anatomy course for Engineering studentss

anatomy

1. Anatomy Anatomy is the science of structure and design of the organs and systems of the human body. Ana= up Tomy = cutting They are two main ways to studying anatomy Regional anatomy divided the body into parts Head neck trunk upper and lower limbs

2. Skin Skeleton system Muscular system Respiratory sys Cardiovascualr sys Digestive sys Urinary system Nervous sys Male and female reproductive system Systemic anatomy

3. Basic body systems

4. The Cell and Tissues The cell (from Latin cella , meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Cell diversity Not all cells are alike even in one organism. Differ in shape and size. 300 different types in our body. Cell size Cells are small. Need magnification to be seen. Human egg (ovum) is the largest cell in the body ; can be seen by naked eye.

5. Cell types Two main types of cells: Eukaryotic cell --has nucleus ---Human cell Prokaryotic cell --- no nucleus ---primitive

6. Cell theory A. All living things are composed of one or more cells B .Cells are the base unit of structure and function in an organism. C .Cells come from replication of existing cells.

7. Cell organelles (functional constituents) 1.Cell membrane; to control in & out transfer of materials , control storage & shape of cell. 2.Nucleus; control all the activities and cell multiplication 3.Mitochonderia; energy production necessary for all functions 4.Neucleolus: keep the chromosomes and cell identity 5.Golgi body; ; manufacture and stores materials 6. Ribosomes; Protein production

8. The cell membrane Cell membrane is a semi permeable surrounds the cytoplasm , actively controls the passage across it in & out of the cell (Customs) . Keeps the shape and fixation of the cell body. Composed of arrangements of proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol. Organelles also have their own membranes.

9. Cell membrane functions Processes of transfer across the membrane : 1.Diffusion 2.Osmosis 3.Fascilitaed diffusion 4.Active transport 5.Endostosis & exostosis (in bulk)

10. Cell membrane structure

11. The nucleus It is center of command ; controls all the activities inside the cell. Contain the genetic materials DNA deoxyribonucleic acid & RNA ribonucleic acid Human cell contain 23 pairs (46 chromosomes) 22 pairs somatic & 1 pair sex chromosomes

12. chromosome

13. Cell shape differ according to tissue function : Examples; Neurons cells are long as the body to transmit the Signal Cells of the blood are small to pass through capillaries Cells of fibrous tissue are elongated and elastic to withstand deforming forces. mucous membrane of respiratory system have cilia (hairs) to sweep out forign particles with the air. Muscle cells have contractile elements to function in flexion and extension of joints. Bone and cartilage cells produce hard matrix to give rigidly to the tissue

14. Tissue tissue are groups of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform a specific function. There are four different types of tissues in human and animal …. 1.Epithelial tissue 2.Connective tissue 3.Muscular tissue 4.Nervous tissue

15. The epithelial tissues are formed by cells that cover the organ surfaces, such as the surface of skin, the airways, surfaces of soft organs, the reproductive tract, and the inner lining of the digestive tract. this tissue provides a barrier between the external environment and the organ it covers. may also be specialized to function in secretion, excretion and absorption. Epithelial tissue helps to protect organs from microorganisms, injury, and fluid loss. Connective tissues are fibrous tissues made up of cells separated by non-living material, which is called an extracellular matrix. This matrix can be liquid or rigid. For example, blood contains plasma as its matrix and bone's matrix is rigid. Blood, bone, tendon, ligament, adipose, and areolar tissues are examples of connective tissue. connective tissues is to divide them into three types: fibrous connective tissue, skeletal connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue.

16. Muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. The tissue is highly cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels. The cells are long and slender so they are sometimes called muscle fibers, and these are usually arranged in bundles or layers that are surrounded by connective tissue. Muscle tissue can be categorized into skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue. Neural tissue Cells comprising the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system are classified as nervous (or neural) tissue. In the central nervous system, neural tissues form the brain and spinal cord. In the peripheral nervous system, neural tissues form the cranial nerves and spinal nerves, inclusive of the motor neurons.

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