ANALYZE-SITUATIONS-THAT-SHOW-THE-DIFFERENCE-BETWEEN-OPINION.pptx

Objective : Identify the difference between truth and Opinion through situation

1. ANALYZE SITUATIONS THAT SHOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OPINION AND TRUTH

2. INTRODUCTION Philosophers are interested in a constellation of issues involving the concept of truth. Is truth a property of sentences (which are linguistic entities in some language or other)? is truth a property of propositions (nonlinguistic, abstract and timeless entities)? The most important theories of truth are the Correspondence Theory, the Coherence Theory, and the Pragmatic Theory.

3. INTRODUCTION Plato is the first to have thematized opinion in philosophy. He defends the opposition of the “doxa” (the opinion) and the “episteme” (the knowledge). The historian, like the mathematician, can both tell the truth. The difference between them will be the predictability of their statement: the causes of the American Revolution, if they are reproduced, will not necessarily lead to the same consequences. Arithmetic, on the other hand, is predictable.

4. INTRODUCTION Opinion has a place halfway between ignorance and knowledge, in the sense that it is not yet founded or demonstrated.

5. DEFINITION OF TERMS Correspondence – a close similarity, connection, or equivalence Coherence – the quality of forming a unified whole Pragmatic – dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations Authority – power to influence or command thought, opinion, or behavior Reliability – the quality of being trustworthy or of performing consistently well

6. DEFINITION OF TERMS Relevance – relation to the matter at hand Bias – a personal and sometimes unreasoned judgment Preconception- an idea or opinion formed beforehand Hasty Generalization - making a claim based on evidence that it just too small Metaphysics – the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of things, including abstract concepts such as being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time, and space.

7. Theories of truth

8. CORRESPONDENCE THEORY a view that was advocated by Russell and Moore early in the 20th century argues that truth is whatever corresponds to reality an idea which corresponds with reality is true while an idea which does not correspond with reality is false

9. CORRESPONDENCE THEORY The existence of a man, for instance, implies the truth of the statement in which we assert his existence. The converse is also the case. For if he exists, then the statement in which we assert his existence is true, and conversely, if the statement in which we assert his existence is true, he exists. But the truth of the statement is in no way the cause of his existence, though his existence is in a way the cause of the truth of the statement. For we call the statement true or false according as he exists or not.

10. COHERENCE THEORY a proposition is true if it fits our overall set of beliefs a belief is true when we are able to incorporate it in an orderly and logical manner into a larger and complex system of beliefs. inaccurate belief would still be called "truth."

11. COHERENCE THEORY A friend called you that he is driving a tiny car with a real whale/ horse hybrid talking Latin at the backseat. Also, he told you that despite the fact he is 2000 km away, he will arrive in 10 minutes.” You know it is not true from the coherence of your knowledge: 1.There are no whale/horse hybrids. 2. His car is too small to fit the said animal. 3. There are no such thing as cars as fast as that. 4. Animals don't speak Latin. Without seeing it, you know it is 100 percent False. No coherence with your basic knowledge .

12. PRAGMATIC THEORY a proposition is true if it is useful or works in practice a philosophical movement that includes those who claim that an ideology or proposition is true if it works satisfactorily, that the meaning of a proposition is to be found in the practical consequences of accepting it, and that unpractical ideas are to be rejected. truth does not exist in some abstract realm of thought independent of social relationship or actions; instead, the truth is a function of an active process of engagement with the world and verification

13. PRAGMATIC THEORY "if humans commonly perceive the ocean as beautiful then, the ocean is beautiful." "red street lights are for stop and green street lights are for go because it's a rule followed by everyone thus, it is the truth" " a marketing principle that is useful in explaining consumer behavior in one generation but not the next" - due to change in practicality

14. PHILOSOPHIZING TO PROVE IT’S AN OPINION

15. SOURCE AND AUTHORITY Who is the source of the information? What are her qualifications, background, or reputation? Is she an authority in the issue? What is the source of the claim? Is the source reliable?

16. RELIABILITY AND RELEVANCE How reliable is the person making the claim? How long has he or she spent studying the issue? How wide is his/her experience concerning the subject matter? Does the claim contain unsubstantiated generalizations? Are the premises provided really relevant to the conclusion?

17. PURPOSE AND CONTEXT What is the main and corollary purpose of the author or source? Who are the intended readers or audiences? Is the message intended to convince or persuade, or is it a plain propaganda? What is the context in stating the opinion?

18. BIAS AND PRECONCEPTION Is the one giving a stance biased towards or against the issue? Does she exhibit partiality, preference, or prejudice for or against an issue? Is the language used emotional or inflammatory? Are proofs offered or the basis is a mere preconceived idea?

19. ASSUMPTION AND HASTY GENERALIZATION Does the source make effort to prove or substantiate the opinion? Are there authentic documents provided? Does the information represent just a single opinion or a range of various pertinent opinions? Are there sufficient pieces of evidence for the conclusion? Are all of the significant variables considered?

20. PHILOSOPHIES

21. Opinion is something intermediary between knowledge and ignorance (Plato)

22. Opinion is a belief that is conscious of being insufficient both subjectively and objectively (Kant)

23. In his Metaphysics, Aristotle stated : "To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true"

24. The metaphysical version presented by Thomas Aquinas is the best known: “Veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus ” (Truth is the equation of thing and intellect) , which he restates as: “A judgment is said to be true when it conforms to the external reality”.

25. According to Kant, the statement “to tell the truth is a duty...to him who has a right to the truth” is false, because truth is not a right but a requirement