An Introduction to CMOS VLSI Design Feb10.pptx

An Introduction to CMOS VLSI Design , and career options in India.

1. VLSI Design An Introduction

2. Founder and Managing Director of ELVEEGO Circuits Pvt. Ltd. ELVEEGO is a VLSI Design Company having teams in Bangalore, Tokyo and Sapporo. 8 years old company. Collaboration with companies like SONY, TOPPAN, IDTC etc., to name a few. ~19 years in the VLSI Design Industry Worked for companies like TESLA Semiconductors, RENESAS, SCL (ISRO) etc., Senior Member of IEEE (https://www.linkedin.com/in/ukningthoujam) Uttamkumar Ningthoujam

3. Agenda Introduction to VLSI Design An Electronic System What is VLSI Design ? Integrated Circuits. How is VLSI Design done? Recent Trends in the VLSI Design Industry? VLSI Design Scenario in India. Career in VLSI Design.

4. Introduction : Electronic System – Simplest Block Diagram Input Output Peripherals / Interfaces / Sensors / Transducers Peripherals / Interfaces / Mechanical Systems / Transducers Software Hardware

5. Real World System – A Smartphone Hardware

6. Real World System – A Smartphone Hardware

7. Hardware Examples of Motherboard

8. Integrated Circuits - ICs A set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Evolution Size Cost Performance Speed, Power Consumption

9. We have come a long way from the era of Vacuum Tubes to the days of Nanotechnology. Vacuum Tubes to Integrated Circuits – A brief history

10. Integrated Circuits – Classification Small scale integration : 1965 ~ : Up to 100 devices on a chip Medium scale integration : till 1971 : 100-3,000 devices on a chip Large scale integration : 1971-1977 : 3,000-100,000 devices on a chip Very large scale integration : 1978-2004 : 100,000 -100,000,000 devices on a chip Ultra large scale integration : 2004 ~ : 100 million – Billions of devices on a chip

11. Integrated Circuits – Package Packages are selected mostly based on application like target operating speed, noise condition, temperature conditions etc.,

12. Integrated Circuits – Package Bonding

13. Integrated Circuits – Wafer

14. Integrated Circuits – Wafer Dicing

15. Integrated Circuits – Moore’s Law Moore's law refers to an observation made by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965. He noticed that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since their invention. Moore's law predicts that this trend will continue into the foreseeable future. Although the pace has slowed, the number of transistors per square inch has since doubled approximately every 18 months. This is used as the current definition of Moore's law. The extension of Moore's law is that computers, machines that run on computers, and computing power all become smaller and faster with time, as transistors on integrated circuits become more efficient. The faster microchips process electrical signals, the more efficient a computer becomes. Costs of these higher-powered computers eventually came down as well, usually about 30 percent per year.

16. Integrated Circuits – Moore’s Law Moore's law refers to an observation made by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965. He noticed that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since their invention. Moore's law predicts that this trend will continue into the foreseeable future. Although the pace has slowed, the number of transistors per square inch has since doubled approximately every 18 months. This is used as the current definition of Moore's law. The extension of Moore's law is that computers, machines that run on computers, and computing power all become smaller and faster with time, as transistors on integrated circuits become more efficient. The faster microchips process electrical signals, the more efficient a computer becomes. Costs of these higher-powered computers eventually came down as well, usually about 30 percent per year.

17. Integrated Circuits – Various Types and Classification Analog Circuits Digital Circuits Mixed Signal Circuits Depending on the kind of application and circuit type etc., Integrated Circuits can be categorised into various types.

18. Making of an IC Electronic System Requirements Architectures and Specifications IC Design Process Analog Design Flow Digital Design Flow Mixed Signal Design Flow IC Fabrication -> Silicon Wafer / Die IC Testing

19. Design and Fabrication EDA Tools Manufacturing Foundry

20. EDA Tools Cadence Mentor Graphics Synopsys Agilent

21. Foundry and Technologies Manufacturing Foundries

22. Foundry and Technologies Technology Nodes G S D Length Width Feature Size

23. IC Design Process Circuit Analog Digital Mixed Signal EDA Tools Circuit Drawing Simulator Layout Design Design Rule Checker Layout V/S Schematic Checker Parasitic Extractor Foundry Data (PDK) Device Symbols Mathematical models Layout Cells Layout Rule Files Parasitic Extraction Models Analog Design Flow Digital Design Flow Mixed Signal Design Flow

24. IC Design Process – Analog Design Flow Schematic / Circuit Design and Entry Functional and Performance Verification by Simulation Layout Design Physical Verification for LVS/DRC/ERC Checks etc., Post-Layout circuit extraction with parasitic elements. Simulation Verification on extracted circuit with parasitic elements. GDS Release / Tape Out

25. IC Design Process – Analog Design Flow

26. IC Design Process – Analog Design Flow

27. IC Design Process – Digital Design Flow RTL Design Functional and Timing Verification Synthesis Gate Level Timing verification Placement Clock Tree Design Routing Timing Verification with Parasitic elements GDS Release / Tape Out

28. IC Design Process – Digital Design Flow RTL Design Functional and Timing Verification Synthesis Gate Level Timing verification Placement Clock Tree Design Routing Timing Verification with Parasitic elements GDS Release / Tape Out

29. IC Design Process – Digital Design Flow

30. IC Design Process – Some Commonly Used Terms PDK Feature Size Front End Design Back End Design Schematic Entry Test Bench Simulation DRC, LVS, ERC, Soft Connect Checks, EM, IR Drop Latchup Mask LEF GDS II Foundry Fabrication Tape Out Wafer Die Engineering Sample Test Chip TEG MPW Mass Production P Cells Standard Cell Library Antenna Effect IO Cells PAD Cells ESD Cells Etching IBIS Model CMOS SOI FInFET I/O Device Core Device Layer Map Mask Layer CAD Layer Pseudo Error

31. Schematic, Layout and Cross Sectional View Circuit Schematic Top View - Layout Cross Sectional View

32. Short Break and Design and Layout Demo Followed By: - Recent Trends - Career in VLSI

33. Recent Trends in VLSI

34. Recent Trends in the VLSI Design Industry – Growth Drivers Television Personal Computers Smart Phones Internet of Things Wearable Electronics VR and AR Autonomous Cars Big Data and Cloud Smart Cities

35. Recent Trends in the VLSI Design Industry – Growth Drivers Numerous Opportunities and Demands

36. Recent Trends in the VLSI Design Industry – Growth Drivers Internet of Things (IOT) is considered to be the next big thing with more than 50 billion devices expected to be connected to the Internet by the year 2020. Any IOT System can have the following components. o Data acquisition (Sensors, Actuators) o Data Transport (High Speed Wired or Wireless Links) o Data Storage, Processing and Analysis (Memory, Cloud Computing, Big Data, Processors, Microcontrollers) o Actions based on the Decisions

37. The India Context Apart from the global demand and growth prospects in Electronics, India is being confronted with a special problem with respect to Electronics manufacturing. The top three imports India make from other nations are Petroleum Gold Electronics

38. The India Context

39. The India Context This means, by the year 2020, electronics will surpass Oil as the largest imported item in India, thereby creating a huge trade deficit for the country. To bridge this gap, the Indian Government has brought in lots of new policies to encourage domestic electronics production, including Semiconductor design companies, electronic device and equipment making companies. The Government is also working on setting up of state of the art Wafer Fabs and many manufacturing clusters in India. National Policy on Electronics Skill India, SMDP Digital India, Smart Cities Semiconductor Policy Make in India

40. VLSI Design and the North-East Region of India Even though there are engineering colleges in Manipur and other states in the North East region of the country, there has been less awareness about the opportunities in VLSI design domain. In other parts of India, there are collaborations between various Universities and Companies to train engineering graduates to make them ready to work in the industry by the time they complete their engineering graduation. However, such collaborations are rare in the North East Region due to lack of awareness and initiatives. Seeing some welcome changes. VLSI Training Institutions Cost of EDA Tools The region does not exist in the VLSI Design Map of India !

41. Demand for VLSI Design Engineers in India India - One of the Semiconductor design hubs of the world. Semiconductor multinational companies. INTEL, QUALCOMM, BROADCOM, ARM, Texas Instruments, Sandisk , NXP, Samsung. More than 250+ small and medium size design companies in India. Major design service companies like Altran, Aricent, Wipro, Sankalp etc., supporting supports the MNC companies with their engineering staff. There are also companies that focus on turnkey design of ASICs, Analog macros and provide R&D Services like ELVEEGO CIRCUITS. The number of Engineers with very niche skills like Analog Design are less and they are in huge demand in the industry. Other skills like Analog Layout, Digital Physical Design, Verification are also in demand as the volume of such work happening in India is very large.

42. Demand for VLSI Design Engineers in India The Government of India has also launched schemes like Special Manpower Development Plan and is pushing hard to create Human resources. In the last couple of years or so, the demand for highly skilled VLSI design engineers is such that, it is very common to find experienced engineers having job offers from 3-4 companies at the same time. Analog Design Analog Layout Digital Design Digital Physical Design Analog and Mixed Signal Verification Digital Verification

43. Skills required to be in the VLSI Design Industry The domain of VLSI is vast. And, irrespective of the specialization one wants to be in, good knowledge on the following is required to be in this domain. o Basic Electronics – Devices and Circuits o Basic Engineering Mathematics o Switching Theory o Logic Design and Digital Electronics o Network Analysis and Synthesis o Unix/Linux Basics

44. Skills required to be in the VLSI Design Industry To excel in Analog Design, one need to have good command in: o CMOS and Bipolar Device Physics, Device Operation and Characteristics o Circuit and Network Analysis and Synthesis o Control Systems, Feedback and Stability Considerations and Analysis o Electronic Devices and Circuits o Analog Building Blocks like Opamps , Voltage and Current References, Clock Circuits, PLLs, Data Converters etc., o Layout Concepts o CMOS Technology, Device modelling and Fabrication process o Usage of EDA Tools, Design and Verification Methodologies

45. Skills required to be in the VLSI Design Industry To excel in Digital Design, one need to have command in: o Logic Design and Timing Analysis o Hardware Description Language (HDL) like Verilog or VHDL o RTL coding , Functional verification, o Synthesis, GLS, DFT, o Clock Specification, Power Domain Definitions and STA, Scripting languages such as Perl, o Usage of EDA Tools, Design and Verification Methodologies

46. Skills required to be in the VLSI Design Industry There are some areas in VLSI which are comparatively easier to enter like: o Analog Layout o Analog and Mixed Signal Verification o Digital Verification o Digital Physical Design There are various VLSI design training institutions in places like Bangalore, Hyderabad, Delhi offering advanced training courses with duration of 3-6 Months. The best way for a fresh engineering graduate to enter VLSI design is to intern at a design company. Also getting 3-6 months of training from a specialized training institution and then attempt to enter the industry as a fresher.