ANA & PHS week 1 lecture powerpoint silde.pptx

The introduction to anatomy and physiology and cells.

1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BY Uzzi HENRY

2. GROUND RULES Students must meet up with 80% of class attendance Lateness to class will not be permitted. Once you are late remain outside Students are expected to pay rapt attention to lectures Use of phones during classes is prohibited except during online test assessment Signify by raising your hands if you must use the rest room or ask a question Do not shut anyone down when they ask question’s they are not clear about All assignments and test form part of your assessment and must be taken seriously Actions against the college rules can earn you an expulsion degree.

3. WHAT I MUST DO TO PASS THIS COURSE Read consistently what I am taught Ask myself questions from what I read Master my diagrams and labeling Be optimistic that I can read and understand it Use the Library Do my assignments Don’t skip a class

4. OUTLINE Definition of terms Objectives Organization of the human body Anatomical positions-planes Body cavities Resources for further reading

5. DEFINITION OF TERMS Anatomy: It is the study of the structure and formation of the human body. Body structures can be seen, felt, and examined closely. You don’t need to imagine what they look like Physiology: It is the study of the normal functions of the human body I.e how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

6. OBJECTIVES At the end of this course, students should be able to: Know the organization of human body Know anatomical planes Describe the body cavities

7. ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY Introduction The human body includes the entire structure of the human being and it consist of the head, neck, trunk (thorax and abdomen), upper limb and lower limb. Every part of the body is composed of various types of cell. E.g bone cells, RBC, stem cells, muscle cells, sperm cells and nerve cell The composition of the human body is made up of some elements such as calcium, carbon and phosphorus .

8. ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY CONT’D Structure The skeletal structure frames the overall shape of the body and is influenced by the distribution of muscle and fat tissues. Composition The adult human body contains an approximate of 60% water and this makes up a significant proportion of the body. This account for the extracellular fluid, intracellular and interstitial fluid

9. ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY CONT’D Chemical level The simplest level of organization within the human body is the chemical level which is made up of atoms and molecules. Atoms being the smallest unit of matter make up the building blocks of elements like C, H, O and N present in compounds like proteins, carbohydrates and lipids .

10. ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY CONT’D Cellular level The cell is the smallest structural and functional living unit of the human body. The cellular level is considered when a variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell. All living structures of human anatomy contain cells, and almost all functions of human physiology are performed in cells or are initiated by cells

11. ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY CONT’D Tissue level A tissue is a group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. Organ level An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types, which forms the organ level of organization. Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions. E.g the kidney

12. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY Head and Neck This includes everything above the thoracic inlets and is composed of the following internal organs: Brain, Thyroid gland, eyes, pituitary gland and parathyroid gland. Upper Limb I nclude the hands, forearm, elbow, arm and shoulder.

13. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY CONT’D Lower limb This includes structure below the inguinal ligament which are the hips, thigh, heel, knee, leg, ankle and foot. Thorax This is the region of the chest from the thoracic inlet to the thoracic diaphragm. Organs in the thorax include the heart, lungs, esophagus, and thymus gland.

14. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY CONT’D Abdomen This extends from the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvic inlet. Organs of the abdomen include the liver, small intestine, large intestine, gall bladder, stomach, kidneys, appendix, spleen, adrenal glands, and pancreas. Back This includes the spinal cord and its component, vertebral column and intervertebral disc.

15. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY CONT’D Pelvis and Perineum The pelvis consists of everything from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic diaphragm, while the perineum is the region between the sex organs and the anus. The organs of the pelvis and perineum include urinary bladder, prostate gland, testes, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina.

16. ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY Superior (cranial, cephalic): toward the head. For example, the heart is superior to the liver, the nose is superior to the mouth Inferior (caudal): toward the tail end of the body. For example, the stomach is inferior to the lungs. Anterior (ventral): toward the front of the body. For example, the trachea is anterior to the esophagus

17. ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY cont’d Posterior (dorsal): towards the back of the body. For example, the rectum is posterior to the urinary bladder. Medial: near the mid-line of body. For example, the heart is medial to the lungs. Lateral: away from the mid-line of body. For example, the kidneys are lateral to the spine

18. Diagram showing the directions of the body

19. ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY cont’d Proximal: closer to the origin. For example, the knee is proximal to the foot. Distal: farther from origin. For example, the palm is distal to the elbow. External: outside or exterior to. For example, the ribs are external to the lungs. Internal: within or interior to. For example, the brain is internal to the skull .

20. ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY cont’d Superficial : towards the surface. For the example, the skin is the most superficial organ. Deep : within or interior to. For example, the deep veins of the leg are surrounded by muscles. Central : the main part. For example, the brain is part of the central nervous system. Peripheral : extending from the main part. For example, nerves in the arm are part of the peripheral nervous system

21. ANATOMICAL BODY POSITIONS Prone Position This is when the body is lying face down on the stomach. Supine Position This is when the body is lying face up on the back

22. ANATOMICAL PLANES Anatomical planes are imaginary planes that intersect the body, creating various cuts or slices of various organs and structures. Mid-sagittal/median Vertical plane passing through the centre of the body (midline) that cuts it longitudinally into right and left halves.

23. ANATOMICAL PLANES CONT’D Sagittal Arbitrary vertical plane passing through the body parallel to the midline, slicing it longitudinally into right and left parts. To aid your understanding, imagine that you are slicing an apple - each slide is a sagittal plane. Coronal (frontal) Vertical plane at right angle to the sagittal plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. Transverse (axial) Horizontal plane at right angles to the sagittal and frontal planes, slicing the body into a superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. The obtained cuts are transverse or axial views.  

24. DIAGRAM SHOWING THE PLANES OF THE BODY

25. BODY CAVITIES Many anatomical structures are housed inside open fluid filled spaces, or cavities, located throughout the body. The most important ones are located axially, meaning inside the skull, vertebral column, thorax, and abdomen. Cavities compartmentalize the body, they also protect and lubricate organs; reducing friction during organ movement. The human body has two cavitary groups - anterior and posterior. The latter is composed of two cavities called the cranial cavity and vertebral canal, which are continuous with each other and contain the central nervous system (brain plus spinal cord). It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid which bathes the central nervous system.

26. BODY CAVITY CONT’D Anterior (Ventral) Cavity: The thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity all make up the anterior or ventral cavity. Thoracic Cavity Anteriorly: The sternum and costal cartilage of the ribs Laterally: The twelve (12) pairs of ribs and the intercostal muscles Posteriorly: The thoracic vertebrae Superiorly: The structure forming the floor of the neck Inferiorly: The abdominal diaphragm Content: The heart, 2 lungs, one trachea, the thoracic oesophagus (gullet), the aorta, two (2) bronchi, superior and inferior vena cava, vagus nerves and phrenic nerves

27. BODY CAVITIES CONT’D 2. Abdominal Cavity Anteriorly: Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall Posteriorly: Lumbar vertebrae and the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall Laterally: The lower ribs and parts of the muscle of the abdominal wall Superiorly: The abdominal diaphragm Inferiorly: Continues with the pelvic cavity abdominal aorta Content: Stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, the liver, gall bladder, the bile duct, two (2) kidneys with ureters, the spleen and adrenal glands

28. BODY CAVITIES CONT’D 3. Pelvic Cavity Anteriorly: The pelvic bones Laterally: The innominate bones Posteriorly: The sacrum and coccyx Superiorly: It continues with the abdominal cavity Inferiorly: The pelvic diaphragm Content: Sigmoid colon, rectum, urinary bladder, anus, reproductive organs for male, we have the prostate gland, the testis, for the female, we have the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tube.

29. BODY CAVITIES CONT’D Posterior (Dorsal) Cavity: The cranial cavity and vertebral canal make up the posterior or dorsal cavity Cranial cavity Anteriorly: 1 Frontal bone Laterally: 2 Temporal Bones Posteriorly: 1 Occipital Bone Superiorly: 2 parietal bones Inferiorly: 1 sphenoid bone and 1 ethmoid bone Content: The brain

30. BODY CAVITIES CONT’D 2 . Vertebral Canal Anteriorly: The vertebral column Posteriorly: The vertebral column Superiorly: Continues with the cranial cavity Inferiorly: The pelvic bone Content: Spinal Cord.

31. NEXT CLASS The cell ( cell theory, cell properties, cell division), Human genetics Tissues and membranes types (characteristics, special adaptation), Organs and systems

32. RESOURCES FOR FURTHER LEARNING Richard LD, Wayne AV, Adam WM. Grays Anatomy for student’s 4 th edition Frank H, Netter MD. Atlas of Human Anatomy 7 th Edition Jennifer B, Neal C, Andrea S. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing practice Ashalatha PR, Deepa G. Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses 4 th edition. Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in health and illness 13 th edition

33. ASSIGNMENT With a well labelled diagram, describe the body cavities

34. THANK YOU

35. 1. Body cavities a. The axial portion of the body includes the cranial cavity, the vertebral canal, the thoracic cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity. b. The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. c. The organs in a body cavity are called viscera. d. The mediastinum separates the thoracic cavity into right and left compartments. e. Body cavities in the head include the oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities. 2. Thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes a. Thoracic membranes (1) Pleural membranes line the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and cover each lung (visceral pleura). Pericardial membranes surround the heart (parietal pericardium) and cover its surface (visceral pericardium). (3) The pleural and pericardial cavities are the potentialspaces between the respective parietal and visceral membranes. b. Abdominopelvic membranes (1) Peritoneal membranes line the abdominopelvic cavity (parietal peritoneum) and cover the organs inside (visceral peritoneum). (2) The peritoneal cavity is the potential space between the parietal and visceral membranes