Anatomical terms, Directional Terms

My first lecture on anatomy for B.Sc Nursing I year students. My PPT covers introductory part, the anatomical and directional terms used. Hope you like it.

1. Mrs bincy varghese Clinical instructor KGMU college of nursing,KGMU , LUCKNOW INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

2. DEFINITION OF ANATOMY ANATOMY ( ana = up; tomy = process of cutting) is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts. It is usually studied by dissection (careful cutting apart) of body structures to study their relationships.

3. DEFINITION OF PHYSIOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY ( physio = nature; logy = study of) is the science of body functions i.e how the body parts works.

4. IMPORTANT BRANCHES/SUBDISCIPLINES OF ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY : Study of structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg through the eighth week in uterus. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY : Study of structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg to the adult form.

5. HISTOLOGY ( hist = tissue) : Study of microscopic structures of tissues. SURFACE ANATOMY : Study of anatomical landmarks on the surface of body such as head or chest

6. RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY : Study of structures that can be seen with x-rays. PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY : Study of structural changes ( from gross to microscopic) associated with the disease.

7. IMPORTANT BRANCHES/SUBDISCIPLINES OF PHYSIOLOGY NEUROPHYSIOLOGY ( neuro = nerve) : Study of functional properties of nerve cells. ENDOCRINOLOGY ( endo = within; crin = secretions) : Study of hormones (chemical regulators within the body) and how they control body functions.

8. CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY ( cardi = heart; vascular = blood vessels) : Study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels. IMMUNOLOGY : Study of how body defends itself against disease causing agents.

9. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY ( respira = to breathe) : Study of the functions of the air passages and lungs. RENAL PHYSIOLOGY ( ren = kidney ) : Study of functions of kidneys.

10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ( path = disease ) : Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging.

11. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION THE CHEMICAL LEVEL THE CELLULAR LEVEL THE TISSUE LEVEL THE ORGAN LEVEL THE ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL THE ORGANISMAL LEVEL

12. SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY INTEGUEMENTARY SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM MUSCULAR SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

13. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

14. INTEGUEMENTARY SYSTEM Components: Skin and its structures (hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands) Functions: Protection Regulates body temperature Eliminates some wastes Helps make Vit . D Detects sensation.

15. SKELETAL SYSTEM Components: Bones, joints and their associated cartilages. Functions: Supports and protects Provides attachment for muscles Helps body movements Houses cells that produces blood cells Stores minerals and fats.

16. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Components: Muscles. Functions: Produce body movements Stabilizes body positions (postures) Generates heat

17. NERVOUS SYSTEM Components: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves snd special sense organs (Eyes and Ears). Functions: Generates nerve impulses to regulate body activities Detects changes in the body’s internal and external environment. Interprets to changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

18. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Components: Blood, Heart and blood vessels Functions: Pumps blood. Carries oxygen and nutrients and wastes away from cells. Blood components helps defends against disease and repairs damages.

19. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNOLOGY Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils. Functions: Returns protein and fluid to the blood. Carries lipids from G.I Tract to blood Protects against disease causing microbes.

20. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Components: Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes leading into lungs. Functions: Transfers oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to air. Regulates acid base balance of body fluids. Helps to produce sound.

21. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Components: Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus, and accessory organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Functions: Physical and chemical breakdown of food. Absorbs nutrients. Eliminates solid wastes.

22. URINARY SYSTEM Components: Kidneys, ureter , urinary bladder and urethra. Functions: Produce, stores and eliminates urine. Eliminates wastes Helps maintain the acid base balance of body fluids.

23. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Components: Gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus and vagina, epididymis , vas deferens and penis) Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes ). Gonads release hormones and regulates reproduction. Associated organs transports and store gametes .

24. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

25. BODY POSITIONS SUPINE POSITION When the body is lying face up. PRONE POSITION When the body is lying face down.

26. A NATOMICAL POSITION Body is erect/standing with arms at sides and palms turned forward.

27. BILATERAL SYMMETRY Right and the left portion of the body are equally divided

28. BODY CAVITIES Two types of body cavities: Ventral Cavity : Consist of Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity . Dorsal Cavity: Include Cranial Cavity and Spinal cavity .

29. BODY CAVITIES

30. Thoracic Cavity: a) Pleural cavities: Surrounds the lungs. The serous membrane is called “Pleura” that contains “pleural fluid”. b) Pericardial cavity : Surrounds the Heart. The serous membrane is “Pericardium”. c) Mediastinum : Central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs. It contains Oesophagus, Trachea, heart and large blood vessels. BODY CAVITIES

31. BODY CAVITIES Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity

32. Thin filmy membrane that covers the wall surface is known as “Parietal layer”. The thin membrane that covers the organ is called as “Visceral layer”

33. REGIONAL NAMES Abdominal: Anterior torso below diaphragm Acromial : Shoulder Antebrachial : Forearm Antecubital : Depressed area in front of elbow Axillary : Armpit Brachial: Arm Buccal : Cheek (inside)

34. Calcaneal : Heel of foot Carpal: Wrist Cephalic: Head Cervical: Neck Coxal : Hip Cranial: skull Crural : Leg Cubital : Elbow Cutaneous : Skin

35. Digital: Fingers or toes Dorsal: Back or top Facial: Face Femoral: Thigh Frontal: Forehead Gluteal : Buttock Hallux : Great toe Inguinal: Groin Lumbar: Lower part of back between ribs and pelvis

36. Mammary: Breast Manual: Hand Mental: Chin Nasal: Nose Navel: Umblicus Occipital: Back of lower part of skull Olecranal : Back of elbow Oral: Mouth Orbital or opthalmic : Eyes

37. Otic : Ear Palmar : Palm of hand Patellar: Front of knee Pedal: Foot Pelvic: Lower portion of torso Perineal : Area between anus and genitals Plantar: Sole of foot Pollex: Thumb Popliteal : Area behind the knee

38. Supraclavicular : Area above clavicle Sural : Calf Tarsal: Ankle Temporal: Side of skull Thoracic: Chest Zygomatic : Cheek

39. ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

40. ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umblical region Left lumbar region Right inguinal/iliac region Hypogastric region Left inguinal/iliac region

41. ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS

42. ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

43. DIRECTIONAL TERMS

44. It describes the position of one body part relative to another. Directional terms Definition Superior (cephalic) Towards the head or the upper part of a structure Inferior (caudal) Away from head or lower part Anterior (ventral) At the front of the body Posterior (dorsal) At the back of the body

45. Directional terms Definition Medial Nearer to the midline Lateral Farther to the midline Intermediate Between two structures Ipsilateral On the same side of the body as another structure

46. Directional terms Definition Contralateral On the opposite of the body from another structure Proximal Nearer to the origination of a structure Distal Farther from the origination of the structure Superficial On the surface of the body Deep Away from the surface of the body

47. TERMS RELATED TO ORGANS Lumen: The hollow area of the organ. Central and peripheral: Central means near the center and Peripheral means towards the boundary . Medullary and Cortical: Medullary refers to inner region of an organ ; Cortical means structures found in the outer region. Basal and Apical: The pointed part is called Apical/Apex; Basal is the base .

48. BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS

49. PLANES Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts.

50. PLANES Sagittal plane: Vertical plane that divides the body surface into right and left side. Midsaggital /Median plane: Passes through midline of the body/organ and divides into right and left sides. Parasagittal plane : Does not pass through the midline. Divides the body/organ into unequal right and left sides.

51. PLANES (contd..) Frontal or Coronal Plane: It divides the body into anterior and posterior portion.

52. PLANES (contd..) Transverse/Cross sectional/Horizontal Plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior portion.

53. PLANES (contd..) Oblique Plane: Passes through the body or an angle between the transverse plane/ sagittal or frontal plane.