Anatomical planes ppt

a brief description and basic anatomical planes and different medical terminology. One should know in a medical professional for first-year MBBS, nursing and paramedical students

1. Medical Terminology Presenter : Dr. Rahul Sharma Bpt ( JMI) MSc. ANATOMY AIIMS, RISHIKESH 01-05-2021 1

2. Contents Introduction Positions of body Anatomical planes Anatomical axis Terms Used in Relation to Trunk Terms related to body movements Upper limb Lower limb Neck In trunk Muscle Term used in muscles Summary MCQs References 01-05-2021 2

3. Introduction Anatomy – science deals with structure of body, from macroscopic to microscopic level Anatome = (Greek  anatomē , 'dissection') is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts Anatomical Nomenclature = to eliminate unambiguous description of thousands of structures is impossible without an extensive and often highly specialized vocabulary. 01-05-2021 3

4. Approach To S tudy Anatomy Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy Clinical (applied anatomy) 01-05-2021 4

5. Regional A natomy Human body as major part or segment 01-05-2021 5

6. Surface Anatomy Provide knowledge , what lies under the skin. 01-05-2021 6

7. By means of radio graphical, sectional anatomy and endoscopy 01-05-2021 7

8. Systemic Anatomy Study of body’s organ systems work together to carry out complex function. Integumentary system Skeletal system Articular system Muscular system Nervous system Circulatory system Alimentary system 8. Respiratory system 9. Urinary system 10. Genital system 11. Endocrine system 01-05-2021 8

9. Clinical Anatomy(Applied Anatomy) Incorporates regional and systemic approaches. Important in role of solving clinical problem. 01-05-2021 9

10. Anatomical position Anatomical position: person is standing straight Eyes looking forwards Both arms by the side of body palms facing forwards Both feet together, the position is anatomical position 01-05-2021 10

11. Supine position When a person is lying on her/his back, arms by the side, palms facing upwards and feet put together, the position is supine position 01-05-2021 11

12. Prone position • Prone position : Person lying on his/her face, chest and abdomen is said to be in prone position 01-05-2021 12

13. Lateral recumbent position 01-05-2021 13

14. Lithotomic position Person lying on her back with legs up and feet supported in straps. This position is mostly used during delivery of the baby 01-05-2021 14

15. Fowler’s position 01-05-2021 15

16. Anatomical planes Plane – hypothetical plane used to transect body to locate structures or direction of movement Axis – an imaginary line about which a body rotates anatomical planes: 1) Sagittal plane 2) Coronal plane 3) Transverse plane 01-05-2021 16

17. 01-05-2021 17

18. Sagittal plane 01-05-2021 18

19. Coronal plane 01-05-2021 19

20. Transverse plane 01-05-2021 20

21. Oblique plane 01-05-2021 21

22. Anatomical axis 3 axis : 1) Sagittal axis 2) Frontal axis 3) Vertical axis 01-05-2021 22

23. Sagittal axis 01-05-2021 23

24. Frontal axis 01-05-2021 24

25. Vertical axis 01-05-2021 25

26. Terms Used in Relation to Trunk • Ventral or Anterior is the front of trunk. • Dorsal or Posterior is the back of trunk • Medial is a plane close to the median plane • Lateral is plane away from the median plane. • Proximal/Cranial/Superior is close to the head end of trunk 01-05-2021 26

27. • Distal/Caudal/Inferior is close to the lower end of the trunk. • Superficial is close to skin/towards surface of body • Deep away from skin/away from surface of body. 01-05-2021 27

28. Laterality • Ipsilateral on the same side of the body as another structure • Contralateral on opposite side of body from another structure. Bilateral Unilateral 01-05-2021 28

29. • Invagination is projection inside. • Evagination is projection outside 01-05-2021 29

30. Terms of Relation Commonly Used in Embryology but sometimes in Gross Anatomy (a) Ventral - Towards the belly (b) Dorsal - Towards the back (c) Cranial or Rostral - Towards the head (l (d) Caudal - Towards the tail 01-05-2021 30

31. Terms related to upper trunk In Upper limb • Flexion: When two flexor surfaces are brought close to each other e.g. elbow joint when front of arm and forearm are opposed to each other • Extension: When extensor or dorsal surfaces are brought in as much approximation as possible e.g. straighten the arm and forearm at the elbow joint. 01-05-2021 31

32. • Abduction: When limb is taken away from the body. • Adduction: When limb is brought close to the body. 01-05-2021 32

33. • Medial rotation: When the arm rotates medially bringing the flexed forearm across the chest. • Lateral rotation: When arm rotates laterally taking the flexed forearm away from the body. 01-05-2021 33

34. • Supination : When the palm is facing forwards or upwards, as in putting food in the mouth (Fig. 1.17). • Pronation : When the palm faces backwards or downwards, as in picking food with fingers from the plate 01-05-2021 34

35. • Adduction of digits/fingers: When all the fingers get together. • Abduction: When all fingers separate. The axis of movement of fingers is the line passing through the centre of the middle finger. 01-05-2021 35

36. • Circumduction : It is movement of distal end of a part of the body in a circle. A combination of extension, abduction, flexion and adduction in a sequence is called circumduction as in bowling. 01-05-2021 36

37. • Opposition of thumb: When tip of thumb touches the tips of any of the fingers. • Circumduction of thumb: Movement of extension, abduction, flexion and adduction in sequence. 01-05-2021 37

38. Lower Limb • Flexion of thigh: When front of thigh comes in contact with front of abdomen. • Extension of thigh: When person stands erect. 01-05-2021 38

39. • Abduction: When thigh is taken away from the median plane. • Adduction: When thigh is brought close to median plane. 01-05-2021 39

40. Medial rotation: When thigh is turned medially. • Lateral rotation: When thigh is turned laterally. 01-05-2021 40

41. • Flexion of knee : When back of thigh and back of leg come in opposition. • Extension of knee: When thigh and leg are in straight line as in Standing. 01-05-2021 41

42. • Dorsiflexion of foot: When dorsum of foot is brought close to front of leg and sole faces forwards (Fig. 1.18). • Plantarflexion of foot: When sole of foot or plantar aspect of foot faces backwards. 01-05-2021 42

43. • Inversion of foot: When medial border of foot is raised from the ground (Fig. 1.18). • Eversion of foot: When lateral border of foot is raised from the 01-05-2021 43

44. In the Neck •Flexion: When face comes closer to chest. • Extension: When face is brought away from the chest. 01-05-2021 44

45. • Lateral flexion: When ear is brought close to shoulder. 01-05-2021 45

46. Rotation: When neck rotates so that chin goes to opposite side. 01-05-2021 46

47. • Protraction: When lower jaw slides forwards in its socket in the temporal bone of skull. • Retraction: When lower jaw slides backwards in its socket in the temporal bone of skull 01-05-2021 47

48. In the Trunk • Backward bending is called extension. • Forward bending is flexion • Sideward movement is lateral flexion. • Sideward rotation is lateral rotation. 01-05-2021 48

49. Terms Used for Describing Muscles Origin: end of a muscle which is relatively fixed during its contraction Insertion: end of a muscle which moves during its contraction. 01-05-2021 49

50. Terms Used in Clinical Anatomy Suffix is a word component added to the end of a word that changes or modifies its usage, functioning or meaning. 01-05-2021 50

51. itis = inflammation e.g. tonsillitis ectomy = excision, removal e.g. tonsillectomy otomy = opening and closing a hollow viscous or region e.g. Hysterotomy tomy = act of cutting e.g. Osteotomy ostomy = to open a hollow organ e.g. Tracheostomy oma = a tumour e.g. Lipoma tripsy = to crush , breakdown e.g. Lithotripsy plasty = surgical repair e.g. Rhinoplasty desis = surgical fixation, fusion e.g. Arthrodesis 01-05-2021 51

52. 4 rrh’s rrhagia = excessive flow, profuse blood discharge e.g menorrhagia rrhea = flow, discharge e.g. albuminorrhea rrhaphy = suture e.g herniorrhaphy rrhexis = rupture e.g. enterorrhexis 01-05-2021 52

53. MCQs Q1. Coronal plane divides the body into : A ) Equal right & left halves B) Equal upper and lower halves C) Equal anterior & posterior halves D ) Unequal right & left halves Ans. C 01-05-2021 53

54. MCQs Q.2) Thumb abduction & adduction occur in which plane? A) Frontal plane B) Sagittal plane C) Midsagittal plane D) Oblique plane Ans . B 01-05-2021 54

55. MCQs Q.3) Medial & lateral rotation movements of hip occurs in which plane? A ) Oblique plane B ) Midsagittal plane C ) Transverse plane D ) C oronal plane Ans. C 01-05-2021 55

56. References Gray’s Anatomy 1 st Edition Bd chaurasia book of general Anatomy 01-05-2021 56

57. THANK YOU 01-05-2021 57