Angiosperms (flowering plants) PowerPoint Presentation

Second Semester PowerPoint Presentation on the flowering plants, the largest organisms of the plant kingdom.
This was presented by Group 10.

1. Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) Presenters: Group ten (10) Bota 104, Mother Patern college of Health Sciences May 13, 2019

2. Lesson Outline An overview of Angiosperms Selective advantage of flowering plants which has led to their success General Characteristics of Flowering plants Reproduction in Angiosperms Classification of Angiosperms Ecological and Economic Importance

3. Lesson Objectives By the end of this presentation, learners will be able to: Define, and discuss the term angiosperm Discuss the form of reproduction in these organisms Classify angiosperms Discuss the impacts of these organisms Economically and ecologically

4. Overview of Angiosperms Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers, fruits and seed; and have their ovules enclosed in an ovary It comes from two Greek words ‘ angion’ ( container) and ‘ Sperma’ ( seed ) The largest and most diverse group in the kingdom Plantae, with 68 orders , 416 families , approximately 13,164 known genera and about 400,000 species, and make up about 90% of all plant species on earth Considered a group, at the level called Anthophyta. Examples include: Montsechia Vidalii , sunflower , Wolffia etc.

5. Overview Cont’d Sunflower Wolffia

6. Overview Cont’d Selective advantages of flowering plants which have led to their success Angiosperms’ use of flowers to reproduce made them more reproductively successful The pollination of flowers by animals or bees in exchange for nectar made angiosperms more reproductively successful. Angiosperms also began to encase their seeds in fruits, which provide both extra nourishment and protection for their offspring

7. Overview cont’d Produce flowers and fruits to aid in seed dispersal Can produce spores which are more stable than seeds from gymnosperms Most importantly, they have vessels that can escalate their growth

8. Overview Cont’d Some differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms Characteristics Angiosperms Gymnosperms Definition Seed-producing flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed with an ovary Seed-producing nonflowering plants whose seeds are naked Seeds Enclosed inside an ovary, usually in a fruit Bare, not enclosed; found on scales, leaves, or as cones Life cycle Seasonal(die during autumn or fall) Ever green Leaves flat Scale-like; needle-like Reproduction Mostly rely on animals Mostly rely on wind Uses Medication, food, clothing, etc. Paper, timber, etc.

9. Overview Cont’d Some similarities between angiosperms and gymnosperms Both are capable of producing pollen for fertilization, which is siphonogamous, i.e., through a pollen tube The sporophyte of both of these varieties is differentiated into root, stem and leaf The ovules of both angiosperms and gymnosperms develop into seeds The most distinct similarity is the reduced gametophyte phase of both plants

10. Evolution of Angiosperms Angiosperms appeared on earth during the Cretaceous period. Their common ancestor is the gymnosperms The origin and spread of angiosperms was described as “abominable mystery” by Charles Darwin Gnetophytes and Bennettitales are the groups of gymnosperms most similar to angiosperms

11. General Characteristics - Habitat Angiosperms are mostly terrestrial A few species are aquatic Thalassia Zostera

12. General Characteristic Cont’d Other forms of habitat include : Freshwater e.g. Wolffia, Lemna, etc. Mesophytes e.g. Sunflower; mulberry Xerophytes e.g. Alhagi, Capparis, etc. Succulents e.g. Euphorbia, Opuntia, etc..

13. General Characteristics Cont’d Lithophytes Halophytes e.g. Suaeda Psammophytes e.g. Yellow brown Rape Some may be found in marshy habitats e.g. Rhizophora

14. General Characteristics - Habits The habits of a flowering plant can be determined by its height, duration and nature of stems They are of three main types: Wheat Herbs e.g. wheat Shrubs e.g. Jasmine Trees e.g. Dalbergia Dalbergia Jasmine

15. General Characteristics Cont’d Habits Other forms include: Trailers e.g . Tribulus Creepers e.g . Grass Twiners e.g. Ipomoea Climbers e.g. grape vine Lianas e.g. hiptage Epiphytes e.g. Vanda

16. General Characteristics - Morphology The branch of biology that deals with the study of the form, size, and structure of an organism Morphologically, angiosperms’ bodies are divided into two main systems: Root System Shoot System

17. General Characteristics Cont’d

18. General characteristics cont’d Types of roots In flowering plants, there are three main types of roots, which include: Tap roots Fibrous roots Adventitious roots A dventitious roots

19. General Characteristics Cont’d Venation in flowering plants The pattern of veins on a leaf There are two main types: Parallel venation Reticulate venation Parallel venation Reticulate venation

20. General Characteristics - Nutrition Angiosperms are mostly autotrophic plants, though a few are heterotrophic The heterotrophic angiosperms are of three types: Saprophytes Parasites Insectivores Arceuthobium americanum

21. General Characteristics Cont’d Insectivorous Angiosperms Ventricosa Nepenthes Venus Flytrap – Da

22. General Characteristics Cont’d Bacterial leaf symbiosis a unique and intimate interaction between bacteria and flowering plants, in which endosymbionts are organized in specialized leaf structure The Burkholderia endosymbionts can be found in 54 plant species including: Ardisia, Pavetta, Psychotria; Sericanthe This interaction can be termed as obligate

23. General Characteristics Cont’d Bacterial Leaf Symbiosis

24. General Characteristics - Germination Three types of germination are seen in angiosperms Hypogeal Germination Epigeal Germination Viviparous Germination (Vivipary)

25. General Characteristics - Movement Angiosperms exhibit what is called movement of curvature Movement restricted only to bending or movement of some body parts It is of two types: Autonomic (spontaneous) movement of curvature Autonomic movement of variation Autonomic movement of growth Paratonic (induced) movement of curvature paratonic movement of growth paratonic movement of variation

26. General Characteristics Cont’d Movements in angiosperms

27. Reproduction in angiosperms – Sexual Reproduction This involves the production of male and female gametes It is the transfer of the male gamete to the female ovule through the process of pollination Unlike bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, angiosperms and gymnosperms have a larger, photosynthetic and dominant sporophyte However, the ovules of flowering plants develop into fruits inside the ovaries

28. Reproduction Cont’d Sporophyte and gametophyte stage compared to gymnosperms In angiosperms, the alternation of generation found in gymnosperms is more modified and gametophytes are reduced size and cellular number The immature and mature microgametophytes in angiosperms and gymnosperms The megagametophyte is reduced to much greater extent The presence of Archegonia

29. Reproduction Cont’d Description of a typical flower A typical flower has four main parts or whorl which include: Calyx Corolla Androecium Gynoecium

30. Reproduction Cont’d The calyx is composed of green leafy structures known as sepals. It protects the inner part of the flower, and is the outer most whorl The corolla is comprised of petals which are usually brightly colored. Its function is to attract insects to the flower Together, the calyx and corolla are known as the perianth. The number of sepals and petals varies depending on the plant; whether it is a monocot or a dicot.

31. Reproduction cont’d The androecium which is the third part of the flower contains the male reproductive structure. It has stamens with anthers that contain the microsporangia. The gynoecium is the inner most part of the flower. It contains the female reproductive components. The carpel is the individual unit of the gynoecium that has a stigma, style and ovary

32. Reproduction cont’d

33. Reproduction cont’d A flower may be a complete flower or an incomplete flower There are two types of flowers in plants The bisexual flower , which contains both the androecium and the gynoecium. They are complete flowers and can also be referred to as androgynous or hermaphrodite The unisexual flowers contain the androecium and the gynoecium on separate flowers. A unisexual flower is an incomplete flower and can be termed as staminate or carpellate flower.

34. Reproduction cont’d Unisexual flowers are of two types, namely; Monoecious – both staminate and carpellate flowers borne on the same plant Dioecious – the staminate and carpellate flowers are borne on separate plants

35. Reproduction cont’d Inferior and superior flower A flower can also occur as inferior or superior

36. Reproduction cont’d Development of the ovum in the ovary In angiosperms, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells It has three major parts: The integument The nucellus The female gametophyte

37. Reproduction cont’d The integument is a protective cell layer surrounding the ovule. It is divided into an outer and inner integument. They develop into seed coat when the ovule matures at fertilization The nucellus forms part of the inner structure of the ovule, forming a layer of diploid (sporophytic) cells inside the integument. The female gametophyte is known as the megagametophyte and can also be termed as the embryo sac in angiosperms.

38. Reproduction cont’d

39. Reproduction cont’d Development of pollen grain in the anther The male gametophyte develops and reaches maturity in an immature anther In a plant’s male reproductive organ, development of pollen takes place in a structure called the microsporangium The sporangia, which are usually bi-lobed, are pollen sacs in which the microspores develop into pollen grain. These are all found in the anther, which is at the end of the stamen (the long filaments that support the anther)

40. Reproduction cont’d

41. Reproduction cont’d

42. Reproduction in Angiosperms - Pollination The process by which pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of flowers Pollination can be achieved in either of the two processes: Autogamy (self-pollination) Allogamy (cross pollination)

43. Reproduction cont’d Inbreeding Devices These are conditions that favor self-pollination. They include the following: Bisexuality e.g. Lilly, R ose, Tulip Homosexuality Cleistogamy e.g. peas, peanuts, etc.

44. Reproduction cont’d Outbreeding Devices This refers to the conditions that favor cross pollination, and include the following: Unisexuality e.g. Casta, Papaya, etc. Dichogamy e.g. Ivy, Plantain, etc. Self sterility (incompatibility) e.g. tobacco, potato Herkogamy e.g. pansy Heterostyly e.g. primula, Jasmine

45. Reproduction cont’d

46. Reproduction cont’d

47. Reproduction cont’d Agents of pollination Abiotic agents Anemophily e.g. grasses, palms, coconut, etc. Hydrophily e.g. Zostera, Hydrilla, Vallieneria

48. Reproduction cont’d Biotic agents (zoophily) Entomophily e.g. Sunflower, roses, Myrmecophily e.g. Amorphophallus, insects, yucca &pronuba moth Ornithophily e.g. Bombax, erythrina Chiropterophily e.g. kigellia, anthocephalous, etc . Malacophily e.g. Lemna, ariseema,

49. Reproduction cont’d Pollination can also occur by the following: Lemur, Gecko lizard; Rodents

50. Life Cycle of a Typical F lowering P lant Like gymnosperms, the lifecycle of a typical angiosperm is heterosporous They carry out a unique process known as double fertilization Before this process can occur, the ovule has to undergo some changes

51. Life Cycle Cont’d

52. Life Span of a Flowering Plant Life span is the time taken by an organism to complete its lifecycle On the basis of their lifespan, plants are of four types, which include: Ephemerals e.g. Anagalis arvensis Annuals e.g. maize, wheat, etc. Biennials e.g. henbane, Radish, carrot, etc. Perennials e.g. Bamboos, agave, cotton, etc.

53. Classification of angiosperms The phylum Anthophyta has been historically and typically divided into two main classes: Monocot Dicots However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the phylum consists of four main groups: Basal angiosperms Magnoliids Monocots Eudicots

54. Classification cont’d Basal Angiosperms Consist of several families of woody shrubs and herbs They are a broad group of the most primitive angiosperms, and they constitute about 0.5% of all living angiosperm species. The extinct ancestors of basal angiosperms are thought to include the first angiosperms which gave rise to all others. Are mostly woody plants Flowers are insect pollinated, bisexual and radially symmetrical

55. Classification cont’d Magnoliids Magnoliids are a monophyletic group of about 20 families Along with basal angiosperms, they are some times loosely referred to as Paleoherbs (ancient herbs) The magnoliids constitute about 2.5% of living angiosperms species Living groups of magnoliids include both woody and herbaceous plants

56. Classification cont’d Magnoliids They have spiral arrangement of flower parts Their carpels are sealed by cells Stigma sometimes extends down the carpel Pollen grain with a single opening Netted leaves venation Tap root system Two cotyledons

57. Classification cont’d Monocots Plants with two cotyledons (seed leaves) the monocots have pollen grain with one opening Their leaves have parallel venation They have scattered vascular bundles Fibrous root system Carpels sealed by cells Whorled arrangement of floral parts

58. Classification cont’d Dicots The dicotyledons are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants or angiosperms were formerly divided They are also known as dicotyls The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group, i.e. the seed has two embryonic leaves There were about 200,000 known species within this group Structure of a dicot seed

59. Classification cont’d Dicots Dicots roots generally have a distinct tap root with a few major lateral branches The roots are seldom fibrous as they are in monocots the vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) are arranged in a ring closed to the outside of the stems

60. Classification cont’d Eudicots Eudicots are a hugely diverse and abundant group of flowering plants Commonly known as “ true dicots ”. They constitute about 69% of angiosperm species This group contains 150,000 species and approximately 319 families

61. Classification cont’d Eudicots they have net-veined leaves (venation) Flower parts usually in multiples of four or five Contain embryo with two cotyledons Vascular bundles arranged in a ring in stem Consist of tricolpate pollen

62. Classification cont’d Eudicots: The class is divided into two groups namely; Basal eudicots Ranunculales Protales Core eudicots Rosids Asterids Carophyllids

63. Economic and Ecological Importance Human source of food, nutrients, income, etc. Used as food and habitat for wildlife Used for decoration

64. Economic and Ecological Importance Angiosperms are also used in the production of medicine Some plants that can be used for medical purposes are: Sunflower – (controls high blood pressure and ensures healthy skin) Milk thistle - (used to treat liver problems and treatment of cancer) Marigold - (used in treating immune response and stomach pains)

65. Summary Angiosperms are the most dominant form of plant in most terrestrial ecosystem, comprising about 80% of all plant species. Most crops and ornamental plants are angiosperms. Their success comes from two innovative structures that protect reproduction from variability in the environment: the flower and the fruit. The plant body can be differentiated into roots, stems and leaves, divided into the root and shoot system Roots, stems, and leaves are vegetative organs, whereas flowers, fruits and seeds are reproductive organs. Flowering plants mode of nutrition may be autotrophic, heterotrophic- parasitic, saprophytic, or insectivorous .   Germination in angiosperms may be epigeal, hypogeal, or viviparous. Their movement involves moving a body part primarily or permanently in response to externally or internal stimulus. Angiosperms are economically important in decoration, papers production, medication, etc .

66. Reference Nabor, Murray W., INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111 https://www.en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/floweringplantsquizlet.com https://www.evoluntionaryedges.weebly.com/floweringplants https:// science.jrank.org/pages/2761 http://www.biologydiscussion.com/seed/germination/seed-germination-types-with-diagram/15789 http://leavingbio.net/structure-flowering-plants/ https://www.cropsreview.com/plant-root-system.html https://biodifferences.com/difference-between-parallel-and-reticulate-venation.html http://www.biologydiscussion.com/angiosperms/angiosperms-size-habit-and-life-span-plants/70030 https:// en.m.wikipedia.orginal.org

67. “ How you respond to the challenge in the second half will determine what you become after the game, whether you are a winner or a loser” Lou Holtz “The power to become a winner or to remain a loser lies within you, so choose what you want to be” M artin M. N. F orkaph

68. Group Ten (10) Members Abigail D. Telyon Deborah W. Nurse Mary A. Tajudee Richlyne G. Kermue Gonee O. Mulbah Martin M. N. Forkpah