anatomy of the Anterior compartment of the thigh

The thigh is a key region of the lower limb, providing both mobility and stability for locomotion and posture. It is divided into compartments by intermuscular septa and the fascia lata, with the anterior compartment primarily responsible for extension of the knee and flexion of the hip, while the medial compartment is mainly involved in adduction of the thigh. Understanding the anatomy of these compartments—including their muscles, innervation, and blood supply is essential for appreciating their role in movement, clinical assessment, and surgical approaches.

1. ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH By Aswani clevin

2. Objectives Introduction to myology Fascia of the thigh Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh Blood supply and venous drainage of the anterior compartment of the thigh Nerve supply of the anterior compartment of the thigh Femoral triangle, femoral sheath and femoral canal Adductor canal Inguinal canal

3. TERMS FOR MOVEMENTS Flexion : decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane. Extension: straightens a joint and returns to zero position. Hyperextension: extreme extension of a joint, beyond the zero position.

4. Abduction: away from the midline of the body Adduction: back toward the midline.

5. Elevation : raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane. Depression: lowers a body part in the same plane.

6. Protraction :- anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane Retraction :-posterior movement.

7. Supination :-on the forearm, turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward. Pronation opposite movement, causing the palm to face posteriorly or downward.

8. Circumduction : one end remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion Rotation turning around a fixed axis..

9. Introduction Myology: study of the skeletal muscles Types of muscular tissue in the human body i ) Skeletal muscle ii) cardiac muscles iii) smooth muscles Functions of Muscles include: ● Movement. ● Stability. ● Control of body openings and passages. ● Heat production. ● Glycemic control. ASWANI CLEVIN

10. Universal Properties of Muscle ● Excitability : exhibit electrical & mechanical responses. ● Conductivity : events that lead to contraction. ● Contractility: ability to shorten. ● Extensibility: stretch. ● Elasticity: it can recoil to a shorter original length ASWANI CLEVIN

11. General Anatomy of skeletal Muscles voluntary striated muscle attached to one/more bones . contains connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels. ASWANI CLEVIN

12. Fascicles and Muscle Shapes muscle strength and direction of its pull can be determined by orientation of fascicles. Can be classified as follows: Fusiform,Triangular (convergent ), Parallel muscles,Circular (sphincters) , Pennate( Unipennate , Bipennate , Multipennate ) ASWANI CLEVIN

13. Muscle Attachments Skeletal muscles attach to bones through extensions of their connective tissue components. indirect attachment muscle ends are attached by tendon or an aponeurosis . direct (fleshy) attachment little separation between muscle and bone hence emerges directly from the bone ASWANI CLEVIN

14. Muscle Origins and Insertions When the muscle contracts, it moves one bone relative to the other. Action: effect produced by a muscle to produce or prevent movement. origin attachment site that doesn't move during contraction and is usually proximal, or closer to the body insertion is attachment site that move when the muscle contracts usually distal . ASWANI CLEVIN

15. Functional Groups of Muscles Skeletal muscles function in groups whose combined actions produce the coordinated control of a joint. particular muscle can act in a certain way during one joint action and in a different way during other actions of the same joint. ASWANI CLEVIN

16. AGONIST prime mover and produces most of the force during a joint action. e.g . elbow flexion , prime mover is brachialis . 2. SYNERGIST: aids the prime mover. Two or more synergists acting on a joint can produce more power than a single larger muscle. 3. ANTAGONIST opposes the prime mover e.g. brachialis and triceps that act on opposite sides of a joint. 4. FIXATOR muscle that prevents a bone from moving allowing another muscle attached to it to pull on something else ASWANI CLEVIN

17. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Muscles intrinsic muscle is entirely contained within a particular region, having both of its attachments there. extrinsic muscle acts upon a designated region but originates elsewhere. ASWANI CLEVIN

18. Muscles, Bones, and Levers bone acts as a lever, joint serves as the fulcrum and the effort is generated by a muscle . function is to produce a gain in the speed, distance, or force of a motion ASWANI CLEVIN

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20. Muscle Groups and Compartments arranged in logical groups making their functional relationships easier to understand. fasciae encloses the group of muscles spaces in to compartments separated by intermuscular septum Each compartment contains one or more functionally related muscles along with their nerve and blood supplies. ASWANI CLEVIN

21. Anterior (Extensor) Compartment of the Thigh. form most of the mass of the thigh and produce actions on the knee joint. it has four heads:-rectus femoris , vastus lateralis , vastus medialis & vastus intermedius ASWANI CLEVIN

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23. All four converge on a single quadriceps (patellar) tendon, which extends to the patella, then continues as the patellar ligament and inserts on the tibial tuberosity. Crossing the quadriceps from the lateral side of the hip to the medial side of the knee is the Sartorius which is the longest muscle of the body. ASWANI CLEVIN

24. Name Action Skeletal Attachments Innervation Quadriceps Femoris Extends the knee, as in kicking a ball and rising from a chair, in addition to actions of individual heads. • Varies; see individual heads below • Patella; tibial tuberosity; lateral and medial condyles of tibia Femoral nerve Rectus Femoris Extends knee; flexes thigh at hip; flexes trunk on hip if thigh is fixed • Ilium at anterior inferior spine and superior margin of acetabulum; capsule of hip joint • See quadriceps femoris above Femoral nerve Vastus Lateralis Extends knee; retains patella in groove on femur during knee movements • Femur at greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, gluteal tuberosity, and linea aspera • See quadriceps femoris above Femoral nerve Vastus Medialis Same as vastus lateralis • Femur at intertrochanteric line, spiral line, linea aspera , and medial supracondylar line • See quadriceps femoris above Femoral nerve Vastus Intermedius Extends knee • Anterior and lateral surfaces of femoral shaft • See quadriceps femoris above Femoral nerve Sartorius Aids in knee and hip flexion, as in sitting or climbing; abducts and laterally rotates thigh • On and near anterior superior spine of ilium • Medial surface of proximal end of tibia Femoral nerve ASWANI CLEVIN

25. Medial (Adductor) Compartment of the Thigh. Fasciae divide the thigh into three compartments: anterior (extensor) compartment posterior (flexor) compartment medial (adductor) compartment. The five muscles of the medial compartment act primarily as adductors of the thigh some of them cross both the hip and knee joints and have additional actions. ASWANI CLEVIN

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27. name action Skeletal attachments innervation Adductor Brevis Adducts thigh • Body and inferior ramus of pubis • Linea aspera and spiral line of femur Obturator nerve Adductor Longus Adducts and medially rotates thigh; flexes thigh at hip • Body and inferior ramus of pubis • Linea aspera of femur Obturator nerve Adductor Magnus Adducts and medially rotates thigh; extends thigh at hip • Inferior ramus of pubis; ramus and tuberosity of ischium • Linea aspera , gluteal tuberosity, and medial supracondylar line of femur Obturator nerve; tibial nerve Gracilis Flexes and medially rotates tibia at knee • Body and inferior ramus of pubis; ramus of ischium • Medial surface of tibia just below condyle Obturator nerve Pectineus Flexes and adducts thigh • Superior ramus of pubis • Spiral line of femur Femoral nerve ASWANI CLEVIN

28. Fascia of the thigh band or sheet of connective tissue, beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles Divided in to: Superficial (fatty and membranous layer) deep fascia(fascia latta ) Cribriform fascia

29. cribriform fascia : perforated fascia covering the saphenous opening in the fascia lata of the thigh and giving passage to various blood and lymph vessels.

30. Nerve supply of the anterior thigh Major nerve supply is from the femoral nerve and its branches Cutaneous supply is by seven cutaneous nerves from the lumbar plexus Muscular nerve supply is by the femoral nerve branches Que: Find the root value of the seven cutaneous nerves?

31. Blood supply anterior compartment of the thigh Main blood supply is the femoral artery. begins behind the inguinal ligament at the external iliac artery ,. After exiting the femoral triangle, it continues down the anterior aspect of the thigh, through a tunnel (adductor canal). During its descent, it supplies the anterior thigh muscles and gives rise to cutaneous and articular supply.

32. Lymphatic drainage of the anterior thigh There is a chain of about 10 superficial inguinal lymph nodes located in the upper inner thigh. These nodes drain into three to five deep inguinal lymph nodes in the connective tissue of the upper thigh. From there, lymph fluid drains into other lymph nodes in the pelvis Cutaneous lymph nodes infront of the thigh are divided in to three:- Lateral horizontal, Medial horizontal and Lower vertical group

33. Femoral triangle Triangular depression located at the upper 1/3rd immediately below the inguinal ligament Borders:- medial border of sartorios , inguinal ligament and medial border of adductor longus Roof:- skin, superficial fascia including cutaneous nerves and blood vessels, deep and cribriform fascia Floor: - adducror longus,pectineus,tendon of psoas major and the illiacus

34. femoral sheath and canal are all contents of the femoral triangle Femoral artery arises from mid-inguinal point to the apex of the femoral triangle Femoral triangle acts as a conduit for structures entering and leaving the anterior thigh. Que: what's the difference between mid-point of inguinal ligament and the mid-inguinal point?

35. Femoral sheath funnel-shaped fascial space that extends from the abdomen, inferior to the inguinal ligament, into the femoral triangle. It has variable length and terminates by blending in with the adventitia of the femoral vessels .

36. Femoral canal medial compartment of the femoral sheath, an inverted cone-shaped fascial space medial to the common femoral vein within the upper femoral triangle. It is only 1-2 cm long and opens superiorly as the femoral ring.

37. Adductor canal

38. Inguinal canal serves as a pathway by which structures can pass from the abdominal wall to the external genitalia. It is of clinical importance as a potential weakness in the abdominal wall, and thus a common site of herniation.

39. deep (internal) ring is found above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament. The ring is created by the transversalis fascia, which invaginates to form a covering of the contents of the inguinal canal . superficial (external) ring marks the end of canal, lies just superior to the pubic tubercle. It is a triangle shaped opening, formed by the evagination of the external oblique, which forms another covering of the inguinal canal contents. This opening contains intercrural fibres , which run perpendicular to the aponeurosis of the external oblique and prevent the ring from widening.

40. contents : Spermatic cord (males), Round ligament (females ), Ilioinguinal nerve (most at risk of damage during an inguinal hernia repair ) Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

41. Inguinal hernias Direct inguinal hernia doesn’t follow that path through the inguinal ring into the scrotum. It passes through the wall of the canal indirect hernia. passage through the inguinal ring

42. END