Ammunition and it's types and use in forensic ballistics

The ammunition are helpful to solve the crime related to forensic ballistic.

1. Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology Bundelkhand University, Jhansi(U.P.) Submitted by :- Shatrughan Dwivedi M.Sc. 1 st Semester Submitted to :- Murli Manohar Yadav

2. Topic AMMUNITION

3. Content What is Ammunition? Components of Ammunition. Modern Ammunition.

4. What is Ammunition? According to sec.2(1)-(b) of Arms Act 1959 “AMMUNITION” mean ammunition for ant firearms and includes:- The projectiles with their fuses propelling charges, or primers fired from guns. The means of Ignition or exploding such material, as primers, fuses, and gunpowder. (i) rockets, bombs, grenades, shells [and other missiles,] (ii) articles designed for torpedo service and submarine mining, (iii) other articles containing, or designed or adapted to contain, explosive, fulminating or fissionable material or noxious liquid, gas or other such thing, whether capable of use with firearms or not, (iv) charges for firearms and accessories for such charges, (v) fuses and friction tubes, (vi) parts of, and machinery for manufacturing, ammunition, and (vii) such ingredients of ammunition as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf

5. 1.Cartridge case 2.Primer 3.Powder/Propellant 4.Projectile 5.Wads 6.Lubricants Components of Ammunitions

6. Cartridge Case The container that holds all the other ammunition components together. It’s usually made up of brass, steel, copper, cardboard or plastic.

7. Primer Primer is in the primer cap which contain the primer mixture, which get sandwiched between the anvil and the firing pin. In 1807, James Forsyth, discover a shock sensitive explosive called Mercury Fulminate Hg(CNO) 2 this type of explosive will detonate if it is struck or by shock. The new primer composition have come up by replacing Mercury Fulminate:- Lead Styphate - 40% Antimony Sulphide - 17% Barium Nitrate - 37% PETN - 6% Tetracene - 5% Aluminum - 8%

8. Powder/Propellant The propellant is the component of the ammunition that is activated inside the weapon and provides the kinetic energy required to move the projectile from the weapon to the target. Three types of powder used are :- Black Powder Smokeless Powder Semi – Smokeless Powder

9. Black Powder Oldest recorded propellant is black powder. This was Invented by Chinese around 10 th century. It is mixture of :- Charcoal (C) :- 15% Sulphur(S) :- 10% Potassium Nitrate (KNO 3 ) :- 75% 2  KNO 3  +  S  + 3  C  →  K 2 S  +  N 2  + 3  CO 2 .  Chemical equation for the combustion of gunpowder is:

10. Smokeless Powder Developed in the late 19 th century to replace black powder as a propellant in weapons. Black powder produces lots of smoke that could easily revals the position of the shooter. Smokeless powder emits much less smoke . Basic components :- Nitroglycerine Nitrocellulose(Guncotton)

11. Semi-Smokeless Powder Mixture of Nitrocellulose & black powder in ratio of 80:20. Nitrated wood Cellulose : - 20% Potassium Nitrate : - 60% Carbon : - 12% Sulphur : - 8% The powder produce less smoke then the gunpowder but mixing process is quite dangerous. (This aspect has prevented its extensive production & use

12. Projectiles The projectile is that part of the ammunition which gets propelled from firearms to the target. Small balls of lead known as pellets, are projectile as the propelled by shotgun towards target. They are also called Shots Elongated projectiles are called Bullets. Bullets are used as projectiles in metallic cartridges used in rifled arms ex. 0.303” rifle Bullets may be made of lead or lead alloy.

13. Wads Found in shot gun ammunition. They seal the barrel to prevent escape of gases and consequently, their respective reduction velocity. Wads are used in cartridge primarily to keep the propellant & shot charge in their respective positions. Made up of paper or plastic Internal wad(over powder wad) Cushion wad(air cushion) External wad(overshot wad)

14. Lubricants Bullets are lubricated to reduce friction and prevent oxidation of the cases or projectile. The purpose was formerly achieved either by external lubrication or internal lubrication. Bullets Covered with a layer of Beeswax.

15. Modern Ammunition Modern ammunition varies depending on type of firearm. Rifles and Handguns use a cartridge containing a single projectile(bullet). Shotguns use a shotshell containing containing either a single slug or a large number of small projectiles(shots). The basic components of cartridges and shotshells are very similar. Two types of Modern ammunition :- Centre fire Rim fire

16. Center fire Ammunition used for riles, shotguns, and handguns. Primer is located in center of casing base . Rim fire Ammunition has primer contained in rim of ammunition casing. Rimfire ammunition not reloadable

17. Small arms ammunitions Are of two types : - Metallic Ammunition(Rifle ammunition) Shotgun Ammunition

18. Metallic Ammunition (Rifle Ammunition) Components of metallic ammunition are :- Metallic cartridge case(shell). Percussion cap or Primer. Propellant(gunpowder). Bullet. Shotgun Ammunition Components of shotgun ammunition are :- Paper cartridge(shell). Percussion cap or Primer. Lead Pellets(spherical). Wads.

19. Reference HEARD BRIAN J., EDITION 2 ND 2008; HANDBOOK OF FIREARM & BALLISTICS, PUBLISHED BY WILEY-BLACKWELL 2008. HTTPS://WWW.ATF.GOV/FIREARMS/GUIDES-OF-NFA-FIREARMS.HTML

20. Thanks!!!! Any Questions