Amniocentesis :- Friend or Foe

why we kil them ...???
stoppp it ..

1. AMNIOCENTESIS Presented To U By –

2. WHAT IS AMNIOCENTESIS Amniocentesis  (also referred to as  amniotic fluid test   or AFT ) is a medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis  of chromosomal   abnormalities and fetal infections ,  and also for sex determination , in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal tissues, is sampled from the amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus, and then the fetal DNA is examined for genetic abnormalities. 

3. WHAT IS AMNIOTIC FLUID During  pregnancy, the fetus is surrounded by amniotic fluid, a substance much like water. Amniotic fluid contains live fetal cells and other substances, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). These substances provide important information about your  Baby’s health  before birth.

4. WHEN IT SHOULD BE PERFORM An amniocentesis, the procedure is usually scheduled between the 15th and 18th week of pregnancy .  The average price for amniocentesis is  $200  to  $500 , and is covered by many insurance plans.

5. PROCEDURE Before the start of the procedure, a local anesthetic can be given to the mother. A needle is usually inserted through the mother's abdominal wall, then through the wall of the uterus, and finally into the amniotic sac.  With the aid of ultrasound-guidance, a physician punctures the sac in an area away from the fetus and extracts approximately 20ml of amniotic fluid.

6. PROCEDURE   If used for prenatal genetic diagnosis, fetal cells are separated from the extracted sample. The cells are grown in a culture medium, then fixed and stained.   Under a microscope the chromosomes are examined for abnormalities. The most common abnormalities detected are  Down Synrome  ( trisomy 21),  Edward syndrome ( trisomy 18), and  Turner syndrome ( monosomy X). I

7. FIGURE SHOWING ANIOCENTESIS

8. PROCEDURE  In regard to the fetus, the puncture seals and the amniotic sac replenishes the liquid over the next 24–48 hours.

9. RISKS OF AMNIOCENTESIS There is a small risk that an amniocentesis could cause a miscarriage (less than 1%, or approximately 1 in 200 to 1 in 400). Injury to the baby or mother, infection, and  Preterm labor are other potential complications that can occur, but are extremely rare.

10. HOW SEX DETERMINATION IS DONE THROUGH IT ?? #. Human chromosomes are 46 in number, but the last two determine sex; they are similar, or XX, for the female and dissimilar or XY, for the male. #. The amniotic fluid sample, after being tapped (known as amniocentesis), is centrifuged; then the cell sediments are fixed in a mixture of acetic acid and methanol, smeared on a slide and subjected to the 'Barr body test', or a test to ascertain if the last chromosome is an X-chromosome . #. A positive Barr body finding establishes the foetus to be female.

11. ADVANTAGE AND DEAVANTAGES OF AMNIOCENTESIS ADVANTAGES 1.Confirms if abnormality is present in fetus that may have been detected from other tests, such as blood test. 2. Offers a specific diagnosis of chromosomal or genetic abnormality prior to birth of child . 3. Diagnosis of other hereditary defects depending on family history . 4. Allows early preparation for child with birth defect or early decision making as to carrying the baby to full term. DISADVANTAGES 1.Miscarriage is the main risk when preforming Amniocentesis (Chances are 1 in 400 caused by possible infections in the uterus ). 2. Although extremely rare, there is always a risk the needle might hit the baby within the fetus. 3. Following the procedure, the mother may experience side effects such as cramping, leaking of fluid, and irritation around the area of puncture

12. AMNIOCENTESIS IS BANNED IN INDIA ????? As girl child was never accepted in many family,when a women got pregnant her family got amniocentesis done by which they could find the gender of the foetus and if they the foetus was girl they would stop the baby to come step in the earth. Seeing this reason, amniocentesis is banned in India.

13. STOP FEMALE FOETICIDE ….

14. DON’T KILL US WE WANT TO LIVE !!

15. THANX FOR GIVING ME SUCH AN OPPORTUNITY !!