Analysis of crude drugs by chemical tests.pptx

Analysis of crude drugs by chemical tests.pptx

1. Analysis of crude drugs by chemical test

2. Biological source: Asafoetida: It is the oleoresin obtained from roots and rhizomes of  Ferula foetida belongs to family Umbelliferae . Benzoin : Benzoin is the balsamic resin obtained from Styrax benzoin Dryander or Styrax paralleloneurus Perkins, known in commerce as Sumatra Benzoin , or from Styrax tonkinensis ( Pièrre ) Craib ex Hartwich , or other species of the Section Anthostyrax of the genus Styrax , known in commerce as Siam Benzoin (Fam. Styraceae ). Introduction

3. Oleoresins are solid crystalline/amorphous, semi-solid extracts composed of a mixture of resin and essential/fatty oil. Generally, it is offer as wood rosin obtained as the exudate from incisions in the living tree like viz., Pinus . palustris , Pinus . caribaea and styrax etc. The exudation of oleoresin comes from areas of parenchyma cells in the outer sapwood next to the bark. These are yellowish brown, reddish brown, reddish grey, or greyish brown resinous mass in colour and having solubility with organic solvents like methanol, benzene, ether, glacial acetic acid etc. O leo-resins are mainly mixtures of α-, β-, and γ- commiphoric acids (resin acids). Besides, it also contains two phenolic resins α- and β- heerabomyrrholic acids, benzoic and cinnemic acid. It also contains phenolic compound such aspyrocatechin and protocatechuic acid. The crude alcohol-insoluble fraction i.e., ‘gum, comprises of protein (18%) and carbohydrate (64%) made up of arabinose , galactose and glucuronic acid. However, the gum found to be associated with an oxidase enzyme. Theory

4. Test Inference Asafoetida Benzoin Appearance Crystalline Crystalline Colour Yellowish brown Greyish brown Odour Intense penetrating and alliaceous odour Aromatic and characteristics, balsamic Shape and size Tear and masses Tear Taste Bitter acrid and alliaceous taste Sweet and slightly acrid Solubility Partially soluble in alcohol Alcohol Physical Characteristics

5. Identification test Inference Test Observation Asafoetida Benzoin Solubility test Drug + Alcohol Freely soluble + + Precipitation test Alcoholic solution of drug + water White Precipitation (milky water ) + + Litmus test Alcoholic solution on litmus paper Purple colour + + Emulsification Drug + water (triturate) Emulsion formation Yellow orange emulsion _ General I dentification T est

6. Treat the fractured surface/test sample with 50% nitric acid, green color is developed indicate the presence of asafoetida. Treat the fractured surface/test sample with Conc. Sulphuric acid, red or reddish brown color is developed indicate the presence of asafoetida Triturate 0.5 g of drug with sand and add 5 mL HCl . To the sample add 2 mL water, filter the solution. To the filtrate and equal volume of ammonia. Blue fluorescence is developed due to the presence of Umbelliferone , indicate the presence of asafoetida. To the alcoholic extract add phloroglucinol and Conc HCl , pink color develops, indicate the presence of asafoetida. Test drug on burning gives yellow flame, indicates the presence of asafoetida. Specific chemical test for identification of Asafoetida

7. Five gram of Sumatra benzoin is heated with 10% aqueous potassium permanganate solution. Due to the presence of cinnamic acid a bitter almond like odour is produced. This test shows negative result for Siam benzoin . In a china dish, 2-3 drops of sulphuric acid is added to the 0.20 g of petroleum ether solution of benzoin . Reddish-brown color confirms the presence of Sumatra benzoin and purple-red color confirms the presence of Siam benzoin . Ferric chloride solution is added to alcoholic solution of benzoin . Due to the presence of phenolic compound ( coniferyl benzoate) in Siam benzoate, it will produce green color . This test gives a negative result for Sumatra benzoin (as it does not contain phenolic compound). A solution in alcohol becomes milky upon the addition of water indicates presence o benzoin . Specific chemical test for identification of Benzoin