ANATOMY Chapter+2+PPT+with+voiceoers.pptx

CHAPTER 2 TISSUES

1. Human Anatomy Sixth Edition Kenneth S. Saladin Chapter 02 Cytology—The Study of Cells Lecture Outline ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.  No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

2. Microscopy Light microscope (LM). Visible light produces image. Most often used. Most limited in magnification. Resolution – ability to reveal detail. Transmission electron microscope (TEM). Scanning electron microscope (SEM).

3. Magnification versus Resolution Figure 2.1 a, b

4. Images of RBCs Produced by Three Kinds of Microscopes Figure 2.2 a, b, c Light microscope Scanning electron microscope Transmission electron microscope

5. Cell Shapes and Sizes Figure 2.3

6. Cellular Terminology Basal surface. Apical surface. Lateral surface. Micrometer (µm). One-millionth of a meter (10 −6 ). Naked eye about 100 µm.

7. Basic Components of a Cell Plasma membrane. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton. Organelles. Inclusions. Cytosol. Nucleus. An organelle containing nucleoplasm. Generalized Cell- Figure 2.5

8. Plasma Membrane 1 Boundary of cell. Membrane lipids. Phospholipids – 75%. Bilayer. Hydrophilic. Hydrophobic. Cholesterol – 20%. Fluidity of the membrane. Glycolipids – 5%. Contribute to glycocalyx . Membrane proteins. Integral (transmembrane) proteins. Pass through membrane. Glycoproteins. Peripheral proteins. Adhere to either face of membrane.

9. Plasma Membrane 2 Figure 2.6b

10. Functions of Membrane Proteins Receptor. Enzyme. Channel protein. Transport protein. Cell-identity marker. Cell-adhesion molecule. Figure 2.9

11. Membrane Transport: Filtration Figure 2.10a

12. Membrane Transport: Simple Diffusion Figure 2.10b

13. Membrane Transport: Osmosis Special case of simple diffusion. Movement of water. From “more watery” side to “less watery” side.

14. Membrane Transport: Facilitated Diffusion Figure 2.10c

15. Membrane Transport: Active Transport Figure 2.10d

16. Membrane Transport: Vesicular Transport Figure 2.11

17. Surface Extensions Microvilli. Plasma membrane extensions. Increase surface area. Brush border. Cilia. Primary cilium. Motile cilia. Axoneme – microtubules. Dynein – motor protein. Flagella. Long axoneme . Propels sperm cell. Figure 2.12a ©Don W. Fawcett/Science Source

18. Cilia Figure 2.13 b, d

19. Glycocalyx Carbohydrate component. Fuzzy, sugary coat. Functions. Protects. Cell identity. Binds tissues. Figure 2.12b ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source

20. Cellular Junctions Tight junction. Sealant. Desmosomes. Resist stress. Gap junction. Communication. Figure 2.15

21. The Cell Interior Cytosol – fluid of cell. Cytoskeleton – structural component. Organelles – functioning structures. Inclusions – nonessential structures.

22. The Cytoskeleton 1 Protein filaments and tubules. Support cell. Determine shape. Organize contents. Move substances. Move cell. Microfilaments and terminal web. Intermediate filaments. Microtubules.

23. The Cytoskeleton 2 Figure 2.16 (b) ©Science Photo Library/ Alamy Stock Photo

24. Organelles “Little organs”. Metabolically active. Compartmentalize contents of cell. Nucleus. Endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes. Golgi complex. Proteasomes. Lysosomes. Peroxisomes. Mitochondria. Centrioles.

25. Nucleus Largest organelle. Contains chromosomes. Genetic control center. Produces ribosomes. Nuclear envelope. Nuclear pores. Nucleoplasm. Chromosomes. Nucleoli. Figure 2.18

26. Endoplasmic Reticulum “Little network within the cytoplasm”. Cisterns. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Studded with ribosomes. Produces phospholipids and proteins of plasma membrane. Produces proteins for secretion and for lysosomes. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Cells that detoxify. Cells that synthesize steroids. Figure 2.19a

27. Ribosomes Locations. Cytosol. Rough endoplasmic reticulum. Nuclear envelope. Nucleoli. Mitochondria. Read mRNA → assemble amino acids into proteins.

28. Golgi Complex Composed of cisterns. Transport vesicles from RER to Golgi complex. Golgi vesicles – packaged proteins. Lysosomes. To plasma membrane. Secretory vesicles. Figure 2.19b

29. Organelle Collaboration in Protein Production Figure 2.20

30. Proteasomes Cylindrical organelles that break down proteins. Cell marks “old” proteins for disposal by proteasomes. These organelles degrade 80% of a cell’s proteins. Figure 2.19c

31. Lysosomes Enzymes in single unit membrane. Clean up cell. Autophagy – breaks down organelles. Apoptosis – programmed cell death. Figure 2.19d

32. Peroxisomes Resemble lysosomes. Oxidize organic molecules, especially fatty acids. Produce hydrogen peroxide. Oxidize other molecules. Excess broken down to water and oxygen by catalase. Abundant in liver and kidneys.

33. Mitochondria Specialized for aerobic respiration. Most of body’s ATP. Outer membrane. Inner membrane. Cristae. Mitochondrial matrix. Figure 2.19e

34. Centrioles Microtubules. Nine groups of three. Centrosome. Cytoplasm that contains perpendicular pair. Cellular division. Basal body. Cilium. Figure 2.19f

35. Inclusions Not essential to cell survival. Stored cellular products. Pigments. Fat droplets. Granules of glycogen. Foreign bodies. Dust particles. Viruses. Intracellular bacteria.

36. The Cell Cycle Interphase. First gap phase (G 1 ). Growth and normal metabolic roles. Synthesis phase (S). DNA replication. Second gap phase (G 2 ). Growth and preparation for mitosis. DNA proofreading. Figure 2.21

37. The Cell Cycle 3 Mitotic Phase (M) – Division of Nuclear material. Prophase. Chromatin condenses. Nuclear envelope breaks down. Nucleolus disappears. Spindle fibers form to connect to kinetochore. Metaphase. Chromosomes align at center of cell. Aster attached to plasma membrane. Anaphase. Daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles. Telophase. Chromatids at each pole decondense . Surrounded by new nuclear membrane. Nucleoli reformed.

38. The Cell Cycle 4 Cytokinesis. Division of cytoplasm. Begins in anaphase. Cleavage furrow developed. Cell pinches into two identical daughter cells.

39. Mitosis Figure 2.23 1,2) ©Ed Reschke , (3,4) ©Ed Reschke /Getty Images

40. Stem Cells Immature cells that can develop into one or more types of mature, specialized cells. Developmental plasticity. Adult stem (AS) cells. In most body organs. Produce cells for normal turnover. Multipotent (for example, bone marrow cells). Embryonic stem (ES) cells. Embryo up to 150 cells. Pluripotent. Excess of in vitro fertilization.