ANAEMIA.pptx

medical surgical nursing

1. ANAEMIA is a condition that is slowly rising in cases across all countries

2. Anemia is not a specific disease state but an underlying disorder and the most common hematologic condition.

3. CLASSIFICATION A physiologic approach classifies anemia according to whether the deficiency in erythrocytes is caused by a defect in their production by their destruction or by their loss 1. HYPOPROLIFERATIVE ANEMIA In hypoproliferative anemias, the marrow cannot produce adequate numbers of erythrocytes.

4. 2. HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS There is premature destruction of erythrocytes that results in the liberation of hemoglobin from the erythrocytes into the plasma; the released hemoglobin is then converted into bilirubin, therefore bilirubin concentration rises. 3. BLEEDING ANEMIAS Bleeding anemias are caused by the loss of erythrocytes in the body.

5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ANAEMIA is drawn according to the cause of the disease. HYPOPROLIFERATIVE ANEMIA Decreased erythrocyte production. There is decreased erythrocyte production, reflected by an inappropriately normal or low reticulocyte count. Marrow damage. As a result of marrow damage, inadequate production of erythrocyte occurs due to the medications or chemicals or from a lack of factors

6. HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA Premature destruction. Premature destruction of erythrocytes results in the liberation of hemoglobin from the erythrocytes into the plasma. Conversion. The released hemoglobin is converted in large part to bilirubin, resulting in high concentration of bilirubin. Erythropoietin production . The increased erythrocyte destruction leads to tissue hypoxia which stimulates erythropoietin production. Increased reticulocytes . This increased production is reflected in an increased reticulocyte count as the bone marrow responds to the loss of erythrocytes.

7. v. Hemolysis : can result from an abnormality within the erythrocyte itself or within the plasma or from direct injury to the erythrocyte within the circulation.

8. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS