Anatomy & Physiology Question Paper Revision Tutorial

See this Lecture in "sat2careu" online nursing channel.

1. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Year : 2017 University Annual Exam Revision Video Tutorial – Part - I

2. PART – A (ANATOMY) Write Short Notes on Blood supply of the heart (4) Types of Muscles (4) Cranial nerves (6)

3. BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEART Blood is supplied to the heart by its own vascular system, called coronary circulation.

4. The aorta (the main blood supplier to the body) branches off into two main coronary blood vessels (also called arteries).  These coronary arteries branch off into smaller arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the entire heart muscle.

5. CORONARY ARTERY BRANCHES Right Coronary Artery Right posterior descending artery. Large m arginal branch. Left Coronary Artery Left anterior descending artery. The circumflex branch.

6. LCA is larger than the RCA. RCA arises from anterior coronary sinus. LCA arises from the left posterior aortic sinus. Area of Distribution RCA – Rt. Atrium, Greater part of Rt Ventricle & small part of left ventricle, posterior part of inter-ventricular septum and whole conducting system of heart except a part of left branch of AV bundle.

7. . Area of Distribution L CA – Rt. Atrium, Greater part of L t Ventricle & small part of right ventricle, anterior part of inter-ventricular septum and left branch of AV bundle.

8. VENOUS DRAINAGE The venous drainage of the heart is by means of three veins. Coronary Sinus Anterior Cardiac Veins Venae Cordis Minimae

9. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE Brachieocephalic Node Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes.

10. APPLIED ANATOMY Coronary Artery Disease: Angina Pectoris: Severe chest pain behind the sternum due to ischemia of the cardiac muscles. Myocardial Infraction: Necrosis of a part of the myocardium due to severe and prolonged ischemia due to narrowing of coronary arteries.

11. TYPES OF MUSCLES Muscular system consists of three muscles: Cardiac muscles, Smooth Muscles and Skeletal Muscles. Skeletal muscles form 40 – 50% of total body weight. Human body has more than 430 pairs of skeletal muscles.

12. How many muscles are there in our body? 640 muscles Which is the longest, Smallest and biggest muscles in our body? Longest: Sartorius, (This muscles runs outside the hip, down and across inside the knees.) Smallest: Stapedius , (Is located deep in the ear.) Biggest: The Gluteous Maximus (Located in the buttocks)

13. MUSCLE CLASSIFICATION Functionally it is classified into Voluntarily (Can be moved at will) e.g. Biceps and Triceps and Involuntarily (Can’t move with intention, e.g. Heart Muscles. Structurally it is of two types. Striated (have stripes across fibers ) e.g. Pharyngeal, cardiac and skeletal muscles and Smooth muscles (no striations) e.g. bladder muscles.

14. 3 TYPES OF MUSCLES

15. CARDIAC MUSCLES Cells are branched and appears fused to one another. Has striations. Each cell has a central nuclei. Involuntary Muscles

16. CARDIAC MUSCLES Found only in the heart. Contractions of the cardiac muscles pumps blood throughout the body and account for the heart beat. Healthy cardiac muscles never fatigue.

17. SKELETAL MUSCLES Fibers are long and cylindrical. Has many nuclei. Has striations Have alternating dark and light bands. Voluntary muscles

18. SKELETAL MUSCLES Attached to skeleton by tendons. Cause movement of bones at the joints. These muscles gets fatigue.

19. SMOOTH MUSCLES Fibers are thin spindle shaped. No striations Single Nuclei. Involuntary. Contracts Slowly.

20. SMOOTH MUSCLES They fatigue but very slowly. Found in the urinary system Urinary bladder Controls urination Found in the respiratory system Controls breathing Found in the digestive system Esophagus. Stomach and Intestine. Controls digestion. Found in the circulatory system. Lining of the blood vessels. Helps in the circulation of blood.

21. CRANIAL NERVES The cranial nerves are a set of  12  paired nerves that arise directly from the brain. The first two nerves ( olfactory  and  optic ) arise from the cerebrum, whereas the remaining ten emerge from the brain stem.

22. CRANIAL NERVES The names of the cranial nerves relate to their function and they are also numerically identified in roman numerals (I-XII ).

23. 12 PAIRS OF CRANIAL NERVES Olfactory – I Optic – II Oculomotor – III Trochlear – IV Trigeminal – V Abducent – VI Facial – VII Vestibulocochlear – VIII Glossopharyngeal – IX Vagus – X Accessory – XI Hypoglossal - XII

24. OLFACTORY NERVE - I Sensory Function Sense of Smell Damage causes impairment of smell.

25. OPTIC NERVE - II Sensory Function Provides Vision Damage causes blindness in visual field.

26. OCCULOMOTOR NERVE - III Somatic and Autonomic Motor Function Eye movement, Opening of Eye Lid, Constrictions of pupil and Visual accommodations including focusing. Damage causes drooping eye lid. Dilated pupil, inability to move eye in certain directions.

27. TROCHLEAR NERVE - IV Motor Function Eye movement (Superior Oblique Muscles) Damage causes double vision.

28. TRIGEMINAL NERVE - V It includes 3 branches Opthalmic branches: Sensations from nasal cavity, skin of forehead, upper eye lid, eye brow and nose. Maxillary branches: sensations from lower eye lid, upper lips and gums, teeth of maxilla, cheek, nose, palate and pharynx. Mandibular Branches: sensations from teeth of the mandibles, lower gums, lips, tongue Damage causes loss of sensation and chewing impairment.

29. ABDUCENT NERVE - VI Motor Function Provides eye movements Damage results in inability to rotate eye movements laterally and medially.

30. FACIAL NERVE - VII Sensory & Motor Function Facial expressions Taste on anterior 2/3 rd s of tongue. Damage results sagging facial expressions and disturbed sense of taste.

31. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE - VIII Sensory Function Aids in hearing and sense of balance. Taste on anterior 2/3 rd s of tongue. Damage produces deafness, dizziness, nausea and loss of balance.

32. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE - IX Motor & Sensory Function Aids in swallowing and voice production via pharyngeal muscles. Salivation, control of BP and Respiration Gagging Sensation from baro and chemo receptors. Damage results in loss of bitter & sour taste and impairment of swallowing & blood pressure

33. VAGUS NERVE - X Motor & Sensory Function Sensations from skin at back of ear, larynx, trachea, esophagus . Sensations from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. Swallowing and voice productions. Relaxation of airway, decreased heartrate . Damage causes loss of voice, hoarseness, impaired swallowing, GI dysfunction and blood pressure anomalies.

34. ACESSORY NERVE - XI Motor Function Swallowing, head, neck and shoulder movements. Damage causes impaired, head, neck and shoulder movements.

35. HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE - XI Motor Function Tongue movements for speech, food, manipulation and swallowing. Damage causes impairment in tongue protrusion,

36. END OF PART - 1