle of classification Major book prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis explain vascular tissue character .

19. Gorge Bentham and joseph hooker George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker who significantly advanced botanical taxonomy in the 19th century. Bentham, an English botanist, and Hooker, a close friend of Charles Darwin, collaborated on several botanical works. They are best known for their "Genera Plantarum ," a comprehensive work on the classification of plants, and their natural system of classification, which aimed to group plants based on evolutionary relationships rather than merely on superficial similarities. Their contributions laid the foundation for modern botanical taxonomy and greatly influenced the understanding of plant evolution and diversity .

20. Royal botanical garden of Kew London

21. Working Their system grouped plants primarily based on the structure of their reproductive organs, such as flowers and seeds, as well as other key characteristics like habit, vegetative structure, and geographical distribution. This approach laid the foundation for modern phylogenetic classification systems, emphasizing evolutionary relationships and reflecting the principles of natural selection.

22. C lasses

23. Classification Benthem and Hooker divided Plant kingdoms into two divisions Cryptogamia (non-flowering plants ) Phanerogamia (flowering plants ) The division Phanerogamia divided into three classes 1-Dicotyledonae 2-Gymnospermae 3-Monocotyledonae

24. 27 Dicotyledons 1-Seed with two cotyledons 2-Flowers with pentamerous or tetramerous 3-Reticulate venation 4-Tap root system.one main root with side roots 5-Secondary growth in stems 6-Sepals and petals count in multiples of four (tetramerous) or 5 pentamerous This class includes three sub-classes Polypetalae Gamopetalae Metachlamydae

25. Monocotyledonae Gymnospermae This group includes the plants in which seeds are not enclosed in fruits. This class is divided into three families . Gnetacea Confiracea Cycadaceae This group includes angeosperms in which the seeds bear only one cotyledons. The leaves exhibit parallel venation. Vascular bundles in the stem.It is divided into 7 series.

26. Subclasses

27. Polypetalous In polypetalous dicots, the petals of the flower are completely separate from one another, forming distinct , individual structures. Examples include roses, peonies, and buttercups. Gamopetalous Monopetlaous Monopetlalous dicots have a single, fused petal that forms the entire corolla (the whorl of petals). Examples include snapdragons, foxgloves, and trumpet vines. Gamopetalous dicots have petals that are fused together, forming a single, unified structure. Examples include tomatoes, petunias, and morning glories.

28. Merits Benthum and hooker observed a wide number of species 97,205species and classified them into 202 families This classification system is the most natural system based on examination of species The description of plants is accurate and reliable. This classification system shows affinity to the modern concept of evolution .For instance Rhynia ( order of Ranales) is the first order in the modern classification system.Ranales is the most primitive angiosperm. The occurrence of Monocotyledon after dicotyledon aligns with the modern classification system. This system of classification is used as a key to identify plants in the key herbarium.

29. Demerits Some demerits of Bentham and hooker classification are Orchidanae is an advanced family but it was given a primitive position. Arrangement of monocot is unnatural. Closely related families have been separated. Unrelated families are placed near to each other. Several important floral characters were neglected. Gymnosperm placement is incorrect. Dicots were placed before monocots. Phylogenetic importance of naked seeds was neglected .

30. Advantages and Limitations of Natural Classification

31. Advantages The natural system of classification offers a more scientifically valid and comprehensive understanding of plant relationships, supports evolutionary research, and facilitates practical applications in fields like agriculture and conservation . Limitations Challenges in natural classification include the ongoing discovery of new species, the complex and sometimes ambiguous relationships between plant groups, and the need for continuous revision and updating as our understanding of plant evolution advances.

32. Conclusion In conclusion, the natural system of classification of plants represents a significant advancement in our understanding of botanical diversity. Developed to reflect evolutionary relationships, this system organizes plants based on their morphological, anatomical, and reproductive characteristics, thereby revealing insights into their shared ancestry. By grouping plants according to their natural affinities rather than arbitrary criteria, such as utility or habitat, this classification system provides a framework for studying plant evolution, diversity, and ecological interactions.