Anesthesia

Anesthesia
What are the risks and complications of anesthesia?
Stages of anesthesia
types of Anesthesia :
General ,local and Regional Anesthesia
Drugs for Anesthesia

1. Anesthesia

2. Anesthesia is a way to control pain during a surgery or procedure by using medicine called anesthetics. It can help control your breathing, blood pressure, blood flow, and heart rate and rhythm.

3. Anesthesia may be used to relax you, block pain , make you sleepy or forgetful and make you . unconscious for your surgery. Besides general anesthesia, other forms of anesthesia may provide only light sedation or use injections to numb only a small area (local anesthesia) or a larger region (regional anesthesia) of your body.

4. What are the risks and complications of anesthesia? Major side effects and other problems of anesthesia aren't common, especially in people who are in good health.

5. But all anesthesia has some risk. For example: After general anesthesia heart problems, pneumonia, sore throat, over vomiting can occur. With high doses of local anesthesia, the anesthetic can go into the rest of the body and affect your brain or heart. After spinal anesthesia some people get headaches your risk depends on the type of anesthesia

6. Some health problems, such as heart or lung disease, increase your chances of problems from anesthesia. Taking certain medicines, smoking, drinking alcohol, and using illegal drugs can also increase your chance of problems.

7. Stages of anesthesia

8. Stage 1 : (Induction, aka voluntary excitement) is the period between the initial administration of the induction agents and loss of consciousness. During this stage, the patient progresses from analgesia without amnesia to analgesia with amnesia. Patients can carry on a conversation at this time.

9. Stage 2 : (delirium, involuntary excitement) is the period following loss of consciousness and marked by excited and delirious activity. During this stage, respirations and heart rate may become irregular. In addition, there may be uncontrolled movements, vomiting, breath holding, and papillary dilation.

10. Since the combination of spastic movements, vomiting, and irregular respirations may lead to airway compromise, rapidly acting drugs are used to minimize time in this stage and reach stage 3 as fast as possible.

11. "surgical anesthesia" : Stage 3 During this stage, the skeletal muscles relax, vomiting stops, and respiratory depression occurs . Eye movements slow, then stop, the patient is unconscious and ready for surgery. It has been divided into 4 planes: -eyes initially rolling, then becoming fixed -loss of corneal and laryngeal reflexes -pupils dilate and loss of light reflex -intercostals paralysis, shallow abdominal respiration

12. Stage 4 : "overdose“ Is the stage where too much medication has been given relative to the amount of surgical stimulation and the patient has severe brain stem or medullary depression. This results in a cessation of respiration and potential cardiovascular collapse. This stage is lethal without cardiovascular and respiratory support.

13. Types of Anesthesia -General Anesthesia -Regional Anesthesia -Local Anesthesia  

14. General Anesthesia   : General anesthesia acts primarily on the brain and central nervous system to make the patient unconscious and unaware.

15. It is administered via the patient's circulatory system by a combination of inhaled gas and injected drugs. After the initial injection, anesthesia is maintained with inhaled gas anesthetics and additional drugs through an intravenous line (IV) .

16. Local Anesthesia : is medicine given to temporarily stop the sense of pain in a particular area of the body. A patient remains conscious during a local anesthetic. For minor surgery, a local anesthetic can be administered via injection to the site..

17. However, when a large area needs to be numbed, or if a local anesthetic injection will not penetrate deep enough, physicians may resort to regional anesthetics

18. Regional Anesthesia : involves injection of a local anesthetic (numbing agent) around major nerves or the spinal cord to block pain from a larger but still limited part of the body. You will likely receive medicine to help you relax or sleep during surgery. Major types of regional anesthesia include:

19. Spinal  : often used for lower abdominal, pelvic, rectal, or lower extremity surgery. This type of anesthetic involves injecting a single dose of the anesthetic agent directly into the spinal cord in the lower back, causing numbness in the lower body.

20. Epidural, and caudal anesthesia :  this anesthetic is similar to a spinal anesthetic and also is commonly used for surgery of the lower limbs and during labor and childbirth.

21. This type of anesthesia involves continually infusing drugs through a thin catheter that has been placed into the space that surrounds the spinal cord in the lower back, causing numbness in the lower body.

22. Nerve blocks  : A local anesthetic is injected near a specific nerve or group of nerves to block pain from the area of the body supplied by the nerve.

23. Nerve blocks are most commonly used for procedures on the hands, arms, feet, legs, or face. Example - a Brachial Plexus block may be used by your anesthesiologist to provide anesthesia to your entire arm and shoulder.

24. Drugs for General Anesthesia Atracurium : is a neuromuscular-blocking agent, used as an adjuvant in anesthesia. This medication provides relaxation of skeletal muscles during surgery.

25. Cisatracurium Besylate : is a neuromuscular blocking agent, used as an adjunct to general anesthesia . Desflurane : is a general anesthetic, prescribed for induction of anesthesia during surgery.

26. Enflurane : is a structural isomer of isoflurane , prescribed for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Halothane : is an inhalational general anesthetic, prescribed for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia

27. Ketamine : is a hydrochloride salt, used as an anesthetic. Hyoscyamine : is an anticholinergic agent, used as pain killer (Belladonna alkaloid). It blocks cardiac vagal inhibitory reflexes during anesthesia induction and intubation, used to relax muscles.

28. Methohexital : is a barbiturate anesthetic, prescribed for inducing anesthesia before surgery. Propofol : is a general anesthetic, prescribed for induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia

29. Rapacuronium : is a neuromuscular blocker, prescribed as an adjunct to general anesthesia to facilitate tracheal intubations. Rocuronium : is a neuromuscular blocker, prescribed as an adjunct to general anesthesia for muscle relaxation and to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or external breathing.

30. Sevoflurane : is a halogenated hydrocarbon, acts as a general anesthetic during surgery either alone or combined with other medications. It is given by inhalation. This helps to produce more effective anesthesia in some patients. Succinylcholine : is a depolarizing muscle relaxant, used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia

31. Drugs for Local Anesthesia Articane HCl and Epinephrine: Injection is a local dental anesthetic, used as an anesthesia for dental procedures.

32. Benzocaine : is a local anesthetic used to treat painful conditions such as mouth ulcers, sore throat, before inserting instruments into the rectum or vagina for examination. Bupivacaine : is a local anesthetic, used for surgery and for obstetrical procedures.

33. Lidocaine : is a local anesthetic, indicated for local or regional anesthesia. Lidocaine and Prilocaine : is a dermal anesthesia, prescribed for tingling, pricking or numbness of a person's skin.

34. Mepivacaine : is a local anesthetic, prescribed for inducing local or regional analgesia and anesthesia during surgical procedures, labor, or delivery. Oxethazaine : is a potent local anesthetic, prescribed for rapid and effective relief in gastritis, esophagitis , hiatus hernia, heartburn of pregnancy and peptic ulcer.

35. Bupivacaine : is a local anesthetic, used for surgery and for obstetrical procedures. Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia

36. Article Sources http://www.webmd.com http://www.mayoclinic.org http://www.ahc.umn.edu http://www.medindia.net http://fgtba.com

37. Thank you