anatomy introduction.pptx

anatomy introduction.pptx

1. Human Anatomy Tesfahun B.(BSc in Nursing)

2. UNIT - 1 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

3. Objectives of the session At the end of this session the students will be able: Identify division anatomy Define the terms Anatomy Identify different terms Know different position

4. 1 . Definition of Anatomy The term 'anatomy' is derived from the Greek word Anat = apart Tome = cut (It also means dissection of the various parts of human body). Is the study of the structure of the body . Is the science or branch of morphology which treats the structure of organisms and relations of the parts . As part of the basis for the problem solving in relation to normal and disordered function .

5. 2 . DIVISION OF ANATOMY General anatomy : the study of gross & microscopic structures as well as the composition of the body, its tissues & fluids. Special anatomy – is the anatomy of certain definite organs or groups of organs involved in the performance of special function. Gross anatomy –is the study of the human body or its parts withou t the help of a microscope. Microscopic anatomy – the study of cells, tissues & organs of the body by the help of using the microscope .

6. Cont … Regional or Topographic anatomy : is the anatomy of certain related parts or divisions of the body. Systemic anatomy : the anatomy of the different systems of the body. Radiological anatomy: the study of the body by the help of radiographs. Surgical anatomy: applied anatomy in reference to surgical diagnosis & treatment .

7. Cont … Physiological (functional) anatomy: anatomy studied in relation to function . Anatomy : includes those structures that can be seen grossly ( without the aid of magnification) and microscopically (with the aid of magnification ). Large scale Anatomy: Human gross anatomy Small scale Anatomy: Histology(cell and tissue) The study of anatomy is linked, at its root, to dissection. Dissection of cadavers by students is now augmented, or even in some cases replaced, by viewing prosected ( previously dissected ) material and plastic models, or using computer teaching modules and other learning aids.

8. Cont … Anatomy forms the basis for the practice of medicine. Anatomy leads the physician towards an understanding of a patient's disease whether he or she is carrying out a physical examination or using the most advanced imaging techniques. Anatomy is also important for nursing, dentists, physical therapists , and all others involved in any aspect of patient treatment that begins with an analysis of clinical signs. The ability to interpret a clinical observation correctly is therefore the endpoint of a sound anatomical understanding

9. Cont … Observation and visualization: are the primary techniques a student should use to learn anatomy. Anatomy is much more than just memorization of lists of names Knowing the names of the various branches of the external carotid artery is not the same as being able to visualize the course of the lingual artery from its origin in the neck to its termination in the tongue .

10. Cont … Understanding the organization of the soft palate, how it is related to the oral and nasal cavities, and how it moves during swallowing is very different from being able to recite/ read aloud/ the names of its individual muscles and nerves. An understanding of anatomy requires an understanding of the context in which the terminology can be remembered. The language of anatomy is important; the network of information needed to visualize the position of physical structures in a patient goes far beyond simple memorization

11. 3 . Approaches to study gross anatomy Regional approach Each region of the body is studied separately and all aspects of that region are studied at the same time . For example, if the Thorax is to be studied, all of its structures are examined. This includes the vasculature, the nerves, the bones, the muscles and all other structures and organs located in the region of the body defined as the thorax .

12. Cont … After studying this region, the other regions of the body (i.e. the Abdomen, Pelvis, Lower Limb, Upper Limb, Back, and Head and Neck) are studied.

13. Cont … Systemic approach In contrast, in a systemic approach, each system of the body is studied and followed throughout the entire body. For example, a study of the cardiovascular system looks at the heart and all of the blood vessels in the body. The skeletal system Muscular system Gastrointestinal system Respiratory system Lymphatic systems etc. …. has been in a similar fashion .

14. 4. Anatomical position The anatomical position is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures. The body is in the anatomical position: When standing upright with feet together, hands by the side and face looking forward . The mouth is closed and the facial expression is neutral.

15. Cont … The rim of bone under the eyes is in the same horizontal plane as the top of the 'opening to the ear' and the eyes are 'open ' and focused on something in the distance. The palms of the hands face forward with the fingers straight and together and with the pad of the thumb turned 90 ° to the pads of the fingers. The toes point forward.

16. Anatomical position

17. Supine position In this position the body is lying down with face pointing upwards. All the remaining positions are similar to anatomical position with the only difference of being in a horizontal plane rather than a vertical plane.

18. Prone position This is the position in which the back of the body is directed upwards . The body lies in a horizontal plane with face directed downwards .

19. Lithotomy position In this position the body is lying in a supine with hips and knees fully extended. The feet are strapped in position to support the flexed knees and hips.

20. 5 . Body types No two human beings are built exactly alike, but we can group individuals into: Three major categories. These group MORPH = body, body form ECTO = all energy is outgoing ENDO = all energy is stored inside MESO = between, in the middle s represent basic body shapes .

21. Cont … ECTOMORPH = slim individual ENDOMORPH = broad individual MESOMORPH = body type between the two others , " muscular" type Ectomorphs = slim persons, are more susceptible to lung infections . Endomorphs = are more susceptible to heart disease

22. Typical traits of an ectomorph Small “delicate” frame and bone structure Classic “ hardgainer ” Flat chest Small shoulders Thin Lean muscle mass Finds it hard to gain weight Fast metabolism

23. Typical traits of an Endomorph Soft and round body Gains muscle and fat very easily Is generally short and “stocky” Round physique Finds it hard to lose fat Slow metabolism

24. Typical traits on a Mesomorph Athletic Hard body with well-defined muscles Rectangular shaped body Strong Gains muscle easily Gains fat more easily than ectomorphs

25. 6 . Anatomical planes Three major groups of planes pass through the body in the anatomical position . Coronal planes : are oriented vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. Sagittal planes : also are oriented vertically, but are at right angles to the coronal planes and divide the body into right and left parts. The plane that passes through the center of the body dividing it into equal right and left half is termed the median sagittal plane. Transverse , horizontal, or axial : planes divide the body into superior and inferior parts. Oblique plane: Any plane other than the above described planes will be oblique plane.

26. Anatomic plane

27. Anatomic plane…

28. 7 . Anatomical terminology Anatomicomedical Terminology An international vocabulary has been established for anatomy and medicine. Learn the correct nomenclature (e.g., axillary fossa instead of armpit and clavicle instead of collar bone ) that enables precise communication among healthcare professionals worldwide as well as among scholars in basic and applied health sciences.

29. Cont … You must also know the common and colloquial (ordinary) terms people are likely to use when they describe their complaints. Furthermore , you must be able to use terms people will understand when explaining their medical problems to them. This terminology conforms to the new Terminologia Anatomica : International Anatomical Terminology (Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology, 1998)”the authorized international reference guide on anatomical language .

30. 7.1 . Terms to describe relation, comparison and location of body Pairs of terms are used to describe the location of structures relative to the body as a whole or to other structures. Anterior (or ventral) and posterior (or dorsal): Describe the position of structures relative to the 'front' and 'back ' of the body . For example, the nose is an anterior (ventral) structure whereas the vertebral column is a posterior (dorsal) structure.

31. Cont … For example, the nose is an anterior (ventral) structure whereas the vertebral column is a posterior (dorsal) structure. The nose is anterior to the ears and the vertebral column is posterior to the sternum.

32. Cont … Medial and lateral: Describe the position of structures relative to the median sagittal plane and the sides of the body. For example, the thumb is lateral to the little finger. The nose is in the median sagittal plane and is medial to the eyes, which are in turn medial to the ears.

33. Cont … Superior and inferior: Describe structures in reference to the vertical axis of the body. For example, the head is superior to the shoulders and the knee joint is inferior to the hip joint. Cranial: (towards the head) and caudal (towards the tail) are sometimes used instead of superior and inferior respectively. Rostral: is used, particularly in the head, to describe the position of a structure with reference to the nose. For example, the forebrain is rostral to the hindbrain.

34. Cont … Superficial and deep : These terms are used to describe the relative positions of two structures with respect to the surface of the body. For example, the sternum is superficial to the heart and the stomach is deep to the abdominal wall.

35. 7.2 . Terms of limbs Proximal and distal : are used with reference to being closer or farther from a structure's origin and/ or from trunk. Proximal : means near the trunk. Distal : means away from the trunk. For example, the hand is distal to the elbow joint. The glenohumeral joint is proximal to the elbow joint.

36. Cont … Preaxial : border means the outer border in the upper limb and inner border in the lower limb . Postaxial: border means outer border in upper limb and inner border in lower limb . Flexor surface: means anterior surface of the upper limb and posterior surface of the lower limb . Extensor surface: means the posterior surface of upper limb and anterior surface of the lower limb.

37. Terms of limbs

38. 7.3. Terms of laterality Unilateral: those structure occurring on one side only EX . spleen Bilateral: paired structure having right and left members EX . kidney Epsilateral : something occurring on the same side of the body as another structure. EX . Right thumb and right big toe. Contralateral: occurring on the opposite side of the body relative to another structure. EX . The right hand is contralateral to the left hand.

39. 7.4. Anatomical terms for describing muscles Origin: The relatively fixed end of muscle during natural movements of the muscle. Insertion: The relatively mobile end of the muscle during natural movements of the muscle. Belly: The fat fleshy part of the muscle which is contractile in function. Tendon: The fibrous and non-contractile part of the muscle which attaches muscle to the bone . Aponeurosis : It is a flattened tendon arising from the connective tissues around the muscle.

40. 7.5. Terms of movement Flexion: bending or decreasing angle between the bones or parts of the body. Dorsiflextion : flexion at ankle joint EX . Walking uphill or lifting the toe off the ground Plantar flexion : turns the foot or toes toward the plantar surface. Extension: increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body .

41. Cont … Abduction: moving away from the median plane in the frontal plane. Adduction: moving towards the median plane in the frontal plane Circumduction: Is the circular movement that is a combination of flexion , extension, abduction and adduction. Rotation: turning apart of the body around its longitudinal axis. Pronation : is the rotational movement of the forearm and hand that swings the radius medially around its longitudinal axis so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly.

42. Cont … Supination: is the rotational movement of the forearm and hand that swings the radius laterally around its longitudinal axis so that the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and palm faces anteriorly. Opposition: is the movement by which the pad of the 1st thumb is brought to other digit pad. Reposition : the movement of the 1st digit from position of opposition back to its anatomical position Protrusion: is the movement anteriorly as in protruding the tongue, lips , and mandible.

43. Cont … Retrusion : movement posteriorly. Elevation: raises or moves apart superiorly Ex . Opening the eyes. Depression: lowers or moves inferiorly. EX . Upper lid when closing the eye Eversion: moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane. Inversion: moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane.

44. Body movement

45. Body movement

46. Body movement…

47. 8 . Body cavity These are confined spaces with in the body. Their associated membranes protect, compartmentalized & support the organs contained in them. There are two principal body cavities, the Anterior body cavity & Posterior body cavity Each of these main cavities has subdivision

48. Cont … The Posterior body cavity contains Cranial cavity Spinal cavity The Anterior body cavity contains Thoracic cavity Abdominopelivic cavity

49. 9. Body membranes These are thin, pliable (bending) layers of the epithelial & / or connective tissues that lined body cavities, cover surfaces, or separate or connect certain structures, organs , & region of the body . The three membranes found in the bodies are: Mucous membrane Is the lining of the body passageways that opens to the outside of the body ?

50. Cont … Serous membrane Is the lining closed body cavity-pericardial, pleural, & peritoneal Synovial membrane Area where friction needs to be reduced such as the cavity of movable joints

51. 10 . Levels of anatomical organization Human body just like any other organism is built up from 7 levels. 1. Chemical level- subatomic particles (electron, proton & neutron) -- atoms (elements) ---molecules (group of one or more elements )- compounds (carbohydrates, proteins , fats, vitamins , minerals ) -- mixtures (water) ----life ?

52. Cont … 2. Organelle level - a group of mixtures forming life e.g . mitochondria. 3. Cellular level - group of organelles that form cell e.g goblet cell 4. Tissue level - group of specific cells forming 4 basic tissues e.g epithelial tissue

53. Cont … 5. Organ level - a group of tissues making grossly visible structure organ e.g lung 6. System level - a group of numerous organs forming 11 systems of the body e.g respiratory system 7. Organism level - independent entity made of the whole lower levels e.g . a newly born infant.

54. THANK YOU