An Introduction to the Science of Botany

OBJECTIVE:
Briefly describe the field of botany, and give short definitions of at least five subdisciplinesof plant biology

1. An Introduction to the Science of Botany Chapter 1

2. Why study botany?

3. Botany permeates our everyday life.

4. Overgrazing in Africa

5. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1 Briefly describe the field of botany , and give short definitions of at least five subdisciplines of plant biology

6. KEY TERMS BOTANY The scientific study of plants; also called plant biology

7. Subdisciplines 1 Plant molecular biology Structures and functions of important biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids) Plant cell biology Structures, functions, and life processes of plant cells

8. Subdisciplines 2 Plant physiology How plants function (photosynthesis, mineral nutrition) Plant genetics Plant heredity and variation

9. Subdisciplines 3 Plant ecology Interrelationships among plants, and between plants ands their environment

10. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2 Summarize and discuss the features of plants and other organisms that distinguish them from nonliving things

11. Levels of Biological Organization

12. Biosphere Atoms Hydrogen Oxygen Molecule Water Macromolecule Chloroplast Organelle Epidermis Tissue Cell Organ Organism Population Community Ecosystem Fig. 1-3, p. 9

13. Characteristics of Living Things 1 Organization Plants and other organisms are highly organized with cells as their basic building blocks Energy Plants and other organisms take in and use energy

14. Plant Cells -the basic functional and structural building block of living things

15. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Biological process that includes capture of light energy and its transformation into chemical energy of organic molecules that are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water

16. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular process in which energy of organic molecules is released for biological work All living things get the energy they need to live from a chemical reaction called respiration. This process needs glucose as a starting point . respiration and photosynthesis are opposites

17. Photosynthesis

18. Importance of Photosynthesis The process is as important for the humans and animals as it is for plants. Other than glucose, which is an important source of carbohydrates, even proteins, fats, and water-soluble sugars are the products of photosynthesis. We cannot produce these nutrients on our own , and hence have to depend directly on plants, or other animals (which feed on these plants) to derive them. Plants, being the only producers, have a crucial role to play in any food chain . Read more at Buzzle :  http://www.buzzle.com/articles/photosynthesis-for-kids.html

19. Characteristics of Living Things 2 Interaction with environment Plants respond to stimuli in their environment Plants undergo growth and development Reproduction Plants form new individuals by asexual or sexual reproduction

20. Root Growth and Gravity

21. Response to Stimuli

22. Germination

23. Asexual Reproduction

24. Characteristics of Living Things 3 Heredity DNA molecules transmit genetic information from one generation to the next in plants and other organisms Evolution Plants and other organisms evolve Populations change or adapt to survive in changing environments

25. Adaptation

26. KEY TERMS DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) A nucleic acid present in a cell’s chromosomes that contains genetic information

27. EVOLUTION Cumulative genetic changes in a population of organisms from generation to generation NATURAL SELECTION Mechanism of evolution (Charles Darwin) Tendency of organisms that have favorable adaptations to their environment to survive and become parents of next generation

28. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3 Distinguish among the six kingdoms and three domains , and give representative organisms for each

29. Euglena

30. Six-Kingdom Classification 1 1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Protista protozoa, algae, water molds, slime molds

31. Six-Kingdom Classification 2 4. Fungi molds, yeasts 5. Animalia 6. Plantae

32. Three-Domain Classification Archaea Kingdom archaea Bacteria Kingdom bacteria Eukarya All other kingdoms

33. Kingdoms and Domains

34. Three Domains: Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Six Kingdoms: Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Animalia Fungi Prokaryotes (lack membrane-bound organelles); unicellular; most are heterotrophic (obtain food by eating other organisms), but some are photosynthetic or chemosynthetic Prokaryotes; unicellular; microscopic; most live in extreme environments; differ in biochemistry and in cell wall structure from bacteria Eukaryotes; mainly unicellular or simple multicellular; maybe heterotrophic or photosynthetic; include protozoa, algae, and slime molds Eukaryotes; multicellular; photosynthetic; life cycle with alternation of generations; cell walls of cellulose Eukaryotes; multicellular; heterotrophic; most move about by muscular contraction; nervous system coordinates responses to stimuli Eukaryotes; most multicellular; heterotrophic; absorb nutrients; do not photo-synthesize; cell walls of chitin Fig. 1-11, p. 14

35. KEY TERMS KINGDOM A broad taxonomic category made up of related phyla; many biologists currently recognize six kingdoms of living organisms DOMAIN A taxonomic category that includes one or more kingdoms

36. Classification (Binomial System)

37. KEY TERMS SPECIES A group of organisms with similar structural and functional characteristics In nature, they breed only with one another and have a close common ancestry

38. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4 Summarize the main steps in the scientific method , and explain how science differs from many other human endeavors

39. The Scientific Method 1 1. Recognize a problem or an unanswered question Why plants shoots grow away from gravity or toward sunlight, while roots grow into the soil in the direction of gravity? 2. Develop a hypothesis to explain the problem 3. Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis

40. The Scientific Method 1 2 . Develop a hypothesis to explain the problem gravitropism   Amyloplasts   Statolith 3. Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis

41. The Scientific Method 2 4. Analyze and interpret the data to reach a conclusion 5. Share new knowledge with the scientific community

42. KEY TERMS HYPOTHESIS An educated guess (based on previous observations) that may be true and is testable by observation and experimentation THEORY A widely accepted explanation supported by a large body of observations and experiments

43. Assignment What is prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Define the following: paleobotany , bryology, agronomy, horticulture, forestry & economic botany. What is gravitropism ? What is Amyloplasts and what is its role? What is the function of Indole acetic acid in plant growth? Deadline: next meeting Use white intermediate paper.