Anesthesia types and complications

Anesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes.

Local anesthetics block the nerves that connect a particular body part or region to the brain, preventing the nerves from carrying pain signals to your brain. Examples include novocaine shots, which dentists use to numb the nerves in your mouth during a root canal, and epidurals, which allow for a (relatively) painless childbirth by blocking the nerves that originate at the base of the spinal cord and serve the pelvic region.

For serious surgeries that require a patient to be completely unaware, doctors turn to general anesthesia. This renders patients unconscious with no perception or memory of the surgery (though pain from the surgical procedure will be apparent once you wake up). It also limits the physiological responses to surgical cuts, keeping blood pressure, stress hormone release and heart rate constant during the procedure.

2. THE NERVE
A nerve is an organ containing a bundle of nerve cells 
called neurons.  
Neurons carry electrical messages called impulses 
throughout the body. 

3. impulse in a neuron
muscle
tissue
TYPICAL MOTOR
NEURON
Axon
dendrite
synapse
cell body

4. ANESTHESIA
Presented by
Mr B kalyankumar
Msc(N) Dept of MSN

5. INTRODUCTION
The word Anesthesia is coined from Greek word. Throughout 
their lives, most people will undergo anesthesia either during the 
birth of their baby or for a surgical procedure.
 

6. DEFINITION
Anesthesia is an artificially induced state of  partial or total loss 
of sensation, occurring with or without loss of  consciousness.

7. Selection of Anesthesia depends on many variables.
Age and physical condition of  the patient
Type , location and duration of the surgery
Previous Anesthetic  history
Personal preference and judgement  of  the Anesthesiologist. 

8. CLASSIFICATION OF ANETHESIA
General General
anesthesiaanesthesia Regional Regional
anesthesiaanesthesia

9. 1. General anesthesia: General anesthetics are used to produce 
loss of consciousness before and after surgery. The medication is 
either inhaled through a breathing mask, tube or intravenous route. 
General anesthesia is best suited for surgery of  head, neck, 
prolonged surgical procedures.

10. STAGES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Stage I : This is also known as induction, it is the period 
between the administration of  induction agents and loss of 
consciousness.
Stage II: It is known as excitement stage, it is from loss of 
consciousness to loss  of  eyelid  reflexes. During this stage 
patients respiration and heart rate may become irregular.
Stage III: It is known as Surgical anesthesia, respiratory 
depression, skeletal muscle relax occurs.
Stage IV: It also known as Over dose, occur when too much 
anesthetic medication given. Resulting in cessation of  
respiratory and potential cardiovascular collapse.

11. TYPES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Intravenous anesthesia: When anesthesia is administered 
intravenously, client experiences unconsciousness about 30 
seconds after induction. Most commonly used drugs are  
Thiopental sodium, ketomine, Etomide and  Propofol.

12. Inhalation anesthesia: It is a mixture of  volatile liquids or vapors 
or nitrous oxide and oxygen. The vapors are administerd through a 
mask or an endotracheal tube inserted directly into trachea. The 
most commonly used inhalations are Halothane, Isoflurane and 
nitrous oxide.

13. Muscle relaxant: Muscle relaxants are administered 
intravenously and usually given to facilitate intubation. It block 
transmission of  nerve impulses to the muscles. Common drugs 
Succinylcholine, Atracurium.

14. 2. Regional anesthesia: Used for local effects. These agents block 
the conduction of impulses in nerve fibers without depolarizing all 
the membrane. Sometimes Epinephrine is added for prolonged 
effect.

15. TYPES OF REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
Topical
Anesthesia
Infiltration
Anesthesia
Peripheral
nerve block
Anesthesia
Spinal
Anesthesia
Epidural
Anesthesia

16. TOPICAL ANESTHESIA
This is directly applied to an area or on the skin to block nerve 
impulses at a particular area. These may be in the form of  
solution, ointment, gel, cream. It is used in minor procedures 
such as mouth or before a bronchoscopic examination to 
desensitize the bronchi. Most commonly used drug is Cocaine.

17. Infiltration anesthesia: It blocks only the peripheral nerves 
around the area of  incision. It involves the injection of  
anesthetic agent such as  Lidocaine into the skin.

18. Spinal anesthesia:Anesthesia introduced into the subarachnoid 
space at the lumbar level, usually between L4 and L5.

19. Epidural anesthesia: It is achieved by injecting local anesthetic 
agent into epidural space. Needle inserted at the thoracic, lumbar, 
sacral.  It blocks  sensory and motor function.

20. COMPLICATIONS OF ANESTHESIA
Nausea and vomiting
Hypotension
Headache
Respiratory paralysis
Neurological complications
Severe numbness

23. GOOD TIME WITH YOU