ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION.pptx

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION

1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION GROUP 1

2. ANATOMY Is the branch of biology that deals with the structure of organisms and their parts . It encompasses the study of the arrangement, organization, and relationships of various body structures , including organs, tissues, cells, and systems. Additionally, anatomy often involves understanding the function of these structures and how they contribute to the overall functioning of the organism.

3. physiology is the branch of biology that focuses on the functions and processes of living organisms and their parts . It explores how living organisms, from single-celled organisms to complex multicellular organisms, carry out their vital functions to maintain life . seeks to understand the mechanisms that govern biological processes such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli . This field often involves studying the interactions between different organs, tissues, cells, and molecules to elucidate the underlying principles of biological function.

4. Anatomy & physiology of reproduction refer to the study of the structure and function of the reproductive system in organisms . This includes understanding the organs, tissues, cells, and processes involved in reproduction, from the production of gametes to the fertilization of the egg and the development of offspring.

5. The biological female The female sexual anatomy is designed for the production and fertilization of ovum, as well as carrying and delivering infant offspring. Puberty signals the final development of primary and accessory organs that support reproduction.

6. The female external genetalia

7. Vulva – all the external genital structures taken together. Mons veneris – pads of fatty issue between public bone and skin; Labia majora – outer lips surrounding all other structures. Prepuce – clitoral hood (foreskin above and covering clitoris); Clitoris – glans (head), shaft, and crura (root), the clitoris is particularly sensitive to simulation; Labia Minora – inner lips surrounding the vestibule where sweat and oil glands , extensive blood vessels, and nerve endings are located ; Vestibule – area surrounding the urethral opening and vagina, which is highly sensitive with extensive blood vessels and nerve endings . Urethral openings – end of tube connecting to bladder and used for urination; Vaginal opening – also called introitus ; and Perineum – area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus; distance is less in females than males.

8. The female INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE organ

9. Vagina – collapsible canal extending from vaginal opening back and upward into body to cervix and uterus. During arousal, it is engorged with blood. This aids its expansion and triggers the release of lubricants from vaginal function . Cervix – small end of uterus to which vagina leads. It is the opening in cervix leading to interior of uterus; Uterus – womb, organ within pelvic zone where fetus is carried; Fallopian Tubes – carry egg cells from ovaries to uterus, this is where the fertilization occurs and Ovaries – produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen infuences female sex characteristics and initiates menstrual cycle. Progesterone aids in regulation of menstrual cycle and promotes mature development of uterine lining to allow for zygote implantation. Also, produce ova, egg cells and bring them to maturity. As many as 1 million immature ova are present at birth, with about 400,000 surviving to puberty. Of these, only about 400-450 are typically brought to maturity and released into the fallopian tubes.

10. PUBERTY

11. The menstrual cycle marks the beginning of puberty in females. The first episode occurs between 11 to 15 years of age referred to as menarche. Menstruation pertains to the sloughing off of the uterine lining if conception has not occurred. It may last within two to six days which follows a cycle ranging from 24 to 42 days. Regardless of the length of the cycle, menstruation begins about 14 days after ovulation (plus or minus one to two days). The overall cycle governed by the hypothalamus as it monitors hormone levels in the bloodstream. It involves changes in the endometrium in response to the fluctuating blood levels of ovarian hormones. There are three phases as described and shown in the figure below.

12. Menstrual phase . This occurs if the ovum is not fertilized and does not implant itself into the uterine lining. The continued high levels of estrogen and progesterone cause the pituitary to stop releasing follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease casing the endometrium to be sloughed off, and blessing ensues. It is during this time that ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels.

13. Proliferative phase . It occurs when the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH that stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and causes ova to mature in the ovarian follicles. Endometrium is repaired thickens, and becomes well vascularized in response to increasing levels of estrogens.

14. Secretory phase . It occurs when the pituitary gland releases LH that causes the ovary to release a mature ovum and the causes the remaining portion of the follicle to develop into the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum then, produces progesterone. Endometrical glands begin to secrete nutrients, and the lining becomes more vascular in response to increasing level of progesterone.

15. Problems associated with menstruation

16. Premenstrual syndrome T his refers to the time period occurring shortly before the onset of menstruation. During this phase, many individuals may experience physical and emotional symptoms known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), which can include bloating, breast tenderness, mood swings, irritability, fatigue, and changes in appetite. These symptoms typically resolve once menstruation begins.

17. dysmenorrhea Dysmenorrhea is a medical term used to describe painful menstrual periods. This pain can range from mild to severe and may be accompanied by symptoms such as cramping in the lower abdomen, back pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea refers to menstrual pain that occurs without an underlying medical condition, while secondary dysmenorrhea is pain that is caused by an underlying condition such as endometriosis or fibroids.

18. amenorrhea Amenorrhea is the absence or cessation of menstrual periods in females of reproductive age. There are two main types of amenorrhea: primary and secondary. Primary amenorrhea occurs when a female has not experienced menstruation by the age of 16, whereas secondary amenorrhea refers to the cessation of menstruation for three or more consecutive cycles in someone who previously had regular menstrual periods. Amenorrhea can be caused by various factors, including hormonal imbalances, pregnancy, breastfeeding, extreme weight loss or gain, stress, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hypothalamic amenorrhea.

19. Female secondary sexual characteristics

20. Widening of hips and pelvis – accommodates giving birth, but also results in downward shift in center of gravity . Enlargement of Breast – at puberty, both the glandular and fatty tissues of the breasts develop considerably. Differences in breast size between women are primarily due to differences in the amount of fatty issue.

21. More Female characteristics

22. Generally shorter than men; Greater proportion of body weight composed of fat than men; Two X chromosomes reduces expression of many sex-linked conditions ; and Lower mortality rate at every age and longer projected lifespan than men

23. The biological male The male sexual anatomy is designed for the production and delivery of sperm for fertilization of the female‟s ovum. Puberty signals the final development of primary and accessory organs that support reproduction.

24. The male external genetalia

25. Prepuce – foreskin covering the head of penis, removed in male circumcision. Penis – glans (head), shaft and root. The glans is particularly sensitive to stimulation. Running the length of the penis is the urethra surrounded by the spongy body and two cylindrical chambers known as the cavernous bodies. During arousal, these become engorged with blood, resulting in erection. Corona – rim of glans where it arises from the shaft. Frenulum – think strip of skin connecting gland and shaft on underside of penis. Scrotum – sac that encloses the two compartments housing the testes; Urethral Opening – found on head of penis this is the end of the connected to bladder and used for urination. It is also tube to which internal structures deliver semen by which male ejaculates; and Perineum – area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus, distance is greater in males than females.

26. The male INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE organ

27. Testes – productive androgen, particularly large quantities of testosterone, which greatly influence male development and drive sexual motivation; also produce sperm cells in virtually unlimited quantity over the entire course of the lifespan; Vas Deferens – travels from testicle toward urethra carrying sperm; Seminal vesicles – two glands that produce alkaline fluid rich in fructose sugar comprising some 70% of semen volume. Ejaculatory ducts – connect vas deferens to urethra; Prostrate – gland producing alkaline secretions that account for about 30% of semen volume. Urethra – tube within penis that carries sperm and semen the rest of the way to the opening of the penis.

28. More male characteristics

29. Generally taller and greater proportion of body weight composed of water. Proportionately larger heart and lungs, presumably to handle greater blood fluid volume. Exposure to greater levels of testosterone resulting in heavier body and facial hair , but also increased frequency and degree of baldness; and Single X chromosome resulting in sex-linked conditions such as color blindness and hemophilia.

30. Male hormones The testosterone is the major male hormone produced mainly by the testes, but there are other glands called the adrenal glands that also produce some testosterone. In case a man has lost his testes, these glands would continue to produce testosterone to support the male physical appearance. Testosterone is responsible for the growth and development of a boy during adolescence and for the development of sperm and secondary sexual characteristics.

31. male secondary sexual characteristics

32. No monthly cycle; Elongation of vocal cords (lower voice) Broader shoulders Deeper chest cavity

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