Ancient Middle East and Egypt - History class.pptx

Ancient Middle East and Egypt - History class

1. Kingdom on the Nile How does geography influence our lives?

2. Geography Shapes Egypt The fertile lands of the Nile River Valley attracted Stone Age farmers from the Mediterranean “Egypt is wholly the gift of the Nile” People settled and established farming villages along the Nile Egyptians depended on floods to soak the land and deposit rich soil People had to build reservoirs and irrigation ditches to store water for dry season… sense of community Egypt had several natural barriers which helped to protect it from invasion Mediterranean Sea/expansive deserts to the East-West

3. The Ancient Egyptian Civilization The geography of Egypt To the ancient egyptians , the Nile River represented both the source of food and the main factor that allowed this people to build a Civilization in the desert .

4. The Ancient Egyptian Civilization The geography of Egypt Read pages 34 and 35 and explain the geographical importance of the Nile River to the ancient egyptians .

5. The political history of egypt The unification of Egypt Political science is   the scientific study of politics .  War is said to be merely the continuation of policy by other means . The kingdom of E gypt is believed to be unifed by King Narmer in 3000 B.C. by the conquer of the L ower Nile by a King of the Upper Nile . To influence people , egyptian kings used political propaganda ( just like today ).

6. Geography Shapes Egypt Ancient Egypt had two distinct regions...Upper and Lower Upper stretched from the first cataract (waterfall), north to within 100 miles of the Mediterranean Sea Lower covered the delta region of the Nile The Nile served as the major trade route The two areas were united about 3100 B.C. by Menes Traffic moved along the Nile via barges, sailboats The Nile helped make Egypt one of the world’s first unified states Later saw trade with the Middle East Palestine

7. political propaganda in egypt Propaganda is the circulation of information that aims to persuade or manipulate public opinion. It may be political or religious and in antiquity often took the form of works of art. Historians have to critically interpret and decode this works of art to reconstruct the past. Egyptians used propaganda extensively to persuade of the greatness of its pharaohs to the illiterate .

8. Canals were built to carry water to fields of wheat, barley, fruits, and vegetables. The Nile allowed farmers to raise animals such as cattle and sheep. The river also provided many types of fish to eat, and hunters trapped ducks and geese. Natural barriers made Egypt hard to invade. Desert in the west was too big and harsh to cross. Mediterranean and Red Sea provided protection from invasion. Cataracts in the Nile made it difficult to invade from the south. Nile Valley

9. POLITICAL ORIGINS : Strong kings unified all of Egypt. According to tradition, Menes rose to power in Upper Egypt and unified the two kingdoms by taking control of Lower Egypt and by marrying a Lower Egyptian princess. Menes was probably Egypt’s first pharaoh , the title used by the rulers of Egypt. He also founded Egypt’s first dynasty , or series of rulers from the same family. The First Dynasty lasted for about 200 years and extended Egyptian territory southward along the Nile.

10. Invention of writing NEOLITHIC AGE EARLY BRONZE AGE LATE BRONZE AGE IRON AGE OLD KINGDOM Started 2700 BC Ended 2200 BC MIDDLE KINGDOM Started 2050 BC Ended 1750 BC NEW KINGDOM Started 1550 BC Ended 1050 BC

11. What was important to the Ancient Egyptians? Mt. Rushmore  list 4 things you would like to be buried with

12. Three Kingdoms of Egypt We can describe the history of Ancient Egypt using three main periods: The Old Kingdom (2700-2200 B.C.) The Middle Kingdom (2050-1800 B.C.) The New Kingdom (1550-1100 B.C.)

13. The Old Kingdom Pharaohs  organized a strong central state, were absolute rulers, and were considered gods The people believed that the Pharaoh controlled many things including the flooding of the Nile itself People expected Pharaohs to act morally Great Pyramids were built to preserve the bodies of the deceased This time is also called the pyramid age, because the great pyramids were built during this time. Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom

14. Mummification and The Afterlife Mummification- process of wrapping the dead in cloth in order to preserve the bodies To preserve the body so that the soul could stay in the afterlife, People were buried with everything they would need for eternity All Egyptians used this process (even their pets were mummified) First the body was washed and the internal organs including the lungs, stomach, liver and intestines were removed. The heart was left in the body because the Egyptians viewed it as the center of intelligence. The Brain was removed through the nose and thrown away The Body was packed in Natron (a drying agent) and left for 70 days. After that the body was wrapped in linen with tree resin for glue, treasures were buried with the body.

15. The Middle Kingdom After the fall of the Old Kingdom there was a period of chaos for about 150 years, eventually a new dynasty took over in Egypt  stability In the Middle Kingdom the Pharaoh took new interest in the common people. The Pharaoh also implemented many public works like to create arable farmland Corruption and rebellions were common Hyksos invaded and occupied the delta region Used chariots...eventually used by Egyptians Hyksos were impressed by Egyptian civilization and adopted many customs  New Kingdom

16. Rise of an Egyptian Golden Age What does it mean to be in a “golden age”

17. The New Kingdom The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom took a more aggressive ruling style, Egypt became the most powerful state in Southwest Asia GOLDEN AGE Hatshepsut was the first woman to be Pharaoh She took power for herself, but she had to pose as a man to cement her authority. She built many monuments, temples and encouraged trade with eastern Mediterranean lands King Tut(Tutankhamen) Restored the old religious practices

18. Tomb of King Tut We estimate that there were around 170 pharos total in Ancient Egypt…so why is King Tut so famous? In 1922, British archaeologist Howard Carter discovered the tomb of Tutankhamen, buried in the Valley of Kings King Tut was 18 when he died The tomb had remained untouched for 3,000 years Buried in the tomb was weapons, chariots, furniture, jewelry, toys, games, etc. So if King Tut was only 18, not famous, did not build a great pyramid or accomplish much…..why do we care so much?

19. Right : A facial-reconstruction model of King Tutankhamun made by a French team based on CT scans of the boy king's mummy. Above : Nov. 4, 2007: King Tut's mummy, unmasked and on public display in Egypt for the first time since being discovered 85 years ago.

20. The New Kingdom Ramses II , reigned from 1279 until 1213 B.C. One of the longest reigns in Egyptian History He sought to increase the size of the empire and went on to expand Egypt though many military conquests Signed a peace treaty with Hittites...first such document He is rumored to have fathered over 100 children and many believe that he was the Pharaoh during the Hebrew Exodus Decline Egypt fell into a period of decline and foreign invasion Egypt was ruled by many different people and eventually defeated by the Romans The last Pharaoh of Egypt was Cleopatra VII , who committed suicide rather than surrender to the Romans.

21. Egyptian Civilization Read the Egyptian Gods article and answer the three questions on the back!

22. Religion in Ancient Egypt For the Egyptians, religion was closely tied to daily life. They worshipped over 1,500 gods The Egyptians were polytheistic. Chief God in Egypt was the Sun God Ra  Sun God worshipped during Old Kingdom Amon(Re) Great lord of the gods, worshipped during Middle Kingdom It was believed that the Pharaoh was connected to this god, and received their powers from the gods

23. Religion in Ancient Egypt Most Egyptians related to the God Osiris and the Goddesses Isis Story of the these two gods touched human emotions such as love and jealousy Osiris ruled the underworld and was also known as the god of the Nile – he controlled the annual flooding Isis appealed to women It was said she first taught women to care for children She promised the faithful they would have life after death

24. Egyptian Society Like other early civilizations a class system developed in Egypt Pharaoh(God/Leader)  Gov. Officials and Priests Merchants, Scribes etc. Peasants During the New Kingdom social classes became more and more prevalent Most people were farmers/slaves during the Old and Middle Kingdoms During the New Kingdom trade and warfare were increasing Trade offered opportunities for people to gain wealth Foreign conquests brought more riches to Egypt

25. Advances in Learning Egyptians developed multiple writing systems Hieroglyphics was the first system invented Symbols to represent ideas or themes, similar to Cuneiform Egyptians cared their writing on stone or papyrus For a long time archaeologists were unable to translate hieroglyphics The discovery of the Rosetta Stone allowed for the translation of Hieroglyphics***** It contained the same passage in three languages Hieroglyphics  Greek  Demotic

26. Advances in Learning Doctors learned a great deal about the human body from mummification They could observe symptoms, diagnose illnesses and find cures Math was developed to solve everyday problems Boundaries were re-drawn because of floods Geometry used to build pyramids and temples The Egyptians developed an accurate solar (365 day) calendar. Egyptian Arts In Egyptian art the human body is usually shown in profile or partial profile Painting and sculpture styles remained unchanged for thousands of years Carvings and paintings in temples and tombs was also common

27. Roots of Judaism Compare and contrast monotheistic and polytheistic beliefs.

28. Ancient Israelites Present day Israel lies on the East Coast of the Mediterranean Sea 4,000 years ago the ancient Israelites developed Judaism which became the center of their culture and one of the major world religions Israelites (also called Hebrews) were monotheistic At this time, all other peoples were polytheistic Israelites believed in an all – powerful God who had plans for each person Each event that took place was part of God’s plan

29. Ancient Israelites Torah  most sacred text of the Israelites Text of recorded events and laws Includes the first five (of 24 total) books of the Hebrew Bible Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy

30. Ancient Israelites According to the Torah Abraham is the father of Israelite people Israelites believed God made a promise to Abraham God declared he would have a special relationship with Abraham and his descendants Israelite’s viewed themselves as God’s chosen people Moses later renewed God’s promise with the Israelites The Hebrews suffered from the failure of their crops, and moved to Egypt, and became slaves…eventually Moses led them out of Egypt to the desert where they wandered for 40 years until they reached Palestine.

31. Jewish Golden Age Log into laptops

32. Kingdom of Israel Israelites had set up the Kingdom of Israel by 1000 B.C. David , who was a strong ruler united 12 separate Israel tribes into one nation Solomon , David’s son, followed his father as king and began turning Jerusalem into a capital city Solomon had a great temple built in Jerusalem to house the Ark of the Covenant which housed the Ten Commandments . Solomon tried to increase Israel’s influence around the region by negotiating with Egypt and Mesopotamia

33. Israel Divides and Falls Solomon’s building projects required tremendous amounts of taxes and labor People began to revolt after he died (922 B.C) Kingdom was then split in two Israel in the North and Judah in the South 586 B.C. Babylonians captured Judah Nebuchadnezzar destroyed King Solomon’s Temple and forced many people he conquered into exile in Babylon 539 B.C. Cyrus the Great conquers Babylon and frees the Israelites

34. Laws and Morality Prophets : spiritual leaders that interpret God’s will emerged throughout Jewish history to remind people of their duties The prophets taught a strong code of ethics  they urged personal morality and social justice (rich and powerful must protect the poor and weak) The Jews used the Ten Commandments as a guide for their lives Ex.: Keeping the Sabbath: holy day for rest and worship

35. Jews Maintain their Faith Throughout their history, Jews have been exiled and persecuted, yet they still maintain their beliefs today For a 500 year period the Jewish people went through Diaspora or a spreading out of the Jewish people Judaism is considered a major world religion Judaism has contributed to Christianity and Islam