Animal Kingdom.pdf

CHAPTER
04
ANIMAL KINGDOM

DR. Anand Manianand_mani16 https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/anandmani001
Animals are multicellular and heterotrophic organisms without cell wall and chlorophyll. Kingdom
Animalia includes 11 major phyla:
1) Porifera
2) Cnidaria
3) Ctenophora
4) Platyhelminthes
5) Aschelminthes
6) Annelida
7) Arthropoda
8) Mollusca
9) Echinodermata
10) Hemichordata
11) Chordata
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
1. Levels of organization
Based on this, animals are grouped into three levels:
Cellular level of organization: Here, the cells are arranged as loose cell aggregates. E.g. Porifera.
Tissue level of organization: Here, the cells are arranged into tissues. E.g. Cnidarians and
Ctenophores.
Organ level of organization: Here, tissues are arranged into organs and organs are associated to
organ system. Each system performs a specific physiological function. E.g. Higher animals
(Platyhelminthes to chordates).
Organ systems of different animals show complexities. E.g.
Digestive system is 2 types:
- Incomplete: It has only a single opening that acts as mouth & anus. Seen in Cnidaria and
Platyhelminthes.
- Complete: It has 2 openings (mouth & anus).
Circulatory system is 2 types: open & closed.
2. Body symmetry
It is the arrangement of similar body parts on 2 sides of main axis of the body. Based on
symmetry, animals are 2 types: Asymmetrical and Symmetrical.
Asymmetrical: Here, body cannot be divided into 2 equal halves. E.g. Most Poriferans, Snails etc.
Symmetrical: Here, body can be divided into 2 equal halves. It is 2 types.
- Radial symmetry: Here, body can be divided into 2 equal halves by any plane along centralaxis
(oral-aboral axis) of the body. E.g. some Poriferans, Cnidarians, Ctenophores and Echinoderms
(adult).
- Bilateral symmetry: Here, body can be divided into right & left halves in only one plane. E.g.
Platyhelminthes to Chordata (except adult Echinodermata).
The body of bilaterally symmetrical animal has a dorsal side (upper), a ventral side (lower), left &
right lateral sides, anterior (cephalic) side and posterior (anal or tail) side.
3. Germinal layers (Embryonic layers)
These are layers of embryo from which all the body organs are formed. Based on the number of
germ layers, animals are 2 types- Diploblastic and Triploblastic.
a) Diploblastic animals: 2 germ layers- outer ectoderm and inner endoderm. In between these
layers, an undifferentiated jelly-like layer called mesoglea is present. E.g. Porifera, Cnidaria &
Ctenophora.
b) Triploblastic animals: 3 germ layers- Outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm and inner endoderm.
E.g. Platyhelminthes to Chordata.

DR. Anand Manianand_mani16 https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/anandmani001
4. Coelom (body cavity)
It is the cavity lined by mesoderm. It is seen between
body wall and gut wall. Coelom separates the
muscles of gut and body wall.
Based on the nature of coelom,
animals are 3 types:
a) Acoelomate: No coelom. The space between
body wall and digestive cavity is filled with matrix
(parenchyma). E.g. Porifera to Platyhelminthes.
b) Pseudocoelomate: False coelom. Here, the body
cavity is not lined by mesoderm. Mesoderm is
scattered pouches. E.g. Aschelminthes.
c) Coelomate: True coelom. Here, the coelom arises from
the mesoderm. Coelom is lined by peritoneal layer and
filled with coelomic fluid. E.g. Annelida to Chordata.
Functions of coelom:
- It accommodates visceral organs.
- Coelomic fluid reduces friction between visceral organs.
- It acts as shock absorber.
Metamerism (segmentation)
It is the phenomenon in which the body or organs is externally and internally divided into
repeated segments (metameres). E.g. Annelids (earthworm etc.), Arthropods.
Notochord
It is a mesodermally derived supporting rod formed on the dorsal side during embryonic
development in some animals. Animals with notochord are called chordates and those without
notochord are called non-chordates.
(a) (b)
Ectoderm
Mesoglea
Endoderm
Mesoderm

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COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PHYLA (NONCHORDATES)
Features Porifera (Sponges) Cnidaria (Coelenterata)
Ctenophora (Comb
jellies or Sea walnuts)
Grades of
organization
Cellular Tissue Tissue
Symmetry Asymmetrical. Some areradial. Radial Radial
Germ layersDiploblastic Diploblastic Diploblastic
Coelom Acoelomate Acoelomate Acoelomate
Habit and
habitat
Aquatic (mostly marine).
Sedentary.
Solitary/colonial.
Aquatic (mostly marine).
Sessile/free swimming.
Solitary/colonial.
Exclusively marine.
Solitary & pelagic
Digestive
system
Absent.
Intracellular digestion.
Incomplete.
Intracellular & extracellular digestion.
Incomplete.
Intracellular and
extracellular digestion.
Respiratory
system
Absent Absent Absent
Circulatory
system
Absent Absent Absent
Reproduction
Asexual (fragmentation)&
Sexual.
Hermaphrodite.
Internal fertilization.
Development is indirect.
Polyp reproduces asexually (budding)
and medusa sexually.
Most are separatesexes.
External fertilization.
Development is indirect.
Only Sexual.
Hermaphrodite.
External fertilization.
Development is indirect.
Unique
features
Water canal(water
transport) system.
Millions ofostia.
Spongocoel & canals are lined
with choanocytes (collar cells).
Body is supported by spicules
and sponginfibres.
Tentacles withcnidoblasts.
A gastro-vascular cavity
(coelenteron) with an opening(mouth)
onhypostome.
Polyp & Medusa forms are seen.
Some shows alternation of
generation.
Corals have skeleton (CaCO3).
Locomotion is by 8
vertical external rows of
ciliated comb plates.
Tentacles present.
ShowsBioluminescence.
Examples
Sycon (Scypha),
Spongilla (fresh water sponge),
Euspongia (Bath sponge)
Hydra, Obelia, Aurelia, Physalia
(Portugese man of war),Adamsia
(Sea-anemone), Pennatula (Seapen),
Gorgonia (Sea fan),
Meandrina (Brain coral)etc.
Ctenoplana,
Pleurobrachia
Water canal system: Here, water enters through minute pores (ostia) in the body wall into a
central cavity (spongocoel), from where it goes out through osculum. Canal system is used for
food gathering, gas exchange and removal of wastes.
Hermaphrodite: Male and female sex organs are seen in same individual.
Tentacles: Finger-like structures which surrounds the mouth of coelenterates. Used for food capture
& defense.
Cnidoblasts (Cnidocytes): These are stinging cells (present on the tentacles and the body) with a
poison-filled capsule called nematocyst. Cnidoblast is used for anchorage, defense and to capture
prey.

DR. Anand Manianand_mani16 https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/anandmani001
Polyp & Medusa: 2 types of body forms in cnidarians.
- Polyp is tubular attached asexual form, with upwardly directed mouth & tentacles. E.g. Hydra,
Adamsia.
- Medusa is umbrella like, free-swimming sexual form, with downwardly directed mouth &
tentacles. E.g. Aurelia (Jelly fish).
Alternation of generation (Metagenesis): The phenomenon in which polyps produce medusae
asexually and medusae form the polyps sexually. E.g. Obelia.
Bioluminescence: It is the property of some animals to emit light from the body.
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PHYLA (NONCHORDATES)
Aschelminthes
(Roundworms)
Annelida
(Segmentedor
Ringedworms)
Arthropoda
(Jointlegged animals)
Triploblastic Triploblastic Triploblastic
Features
Platyhelminthes
(Flatworms)
Grades of
organization
Organ & Organ system Organ system Organ systemOrgan system
Symmetry Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral
Germ layers Triploblastic
Coelom Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate Coelomate
Habit and
habitat
Mainly aquatic.
Endoparasites.
Some are free-living.
Aquatic and terrestrial.
Free living or parasitic
in plants & animals.
Terrestrial, fresh water
or marine.
Free living or parasitic.
Cosmopolitan
Digestive
system
Respiratory
system
Circulatory
system
Reproduction
Unique
features
Examples
Incomplete Complete Complete
Complete. Tubular
alimentary canal with
well-developed
muscular pharynx.
Absent
Absent Absent
Absent
Cutaneous respiration.
Some have branchial
(gill) respiration.
Gills/ book gills/
trachea/book lungs
Closed type Open type
Asexual (fragmentation)
and Sexual.
Hermaphrodite.
Internal Fertilization.
Development is indirect
(many larval stages).
Dioecious.
Sexual reproduction.
Internal fertilization.
Development is direct
or indirect
Sexual.
Earthworms & leeches
are monoecious.
Neries is dioecious.
Development is indirect.
Mostly dioecious.
Usually internal
fertilization.
Mostly oviparous.
Development is direct or
indirect.
Unsegmented, dorso-
ventrally flattened body
(except tape worms).
Excretion by Flame
cells (protonephridia).
Hooks & suckers in
parasitic forms.
Some absorb nutrients
from the host through
their body surface.
Syncitial epidermis.
Thick cuticle.
An excretory tube to
remove body waste
through excretory pore.
Sexual dimorphism
(females are longer
than males)
True segmentation.
Longitudinal and
circular muscles help
in locomotion.
Locomotory organs are
setae (in earthworm) or
parapodia (in Neries).
Excretion by Nephridia.
Paired ganglia connected
by lateral nerves to a
double ventral nerve
cord.
Jointed appendages.
Body has 3 regions: head,
thorax & abdomen.
Body is covered by
chitinous cuticle
(exoskeleton).
Excretion by Malpighian
tubules.
Sensory organs are
antennae, compound &
simple eyes, statocysts
(balance organs).
Taenia solium
(Tape worm),
Fasciola (Liver fluke),
Planaria (shows high
regeneration capacity).
Ascaris (Roundworm),
Ancylostoma
(Hookworm),
Wuchereria
(Filarialworm).
Pheretima (earthworm),
Hirudinaria (blood
sucking Leech),
Neries.
Spider, Scorpion, Crab,
Prawn, Insects etc.
Economically important
insects:
Apis, Bombyx, Laccifer.
Vectors: Mosquitoes
(Anopheles, Culex &
Aedes), Housefly etc.
Gregarious pest: Locusta.
Living fossil: Limulus
(King crab).

DR. Anand Manianand_mani16 https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/anandmani001
1) Dioecious: Sexes are separate.
2) Sexual dimorphism: Morphological differences between male and female.
3) Arthropoda is the largest phylum. Over two-thirds of all named species on earth are arthropods.
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PHYLA (NONCHORDATES)
Features
Mollusca
(Soft-bodied animals)
Echinodermata
(Spiny-skinned animals)
Hemichordata
Grades of
organization
Organ system Organ system Organ system
Symmetry Bilateral Radial (Bilateral in larva) Bilateral
Germ layersTriploblastic Triploblastic Triploblastic
Coelom Coelomate Coelomate Coelomate
Habit and
habitat
Aquatic.
Few are terrestrial.
Exclusively marine. Marine
Digestive
system
Complete
Complete.
Ventral mouth and dorsalanus.
Complete
Respiratory
system
Gills in aq. forms andpulmonary
sac in terrestrialforms.
Dermal branchiae (skin gillsor
papulae) and tube feet.
Gills
Circulatory
system
Open type Reduced and open type. Open type
Reproduction
Dioecious.
Oviparous.
Development is indirect.
Dioecious.
External fertilization.
Development is indirect.
Ciliated free-swimming larva.
Dioecious.
External fertilization.
Development isindirect.
Unique
features
Body has head, visceral mass
(visceral hump) & muscularfoot.
Head has sensory tentacles.
Univalve or bivalve calcareous
shell. Feather-like gills for
respiration & excretion. Mantle &
radula are seen.
Body is covered with spines for
protection. Head absent.
Calcareous endoskeleton (ossicles)
present.
Water vascular system present.
Excretory system absent.
Shows autotomy & regeneration.
Worm-like cylindrical body
composed of an anterior
proboscis, a collar and a long
trunk.
Excretion by Proboscis gland.
Examples
Pila (Apple Snail), Pinctada
(Pearl Oyster), Sepia (Cuttlefish),
Loligo (Squid), Octopus
(Devil fish), Aplysia (Sea Hare),
Dentalium (Tusk shell),
Chaetopleura (Chiton)
Asterias (Starfish),
Echinus (Sea Urchin),
Echinocardium, Antedon (Sea Lily),
Cucumaria (Sea Cucumber),
Ophiura (Brittle Star)
Balanoglossus (Tongue worm),
Saccoglossus.
1) Mollusca is the second largest phylum.
2) Radula: File-like rasping organ present in the mouth of mollusc s. It is used for feeding.
3) Mantle (Pallium): The membrane which covers visceral mass. Space between the hump and mantle is called mantle
cavity.
4) Water vascular (ambulacral) system: In this system, sea water enters through a porous plate called madreporite
and reaches the radiating canals and tube feet (podia). Its functions are locomotion, respiration, food capture &
transport.

DR. Anand Manianand_mani16 https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/anandmani001
PHYLUM CHORDATA
It includes animals with notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord and pharyngeal gill slits. Notochord
is a flexible rod located in the mid dorsal line between the alimentary canal and the nerve cord
in the embryo.
Differences between Chordata and NonChordata
Chordata Non-Chordata
1. Notochord is found in the embryonic stage Absent
2. Central nervous system is dorsal, hollow and single Ventral, solid and double
3. Pharyngeal gill slits present Absent
4. Ventral heart Dorsal heart (if present)
5. A post-anal part (tail) ispresent Absent
Phylum Chordata is classified into 3 subphyla: Urochordata, Cephalochordata & Vertebrata.
PROTOCHORDATA (ACRANIATA)
VERTEBRATA (CRANIATA)Urochordata (Tunicata) Cephalochordata
•Notochord present only in
larval tail.
•Body is covered by test made up
oftunicin.
•Exclusively marine.
•Hermaphrodite.
•E.g. Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum.
•Notochord from head to tail region
and is persistent throughout thelife.
•Fish- Like body.
Exclusively marine.
Sexes are separate.
E.g. Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or
Lancelet).
Possess notochord during the
embryonic period.
• Notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous
or bony vertebral column in the adult.
• Ventral muscular heart.
• Kidneys for excretion & osmoregulation
• Paired appendages (fins or limbs).
CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATA
Vertebrata
Division
Agnatha
(lacks jaw)
Class
1. Cyclostomata
Gnathostomata
(bears jaw)
Super Class
Pisces
(bear fins)
Tetrapoda
(bear limbs)
Class
1. Amphibia
2. Reptilia
3. Aves
4. Mammals
Class
1. Chondrichthyes
2. Osteichthyes

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CLASS CYCLOSTOMATA
- All are ectoparasites on some fishes.
- Elongated body without scales and paired fins.
- 6-15 pairs of gill slits for respiration.
- Sucking and circular mouth without jaws.
- Cartilaginous cranium and vertebral column.
- Circulation is closed type.
- Marine, but migrate for spawning to fresh water. After spawning, they die. Their larvae, after
metamorphosis, return to ocean.
E.g. Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish).
SUPERCLASS PISCES(FISHES)
Class Chondricthyes Class Osteichthyes
Marine. Stream-lined body. Predaceous. Marine & fresh water. Stream-lined body.
Cartilaginous endoskeleton.
Notochord is persistent throughoutlife.
Bony endoskeleton.
Ventral mouth. Terminal mouth.
Gill slits without operculum. Powerful jaws. 4 pairs of gills covered by operculum on each side.
Skin with placoid scales. Teeth are modified placoid
scales which are backwardlydirected.
Scales are Cycloid, ctenoidetc.
No air bladder. So, they have to swim constantly to
avoid sinking.
Air bladder for buoyancy.
Poikilotherms(cold-blooded). Poikilotherms(cold-blooded).
Two-chambered heart (one auricle and one ventricle).Two-chambered heart (one auricle and oneventricle).
Sexes are separate. In males, pelvic fins bearclaspers.
Internal fertilization. Many of themviviparous.
Sexes are separate. Fertilisation external. Mostlyoviparous.
Development is direct.
Examples
Scoliodon (Dogfish), Pristis (Saw fish), Carcharodon
(Great white shark), Trygon (Sting ray- has poison sting),
Torpedo (Electric ray- has electric organ).
Examples
Marine: Exocoetus (flying fish), Hippocampus (seahorse)
Fresh water: Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla), Clarias (Magur).
Aquarium: Betta (Fighting fish), Pterophyllum (Angel fish).

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Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves (Birds) Class Mammalia
They live in aquatic &
terrestrial habitats and
need water for breeding.
Dry & cornified skin,
epidermal scales orscutes.
Presence of feathers andbeak.
Forelimbs are modified into
wings.
Presence of m ammary
glands (milk producing
glands).
Body has head & trunk.
Some have tail.
Moist skin without scales.
Most have 2 pairs of
limbs.
Snakes and lizards shed
their scales as skin cast.
Limbs- 2 pairs (if present).
Crawling mode of
locomotion.
Dry skin without glands except
the oil gland at the base of the
tail. Hind limbs have scales and
are modified for walking,
swimming or clasping tree
branches.
Long, hollow, pneumatic bones.
Skin withhair.
2 pairs of limbs for walking,
running, climbing,
burrowing, swimming or
flying.
Tympanumrepresents
ear.
Tympanum represents ear.Tympanum represents ear. External ear(Pinnae).
3-chamberedheart
(2 auricles + 1 ventricle).
3-chambered heart (but a
septum partially separates
ventricle). Heart is 4-
chambered incrocodiles.
4-chamberedheart. 4-chamberedheart.
Poikilotherms Poikilotherms Homoiotherms Homoiotherms
Alimentary canal,
urinary & reproductive
tracts open into a Cloaca
which opens to exterior.
Well-developed alimentary
canal.
Digestive tract has additional
chambers, the crop &gizzard.
Well-developed alimentary
canal.
Dentition isHeterodont,
thecodont & diphyodont.
Respiration is by gills(in
larva), lungs &skin
Respiration bylungs.
Double respiration.
Air sacs connected to lungs.
Respiration bylungs.
Sexes are separate.
External fertilisation.
Oviparous.
Development is indirect.
Internal fertilisation.
Oviparous.
Development is direct.
Internal fertilisation.
Oviparous.
Development is direct.
Sexes are separate. Internal
fertilisation. Viviparous
(except Echidna and
Platypus).
Development is direct.
Examples
Bufo(Toad),
Rana(Frog),
Hyla (Tree frog),
Salamandra(Salamander),
Ichthyophis (Limbles s
amphibia)
ExamplesChelone
(Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise),
Chameleon (Tree lizard),
Calotes (Garden lizard),
Crocodilus (Crocodile),
Alligator, Hemidactylus
(Wall lizard). Poisonous snakes :
Naja (Cobra), Bangarus
(Krait), Vipera (Viper) etc.
Non-poisonous snakes:
Python etc.
Examples Examples
Corvus (Crow),
Columba (Pigeon),
Psittacula (Parrot),
Struthio (Ostrich),
Pavo (Peacock),
Gullus (Fowl),
Bubo (Owl),
Aptenodytes (Penguin),
Neophron (Vulture) etc.
Ornithorhynchus (Platypus ),
Macropus (Kangaroo),
Pteropus (flying fox),
Camelus (Camel),
Macaca (Monkey),
Rattus (Rat), Canis (dog),
Felis (Cat), Elephas
(Elephant), Equus (Horse),
Delphinus (Common dolphin),
Balaenoptera (blue whale),
Panthera tigris (Tiger),
Panthera leo (lion)
SUPERCLASS TETRAPODA
- Poik ilotherms (Cold-blooded animals): Animals that lack the capacity to regulate their body
temperature.
- Homoiotherms (warm-blooded animals): Animals having ability to maintain a constant body
temperature.

Echinodermata
PHYLUM-
ECHINODERMATA
. Organ system, Coelomate,
Radial Symmetry.
. Sping bodied.
. Endoskeleton of Calcareous
Ossicles.
. Water Vascular system
present.
Eg:- Starfish, Sea urchin etc.
PHYLUM-
HEMICHORDATA
Hemichordate
. Organ System, Coelomate,
Bilateral symmetry.
. Worm - like with proboscis,
collar and trunk.
. Excretory organ - proboscis
gland.
Eg:- Balanoglossus &
Saccoglossus
PHYLUM-
CHORDATA
Chordata
. Organ system, Coelomate
Bilateral symmetry.
. dorsal hollow nerve Cord
present.
. Paired pharyngeal gill slits
present.
Sub – Phyla
. Urochordata/ Tunicata
. Cephalochordata.
. Vertebrata.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS VERTEBRATA [ Notochord replaced by bony/
cartilaginous Vertebral Column]
CYCLOSTOMATA
Class Cyclostomata
. Sucking & Circular mouth without
jaws.
. Cartilaginous cranium & Vertebral
Column.
. Gill Slits present.
Eg:- Lamprey & Hagfish
CHONDRICHTHYES
Class Chondrichthyes
. Cartilaginous fishes.
. Gill slits without operculum.
. Placoid Scales on skin.
. Electric organ (Torpedo) & (sting ray)
Poison sting present.
. po
Eg:- Dog fish, Saw fish, etc.
OSTEICHTHYES
AMPHIBIA
. Bony Fishes.
. Gill slits covered by operculum.
. Air bladder present.
Eg:- Flying fish, Rohu, Sea
horse, etc.
Class Amphibia
. Live in aquatic & terrestrial
habitats.
. Body divided into head & trunk.
. Heart- 3 Chambered.
. Poikilothermous.
Eg:- Toad, frog, Salamander
REPTILIA
Class Reptilia
. Body Covered with scales and
scutes.
. Heart – 3 chambered [except
crocodile].
. Poikilothermous.
Eg:- Cobra, Alligator,
Tortoise, etc.
AVES
Class Aves
. Presence of feathers, beak &
wings.
. Bones long & hollow- Pneumatic.
. Heart - 4 Chambered.
. Homoiotherms.
Eg:- Crow, Pigeon, Penguin,
etc.
MAMMALIA
Class Mammalia
. Mammary glands present.
. Skin have hair homoiothermous.
. External ear or pinnal present.
Eg:- Platypus (oviparous),
Kangaroo, Blue Whale,
Common Dolphin(Viviparous)
PHYLUM-
CTENOPHORA
Ctenophora
. Tissue level, Acoelomate,
Radial symmetry.
. Comb plates for
locomotion.
. Bioluminescence
Eg:- Pleurobrachia and
Ctenoplana.
PHYLUM-
CNIDARIA
Coelenterate/ Cnidaria
. Tissue Level, Acoelomate,
Radial Symmetry.
. cnidoblasts present.
. Two body forms- Polyp
and Medusa.
. Alternation of
generation,
metagenesis.
Eg:- Sea anemone,
Sea fan and Brain Coral.
PHYLUM-
PORIFERA
Porifera
. Cellular, Acoelomate,
Asymmetrical.
. Body with ostia, spicules
and choanocytes and
canals in walls.
. Hermaphrodite.
Eg:- Sycon, Spongilla
PHYLUM-
ARTHROPODA
Arthropoda
. Largest Phylum.
. Organ system, Coelomate,
Bilateral.
. Respiratory organs present.
. Body divided into – head,
thorax and abdomen.
. Jointed appendages.
. Excretory organ - Malpighian
tubules.
Eg:- Scorpio, Butterfly, mosquito
Prawn,etc.
PHYLUM-
MOLLUSCA
Mollusca
. Second Largest phylum.
. Organ system, Coelomate
Bilateral symmetry.
. Body segmented having head,
muscular foot & Visceral hump.
. Mouth has radula.
Eg:- Apples nail, Octopus, squid,
etc.
PHYLUM-
ANNEHDA
. Parapodia – Lateral
appendages.
. Nephridia for excretion and
osmoregulation.
Eg:- Earthworm and Leech.
Annelida
. Organ system, Coelomate,
Bilateral symmetry.
. Body segmentation-
Metamers.
Aschelminths
PHYLUM-
ASCHELMINTHES
. Organ system,
Pseudocoelomate Bilateral
symmetry.
. Body round, dioecious.
. Digestive system Complete.
. Muscular pharynx.
Eg:- Round worm, Filaria
worm and hook worm.
PHYLUM-
PLATYHELMINTHES
Platyhelminthes
. Organ and organ system,
Acoelomate, Bilateral
symmetry.
. Flat body, hooks & suckers.
Flame Cells.
Eg:- Liver fluke & Tape
worm
(i) Cellular Level.
(ii) Tissue Level,
(iii) Organ Level/ Organ
system level
(i) Acoelomate.
(ii) Coelomate,
(iii) Pseudocoelomate
ANIMAL KINGDOM
Class Osteichthyes
Cells
Cellular level
Eqithelial
tissue
Layers of
smooth muscle
Organ level
( stomach )
Tissue level
( Eqithelium )
Levels of
Organisation
Symmetry
Diploblastic
and
Triploblastic
Organisation
Coelom
Segmentation
Notochord
Basis of
Classification

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Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata)

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 Animal Kingdom covers about 35 phyla, of which 11 are considered to be major phyla.
In major phyla, 10 are from non-chordates and 1 from the chordates.

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HABITAT
 The place on the earth, where an animal finds optimum conditions for food and
shelter is called its habitat. Habitat can be defined as the physical and
geometrical space where an organism lives.
 The habitat may be water, soil or earth’s surface. On the basis of their habitat,
animals can be of following types:

1. Terrestrial habitat:
 Animals which live on land or dry earth’s surface, are said to have terrestrial
habitats.
 Terrestrial animals are adapted for following types of habitat modes:
a. Aerial or flying: These animals possess wings and therefore can fly. e.g.,
Birds, bats.
b. Arboreal: These animals mainly live on trees. e.g., Bat, Monkey.
c. Fussorial: These animals live in burrows or underground. e.g., Rabbits, rat,
earthworm etc.

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5 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
d. Scansorial: These animals can climb on walls, rocks etc. e.g., Wall lizard, flying
squirrel.
e. Cursorial: These animals are adapted to run very fast.
e.g., Tiger, horse, dog etc.

2. Aquatic animals:
 These animals live in water. They may be fresh water or marine water.
 The aquatic animals may further be of following types:
a. Zooplanktons: The animals which flow passively, with water current, on the
surface of water, are called zooplanktons. e.g., many aquatic protozoans,
larvae, crustaceans etc.
b. Nektons: These animals can float actively in water body even against water
current. e.g., many fishes such as sharks, many skates and rays.
c. Benthos: These animals live at the bottom of the water body. e.g., Deep sea
fishes, many echinodermates, sponges and corals.
d. Pelagic: These animals usually live at the surface or water body. These include
both zooplanktons and Nektons.

3. Amphibian
 These animals living on land as well as in water.

HABITS
 Nature of living is called habit. Animals lead various types of life and on this
basis, they are of following types:
a. Solitary animals: Animals which have singly (not in groups). e.g., Taenia,
Earthworm etc.
b. colonial animals: Animals which live in groups and form colony. e.g., Volvox,
honeybee, termites, wasp etc.
c. Gregarious animals: Animals which live in groups, but do not interact with
each other. e.g., locust.
d. Free living animals: Animals, which do not depend on other organisms for food
and shelter and live independently. e.g., cat, dog etc.
e. Parasitic animals: Animals which depends on other living organisms for food
are called parasitic organisms. e.g., Entamoeba, Taenia, Fasciola, Ascaris,
Louse etc.
f. Saprophagous animals: Animals which obtain their food from dead and
decaying organisms and organic matter are called saprophagous animals. e.g.,
house fly etc.
g. Sanguivorous animals: Animals which feed on the blood of other organisms.
e.g., Mosquitoes, Leech etc.
h. Sessile (sedentary) animals: Animals which do not move here and there are
remain immotile, are called sessile organisms. e.g., Herdmania.

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6 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
i. Motile animals: Animals, which have locomotory organs and can move here and
there, are called motile organisms. e.g., man horse etc.
j. Diurnal animals: Animals, which are active during day time for obtaining their
food, are called diurnal organisms. e.g., man, horse, dog etc.
k. Nocturnal animals: Animals, which are active at night for obtaining food are
called nocturnal animals. e.g., Cockroach etc.
l. Crepuscular animals: Animals which are active at dusk (evening) for obtaining
their food are called crepuscular animals. e.g., rabbit.
m. Vasperal animals: Animals which are active early morning. e.g., Birds.
n. Caprophagous animals: Animals which can eat their own faecal matter to re-
digest it. e.g., Rabbit.

METAZOA
 Animal groups are characterised by mobility and the presence of a sensory or a nervous
system. These systems receive stimuli from the environment and animals respond by
exhibiting some behaviour.
 The only exception is of poriferans (pore-bearers) or the sponges. They have no cell that
can be termed as nerve cell.
 Like plant life, early animal life also arose in sea. The animals which live on the sea floor
are called Benthonic (e.g., echinoderms, corals and deep sea fishes), whereas those which
swim about actively in sea are called Nektons.
 The multicellular eukaryotic organisms with holozoic mode of nutrition are called
metazoans. Based on complexity of organisation, metazoans are further sub-divided into
two sub-kingdoms, Parazoa and Eumetazoa.
(a) Parazoa: Parazoa include the sponges in which the cells are loosely aggregated and do
not form tissues or organs.
(b) Eumetazoa: Eumetazoa includes the rest of animals in which the cells are organised
into structural and functional units called tissues, organs and organ systems.

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1. LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
A. Cellular Level:
 Though all members of Animalia are multicellular,
all of them do not exhibit the same pattern of
organisation of cells.
 For example, in sponges, the cells are arranged as
loose cell aggregates, i.e., they exhibit cellular level
of organisation.

 Some division of labour (activities) occurs among
the cells.
B. Tissue Level:
 In coelenterates and c tenophores, the
arrangement of cells is more complex.

 Here the cells performing the same function are
arranged into tissues, hence it is called tissue level
of organisation.
C. Organ Level:
 A still higher level of organisation, i.e., organ level
is exhibited by members of Platyhelminthes and
other higher phyla where tissues are grouped
together to form organs, each specialised for a
particular function.

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D. Organ system level of organisation.
 In animals like Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms and Chordates,
organs have associated to form functional systems, each system concerned with a
specific physiological function.
 Organ systems in different groups of animals exhibit various patterns of
complexities.

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2. Patterns of Complexities of Various Organ Systems
Organ and organ system levels began in lower animals like platyhelminthes and
aschelminthes but their complexity kept on increasing from lower to higher phyla. These
complexities are quite obvious and can be used as a basis of classification of animals.
(i) Digestive System: The digestive system of animals can be of two types on the basis of
complexity:

(a) Incomplete digestive system: When the digestive system has only a single opening to
the outside of the body that serves as both mouth and anus, it is called an incomplete
digestive system. e.g., Coelenterates, Ctenophores and Platyhelminthes.
(b) Complete digestive system: When the digestive system has two openings; mouth and
anus, it is called complete digestive system. Hence the entry of food and exit of
waste takes place from separate openings. e.g., Aschelminthes to chordates.

(ii) Circulatory System: Similarly, the circulatory system may be of two types:

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(a) Open circulatory system: In open type the body cells and tissues are directly
bathed in the blood pumped out of the heart as the blood flows in open spaces. Hence
there is a direct contact and exchange of materials between the blood and body cells.
e.g., Arthropods, non cephalopod molluscs, hemichordates and tunicates.
(b) Closed circulatory system: In this system, the blood circulates through a series of
the blood vessels of varying diameters, i.e., arteries, veins and capillaries without
ever coming in direct contact with the body cells. A series of these vessels maintain
the continuous flow of blood. The exchange of materials between blood and body cells
takes place in the capillaries. e.g., Annelids, Cephalopod molluscs, Chordates.

(iii) Reproductive system: Lower animals like sponges, coelenterates undergo asexual
reproduction along with the sexual reproduction while in higher animals, sexual
reproduction becomes the predominating mode of reproduction.

3. BODY SYMMETRY
The animals can be categorised on the basis of their body symmetry:

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11 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
(i) Radial symmetry: When any plane passing through the central axis of the body
divides the organism into two identical halves, it is called radial symmetry. The
animals with radial symmetry are put in the group Radiata. For example,
cnidarians (hydra and jelly fish). Biradial symmetry is present in sea anemone,
ctenophores.

(ii) Bilateral symmetry: The animals with bilateral symmetry are put in group
Bilateria. The body can be divided into identical right and left halves in only one
plane. For example, platyhelminthes, annelids, arthropods etc. (platyhelminthes to
chordates).

(iii) Asymmetry: Asymmetric organisms cannot be divided along any plane to produce
two equivalent halves. Sponges are mostly asymmetrical.

4. GERM LAYERS
 Germ layers give rise to all the tissues/organs
of the fully formed individuals. On the basis
of number of germ layers animals can be
(i) Diploblastic: In diploblastic animals, the body
cells are arranged in two layers-an outer
ectoderm and an inner endoderm with an
intervening undifferentiated mesoglea. e.g.
Coelenterates.

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(ii) Triploblastic: If the body wall in animals is made of three germ layers i.e.
ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, they are called triploblastic animals. e.g.,
Platyhelminthes to chordates.

5. BODY PLAN Though diverse in shape and size, animals have body that fits in one of
the three basic plans:
(i) Cell aggregate type of body plan is present in sponges. They are clusters of cells
with a rudimentary division of labour among them. There are no tissues, or organs.
(ii) Blind sac: Blind sac type of body plan is present in platyhelminthes and
coelenterates where the alimentary canal has only one opening.
(iii) Tube within tube: Tube-within tube type of body plan is present in
Nemathelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Chordata. The
digestive system is a continuous tube with an opening at both end.

6. BODY CAVITY OR COELOM
Presence or absence of cavity between the body wall and the gut wall is very important
for classification.
(i) Acoelomate: The animals in which the coelom is absent are called acoelomates, for
example poriferans, coelenterates, ctenophores, flatworms. In flatworms, the spaces
between various organs are filled with special tissue called parenchyma.
(ii) Pseudocoelomate: The body cavity is not completely lined with mesoderm. Instead,
the mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm.
Such a body cavity is called pseudocoelom e.g. in roundworm.

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(iii) Eucoelomate: The true coelom is a body cavity which arises as a cavity in embryonic
mesoderm. In this case, the mesoderm of the embryo provides a cellular lining, called coelomic
epithelium or peritoneum, to the cavity. The coelom is filled with coelomic fluid secreted by the
peritoneum. True coelom is found in annelids, echinoderms and chordates. True coelom is of two
types:
(a) Schizocoelom develops by the splitting up of mesoderm. It is found in annelids,
arthropods and molluscs. Body cavity of arthropods and non-cephalopod molluscs is called
haemocoel.
(b) Enterocoelom: The mesoderm arises from the wall of the embryonic gut or enteron as
hollow outgrowths or enterocoelomic pouches. It occurs in echinoderms and chordates.

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7. SEGMENTATION
 In some animals, the body is externally and internally divided into segments with a serial
repetition of at least some organs.
 For example, in earthworm, the body shows this pattern called metameric segmentation
and the phenomenon is known as metamerism.
 Metameric segmentation is present in annelids only.

8. NOTOCHORD
 Notochord is a mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the dorsal
side during embryonic development in some animals. Animals with notochord are
called chordates and those animals which do not have this structure are called
non-chordates, e.g., porifera to echinoderms.

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TABLE: Salient Features of Different Phyla in the Animal Kingdom
Phylum Level of
organi-
sation
Symme-
try
Coelom Segmen-
tation
Digestive
System
Circu-
latory
System
Respi-
ratoery
System
Distinctive Features
Porifera Cellular Many Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Body with pores and canals
in walls.
Coelent-
erata
(Cnidaria)
Tissue Radial Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent Cnidoblasts present.
Cteno-
phora
Tissue Radial Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent Comb plates for
locomotion.
Platyhel-
minthes
Organ &
Organ
system
Bilateral Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent Flat body, suckers.
Aschel-
minthes
Organ
system
Bilateral Pseudocoel
omate
Absent Complete Absent Absent Often worm shaped
elongated.
Annelida Organ
system
Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Present Body segmentation like
rings.
Arthro-
poda
Organ
system
Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Present Exoskeleton of cuticle,
jointed appendages.
Mollusca Organ
system
Bilateral Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present External skeleton shell
usually present.
Echino-
dermata
Organ
system
Radial Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present Water vascular system,
radial symmetry.
Hemi-
chordata
Organ
system
Bilateral Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present Worm-like with proboscis,
collar and trunk.
Chordata Organ
system
Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Present Notochord, dorsal hollow
nerve cord, gill slits with
limbs or fins
*Note: Whittekar removed protozoa from animal kingdom & kept in kingdom protista.
It is progenator of all metazoans.

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1. PHYLUM: PROTOZOA (Unicellular Protists)
 There are about 15,000 species of protozoans known to exist in the world.
 They are microscopic heterotrophic organisms in which a single cell performs all
the vital activities. For this reason, protozoans are also referred to as acellular
organisms.
 They are aquatic (fresh water and marine) and cosmopolitan in distribution. Some
forms are predators and some parasitic.
 The protozoan cell body is either naked, for example, Amoeba, or surrounded by
a non-rigid pellicle. Cellulose is absent in pellicle.
 Some protozoans secrete shells of various inorganic compounds as external
covers (foraminiferans).
 Different types of locomotory structures are found in protozoans. They may
bear flagella (flagellates), cilia (ciliates) or pseudopodia (sarcodines).
 Locomotory structures are absent in the parasitic forms (Sporozoa).
 In them, neurofibrils and contractile myofibrils are present underneath the cell
surface. Most protozoans are free-living and aquatic.

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 They are holozoic and feed largely on bacteria, microscopic algae and minute
animals such as rotifers or on other protozoans including members of their own
species.
 Some protozoans are holophytic; they contain chlorophyll and prepare their own
food by photosynthesis (e.g., Euglena). The parasitic protozoans feed on materials
obtained from the hosts (e.g., Monocystis).
 Contractile vacuole is found in almost all fresh -water protozoans for
maintenance of osmotic concentration of cell body. This phenomenon is known
as osmoregulation.
 Contractile vacuole also helps in excretion. Many sporozoan parasites are
relatively harmless, but some are harmful also.
 For instance, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum cause malaria in
humans. Protozoans are generally uninucleate, but all ciliates and many amoeboid
types are multinucleate.
 The pattern of reproduction is also very specialised in different protozoans.
Most sarcodines, flagellates and ciliates show asexual reproduction by binary
fission, multiple fission or even budding.
 Some ciliates, for example, Paramecium reproduces by sexual means in which two
individuals come close to each other and interchange genetic information by a
process known as conjugation.
 There is no gamete formation in such a process. In sporozoa, some stages of life
cycle show formation of gametes, which are morphologically distinct.
Examples: Free living - Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium, Elphidium etc.
Parasitic - Monocystis, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Giardia etc.

Trypanosoma

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2. PHYLUM: PORIFERA (Sponges)
 These are primitive, multicellular, asymmetrical (except Leucosolenia, Scypha) organisms
having cellular level of organisation.
 Most of them are marine and remain attached to rocks (sessile). A few live in fresh
water e.g., Spongilla. Entire body with pores i.e. numerous mouthlets Ostia and one
opening for exit Osculum.

Important characters of phylum porifera:
1. Body wall: The body wall of a common sponge consists of following layers:
(a) Pinacoderm (dermal layer) :
 It is outer cellular layer which consists of
(i) flattened pinacocytes
(ii) oval porocytes.
(b) Choanoderm (gastral layer) :
 It is inner cellular layer which consists of highly specialized flagellated cells called
choanocytes (collar cells).
 They are the characteristic cells of this phylum responsible for ingestion of food,
secretion of mesohyal and differentiation of sex cells.
(c) Mesohyl layer (mesenchyme) :
 Basically, it is a noncellular layer found between pinacoderm and choanoderm. It has fine
dispersed spongin fibres and numerous spicules.
 It also contains amoebocytes (amoeba-like cells) of both pinacoderm and choanoderm.
 Amoebocytes are modified into the following types :
(i) Archaeocytes. They may be converted into other types of cells and are also called
undifferentiated "totipotent" cells.
(ii) Trophocytes. They provide food to developing cells and are called nurse cells.
(iii)Thesocytes. They store food granules.
(iv) Gland cells. They secrete a slimy substance.
(v) Spongioblasts. They secrete spongin fibres of the mesohyl layer.
(vi) Scleroblasts. They secrete spicules. In calcareous sponges, they are called calcoblasts

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and in silicious sponges, they are called silicoblasts.
(vii) Collencytes. They secrete collagen fibers and form connective tissue.
(viii) Myocytes. They form a circular ring around the osculum and help in closing and opening
of the osculum.
(ix) Germ cells They form sperms and ova and develop during breeding season.
(x) Chromocytes. They contain pigment granules and excretory substances.
(xi) Phagocytes. They collect food from choanocytes through their pseudopodia and also
engulf excreta and damaged tissues.
2. The central body cavity of a sponge is called spongocoel or paragastric cavity.

3. The continuous water current flowing through the canal system is very important for the
life of a sponge. It brings in food and oxygen and carries away carbon dioxide,
nitrogenous wastes and reproductive bodies. Thus, the canal system helps the sponge
in nutrition, respiration, excretion and reproduction.
4. Skeleton: Almost all sponges possess an internal skeleton. It may consist of calcareous
or siliceous spicules or of fine spongin fibres or both, located in the mesohyl layer.
5. Digestion: It is intracellular and takes place inside food vacuoles as in protozoans.
6. Circulation: Distribution of food from the ingesting cells to others is brought about by
wandering amoebocytes of mesohyl layer.
7. Respiration: Exchange of gases occurs by diffusion through the plasma membranes of
the cells as in protozoans.
8. Excretion: Removal of metabolic wastes also occurs by diffusion through the plasma
membranes of the cells as in protozoans. Ammonia is chief excretory waste.
9. Nervous System: This is the only phylum in animal kingdom without any nerve cells.
10. Reproduction: They are hermaphrodite and show internal fertilization.
Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in sponges:
(A) Asexual reproduction: It occurs by fragmentation / budding in unfavourable
condition. Endogenous budding of asexual reproduction in sponge is known as
gemmulation (Special cell mass Gemmules contain Archaeocytes).

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(B) Sexual reproduction: They are hermaphrodite, fertilization-internal and cross
(Protogynous condition). After fertilisation, the zygote develops into a flagellated
larva which swims, settles in a new place and grows into a sponge.

11. Development: Zygote undergoes holoblastic cleavage (complete division). The
development is indirect and includes a free-swimming larva, the amphiblastula (in Sycon)
or parenchymula (in Leucosolenia and other Porifers) for dispersal of the species.

CLASSIFICATION - Based on the type of skeleton, Porifera is divided into 3 classes.
Classes Calcarea Hexactinellida Demospongia
Skeleton

Choanocytes
Inhabit

Canal system
e.g.
- Calcareous spicules

- Relatively large.
- Exclusively marine in
shallow water
- Ascon or sycon type C.S.
Leucosolenia
(smallest)
Scypha (Sycon -Urn sponge
6 rayed siliceous spicular
(Glass sponge)
Collar cells small
Exchesively marine and
inhabit in deepwater
Leucon type
Euplectella - (Venus flower
basket, Bridal gift in Japan)

1 or 4 rayed silicious spicules or
sponging fibre or both
Small collar cells
Marine or fresh water in deep or
shallow water.
Leucon/Rhagon
Spongia (Euspongia) - (Bath
sponge)
Spongilla - (Fresh water sponge)

1. Spongin fibres are elongated protein fibres which form a fibrous network.
2. Regeneration in sponges was demonstrated by H .V.Wilson (1907). It is brought about by
archaeocyte cells.
3. Sponge cells, seperated by straining pieces of sponge through a fine net, can reaggregate and
grow into a sponge. So, a sponge is a republic of cells which identify one another, aggregate and
grow together.
4. Proterospongia is a connecting link between protozoa and porifera.
5. Amphiblastula is the hollow larva of Sycon etc. whereas parenchymula is the solid larva of most of
sponges, e.g., Leucosolenia.

Concept Builder

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3. PHYLUM: CNIDARIA (Coelenterata)
The phylum Cnidaria (the old name is Coelenterata)
includes about 9,000 species, mainly marine. They are
sessile, free swimming, radially symmetrical
invertebrates and more complex than sponges.

General characters of this phylum are as follows:
1. Cnidarians exhibit a blind sac body plan and are
radially symmetric. They are more advanced than
sponges in having true tissues. They are,
however, acoelomate.
2. Body wall consists of only two cell layers, the
ectoderm and the endoderm, separated by a jelly-
like mesoglea. These animals are therefore
diploblastic, that is, aris ing from two
embryonic cell layers.
3. Body wall in coelenterates (with reference to Hydra).
They are diploblastic animals i.e., they are derived from two layers-ectoderm and
endoderm. These germ layers form the epidermis and gastrodermis.

(A) Epidermis: The various epidermal cells are:
(a) Epithelio-muscular cells: Each cell has two functional parts, the outer epithelial
part, extending to the body surface and the basal muscular part drawn out into two
muscle processes along the longitudinal axis of the body. The muscle processes
contain a contractile fibril myoneme.
(b) Glandulo-muscular cells: The epithelio-muscle cells, chiefly in the region of the
pedal disc, are especially modified to secrete sticky material for attachment of
animal to substratum.
(c) Interstitial cells: They are totipotent cells which give rise to all the different cells
of the body.
(d) Sensory cells: They are scattered throughout the epidermis. They are most
numerous on the tentacles, hypostome and basal disc. They receive and transmit
impulses.

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22 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
(e) Nerve cells: They occur for the first time in coelentrates. They are present at the
base of epithelio-muscle cells. They conduct impulses in all the directions.
(f) Germ cells: They remain in restricted regions. They proliferate to form gonads.
They are ectodermal in hydrozoa and endodermal in Scyphozoa and Anthozoa.
(g) Cnidoblasts: Many of the interstitial cells of the epidermis become specialized to
form the stinging cells, called the cnidoblasts. They migrate to the tentacles
through the mesoglea by means of amoeboid movements. Projecting cnidoblasts act as
organs for offence and defence.

(B) Gastrodermis: It is the inner layer of the body. The cells are of following types:
(a) Endothelio-muscle or nutritive muscle cells: They help in contraction of the body
and nutrition.
(b) Endothelio-gland cells: They secrete digestive enzymes in coelenteron. In the region
of hypostome and mouth are found mucous gland cells. Gland cells are absent in the
tentacles and basal disc.
(c) It also contains interstitial cells, sensory cells and nerve cells but no cnidoblasts.
4. Digestion is intra and extracellular. The body of coelenterates enclose a gastrovascular
cavity (coelenteron), having single opening hypostome.
5. Some of the cnidarians possess hard exoskeleton composed of calcium carbonate
(CaCO3).

 The cytoplasm of a cnidoblast contains a
conspicuous nucleus lying to one side, and
a peculiar oval or pyriform sac filled
with a poisonous fluid, hypnotoxin. The
sac is a part of stinging apparatus,
known as the nematocyst (stinging
structure).
 The nematocysts occur scattered mostly
singly, throughout the epidermis of the
body but remain absent on the basal
disc.
 They are abundant in the epidermis of the oral region and the tentacles where they
cluster as wart-like "nematocyst batteries".
6. Body forms:
Metagenesis and Polymorphism
 These members shows polymorphism most common is polyp & medusa forms.
Polyp Medusa
- Cylindrical in shape
- Mostly sessile, but some are motile
- May be solitary or Colonial
- Types of structures:
Gastrozooids (Hydranth) - For Nutrition
Dactylozooids - For Protection
Gonozooids - For Reproduction
- Umbrella like
- Free swimming
- Always solitary
- Types of structures:
Phyllozooids - For Protection
Nectophore - For swimming
Gonophore - For Reproduction
Pneumatophores - For Swimming
Concept Builder

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23 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)

 In the life-cycle there is an alternation of the asexual polyp phase and the sexual
medusa phase and it is termed as Metagenesis.

 During sexual reproduction, medusae liberate gametes into water. Following
fertilization, the zygote forms a ciliated larva called Planula, which swims, settles
and grows into a sessile polyp. (Some cnidarians, like Hydra, do not have a medusa
stage. Hydra has no larval form, no metagenesis).
 Polyps reproduce asexually by budding where as, medusa liberates gametes into
water during 'Sexual reproduction. Both asexual and sexual forms are free living.

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24 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
CLASSIFICATION
Chiefly on the basis of the dominance of medusoid or polypoid phase in the life
cycle, the phylum Cnidaria is divided into three classes.
Coelenterata is classified into three classes
Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Anthozoa (Actinozoa)
– Fresh water as well as marine
– Polyp & medusa often show
polymorphism & metagenesis.
– Mesoglea is Acellular

– Gastrovascular cavity undivided.
– Gonads are Ectodermal and shed
gametes directly in to the
surrounding water.

– Cnidoblast is present only in
epidermis
e.g. Hydra - Fresh water polyp
Physalia - the Portuguese man-
of-war. (Neurotoxic, gas gland
present)
– Exclusively marine
– Medusa form is more common

– Mesogloea is thick, gelatinous and
contains cells.
– Gastrovascular cavity undivided.
– Gonads are Endodermal and shed
the gametes into the digestive
tract when escape through the
mouth.
– Cnidoblast is present in epidermis
& Gastrodermis
e.g. Aurelia - the Jelly fish, Moon
jally,
Larva - Ephyra

– Exclusively marine
– Only polyp form

– Mesogloea contains cells & fibres
– Gastrovascular cavity have
compartment i.e. mesenteries
– Gonads -Endoermal and shed
gametes into the digestive tract
escape via mouth

– Cnidoblast is present in epidermis &
Gastrodermis
e.g. This class has two types of animal
(1) Anemones - Skeleton absent
Adamsia - sea anemone
(2) Coral - CaCO3 Skeleton
Pennatula - the sea pen
Gorgonia - the sea fan

4. PHYLUM: CTENOPHORA / SEA WALNUT / COMB JELLIES
These are purely marine, solitary, free swimming
or pelagic, very active animals with transparent
and flat or oval body shape and have following
important characters:
1. Body soft, delicate, transparent and gelatinous
without segmentation.
2. Polyp phase is absent in their life cycle, shape is
typically spherical, pear shaped or cylindrical,
flat in some.
3. They are radially symmetrical, diploblastic, tissue
level of organisation and devoid of cnidoblast
cells.
4. Tentacles may be present or absent. When
present, the number of tentacles is 2. They are
solid and possess adhesive cells called colloblasts
(lasso cells). Digestion is both extracellular and
intracellular. Bioluminescence (the property of a
living organism to emit light) is well-marked in ctenophores.
5. The animals move by cilia, which join together to form comb plates. There are

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25 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
eight median combplates forming locomotor organs, hence organisms are called
comb-jellies or sea-walnuts.

6. Gastrovascular cavity is branched and opens to the exterior by stomodaeum.
7. They are diploblastic animals but the mesoglea is different from that of cnidaria;
it contains amoebocytes and smooth muscle cells and is comparable to a loose
layer of cells. From this viewpoint, ctenophores may be considered as
triploblastic.
8. Skeletal, circulatory, respiratory and excretory systems are absent. Nervous
system is diffuse type.
9. The presence of a special sense organ 'Statocyst' at the opposite end of the
mouth (aboral end) is the characteristic of the members of this phylum.
10. All are hermaphrodite. Testes and ovary formed side by side from endoderm of
digestive canals.
11. Asexual reproduction doesn't occur. They reproduce only by sexual means.
Fertilization is external. Development is indirect and an immature ciliated stage
called 'cydippid larva' is found in some forms.
Examples: Tentaculata Class: Hormiphora (The sea walnut), Pleurobrachia (The
sea gooseberry), Ctenoplana, Cestum (The venus girdle)
Nuda class : Bereo

Word roots and Origins :
(a) Colloblasts from the Greek kolla meaning "glue" and blastos meaning "bud".
(b) Ctenophore from the Greek ktene meaning "comb" and phors meaning "bearing".

Concept Builder

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26 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)

5. PHYLUM: PLATYHELMINTHES (Flatworms)

 Phylum Platyhelminthes contains about 13,000 species, mostly parasites that live
in other animals including man.
 The important characters of this phylum are:
1. The flat worms are mostly parasites but some are free living
e.g., Planaria.
2. They are acoelomate, triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical
and dorsoventrally flattened animals.
3. They have organ system level of organisation.
4. Body is not segmented except in class Cestoda (false
segmentation).
5. Body is covered with a cellular, syncytial, one layered, partly
ciliated epidermis; while in parasitic trematodes and
cestodes, epidermis is lacking and the body is covered with
cuticle.
6. Exoskeleton and Endoskeleton are completely absent. However hooks, spines,
suckers (in parasitic form), teeth or thorns may be present which act as adhesive
organs.
7. The space between the body wall, alimentary canal and other organs is filled with
a peculiar connective tissue called the parenchyma. It helps in transportation
of food materials.
8. Digestive system is totally absent in tapeworms, so they absorb food directly
through body surface. In Trematoda and Turbellaria, it consists of mouth,
pharynx and blind intestine (anus absent).
9. Respiratory and circulatory systems are absent.
10. Excretory system consists of single or
paired protonephridium with flame
cells.
11. Nervous system is primitive. The
main nervous system consists of a pair
of cerebral ganglia or brain and one to
three pairs of longitudinal nerve cords
connected to each other by transverse
commissures. This type of nervous
system is called ladder like nervous

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27 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
system e.g., Planaria (Dugesia).
12. Sense organs are of common occurrence in Turbellaria but these are greatly
reduced in parasitic forms.
13. Sexes are united, i.e., hermaphrodite with very few exceptions like Schistosoma
(Blood fluke).
14. Asexual reproduction by fission occurs in many fresh water forms like
Turbellarians.
15. In majority of forms, eggs are devoid of yolk but provided with special yolk cells
and are covered by egg shell.
16. Cross fertilization in trematodes and turbelleria and self-fertilization in
cestodes is very common. Fertilization is internal. Development indirect with
many larval stages.
17. Life cycle complicated, involves one or more hosts.
18. Regeneration. It is well marked in some flat worms like Planaria.

• Fasciola (Liver Fluke) : Found in bile ducts of liver of sheep & goat. Causes Liver rot or
Cirrhosis.
Primary Host: Sheep & Goat
Secondary Host: Garden snail (Planorbis ; Limnea ; Bulinus)
Larval stage : Miracidium, Sporocyst, Redia, Cercaria and Metacercaria
Infective stage for primary host : Metacercaria
Infective stafe for secondary host : Miracidium
• Taenia solium: Cause Cysticercosis or Taeniasis
Primary host : Man
Secondary host : Pig
• Larval stage : Onchosphere, Hexacanth,Bladderworm,Cysteicercus.
Infective stage for primary host : Cysticercus
Infective stafe for secondary host : Onchosphere
Concept Builder

PPLLAANNAARRIIAA LLIIVVEERRFFLLUUKKEE TTAAPPEEWWOORRMM

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28 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
CLASSIFICATION
 Phylum platyhelminthes is divided into three classes.

Turbellaria Trematoda Cestoda
– Free living fresh water or
marine known as Planarians or
Eddy worm.
– Body is unsegmented and leaf
like covered by delicate ciliated
epidermis Rod shaped Rhabdites in
epidermis.
– Mouth is often ventral and anus
absent. Alimentary canal is
present. (Branched)
– Reproduction - asexual sexual
and shows good power of
regeneration, no larva.
– Suckers - absent
e.g.
Dugesia - (Planaria),
Microstomum, Macrostomum,
Icthyophaga
– Endo-Parasite, known as flukes,
or flat worms.

– Body-Unsegmented and leaf
like, covered by tegument,
(Fine spines) No epidermis in
adult.
– Mouth - anterior & anus is
absent. Alimentary canal-
branched.
– Life history - includes larval
stage & involve, more than
one host.
– Suckers - for attachment in the
host
e.g.
Fasciola (Sheep liver flukes)
Schistosoma (blood liver fluke)
Paragonimus - Lung fluke worm
– Endo-Parasite Intestinal parasite,
known as tape worms.

– Body-Ribbon like, covered by
tegument. No epidermis in adult.

– Mouth and Anus absent (food
from body surface). Alimentary
canal absent.
–Life history - includes larval
stage & involve, more than one
host. Each proglottids has one
or two sets of male & female
reproductive organ.
– Scolex has suckers & hooks for
attachment
– Body divided into scolex, neck
and strobilla of few to numerous
proglottids. No true segments
Taenia solium - Pork tapeworm
Taenia saginata - Beef tapeworm
Echinococcus - Dog tapeworm

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29 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
6. PHYLUM: NEMATHELMINTHES OR ASCHELMINTHES
 The phylum includes bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, pseudocoelomate
animals with organ system grade of organisation. They are circular in cross-
section.
 They are free living, aquatic or terrestrial or parasitic
(on plants or animals).

 They have tube-within tube type of body plan evolved along Protostomic
evolutionary line.
• Body wall consist of
(1) Cuticle - Firm, non living, resistant to digestive enzymes of host.
(2) Epidermis- Without cilia. Syncytial i.e. a continuous layer of cytoplasm having
scattered nuclei.
(3) Muscle layer - Longitudinal.
• Body cavity is there between body wall and digestive tract. Which is not lined by
mesothelium i.e. Pseudocoel (developed from blastocoel) and contain
Pseudocoelomic fluid.
• Skeleton is not mineralized. High fluid pressure in the pseudocoelom maintains
body shape. It is called Hydroskeleton.
• Digestive tract is complete & differentiated into mouth, pharynx, intestine & Anus.
Mouth is surrounded by 3 - lips.
Pharynx is muscular. It is used to suck food. Intestine is non muscular.
• Respiration is through body surface by diffusion.
• Circulatory system is undeveloped
• Nervous system comprises of circum pharyngeal ring (Brain). Sense organs like
Papillae (Tangoreceptors), Amphids (Chemoreceptor) are present on lip.
• Paired unicellular Phasmids (chemoreceptor) are found near hind end of body.
 Excretory system involves an excretory cell (a large giant H-shaped cell) called

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30 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
Renette cell (multinucleated).
 Sexes separate, show sexual dimorphism, fertilisation internal, development
direct or indirect.

CLASSIFICATION- On the basis of caudal receptor or phasmids, Aschelminthes can
be divided into 2 classes-
Aschelminthes
Aphasmidia Phasmidia
Class

Class–Aphasmidia
(i) Members of this class lack phasmid.
(ii) Many types of amphids are found.
(iii) One pairs of excretory canal are present.
(iv) Caudal adhesive glands are found.
Ex. Desmoscolex
Class–Phasmidia
(i) Phasmid is present.
(ii) Caudal adhesive glands are not
found.
Ex. : Ascaris, Entrobious,
Wuchereria

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31 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
7. PHYLUM: ANNELIDA
 The phylum includes over 9,000 species of metamerically segmented animals
with a true coelom called the Schizocoelom.
• First Protostomous eucoelomate animals.

General characters of Phylum Annelida
1. The organisms are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, coelomates with organ
system level of body organization and are metamerically segmented.
2. Body wall has an epidermis of columnar epithelium coated
externally by moist albuminous cuticle and with circular
and longitudinal muscle fibres.
3. Chitinous setae, aiding in locomotion, may or may not be
present on fleshy parapodia; absent in leech.
4. Annelids are the first animals to have a true schizocoelic
coelom. Coelom is divided by septa into compartments.
5. The coelomic fluid act as a hydrostatic skeleton.
6. Digestive system is complete and digestion is extracellular.
7. Respiration by moist skin (cutaneous respiration) or
through gills (Branchial respiration).
8. Blood vascular system is usually closed. Respiratory
pigments, either haemoglobin or erythrocruorin, are
dissolved in blood plasma. Free amoeboid blood corpuscles are present, but there
are no RBCs. In leech, there is no true blood vascular system.
9. Nephridia are the excretory organs. Ammonia is chief excretory waste.
10. The nervous system consists of a nerve ring and a solid, double, mid-ventral nerve
cord with ganglia and lateral nerves in each segment.

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32 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)

11. Sensory organs include tactile organs, taste buds, statocysts, photoreceptor cells
and eyes with lenses.
12. The sexes may be separate (e.g., Nereis) or united (e.g., earthworm, leech).
13. Development is mostly direct (e.g., Earthworm). There is indirect development in
Nereis. Larva, when present is trochophore.

CLASSIFICATION OF ANNELIDA
Based on presence or absence/of Parapodia, Setae and Sense organs
Polychaeta Oligochaeta Hirudinea Archiannelida
1. Almost all are marine

2. Cephalisation is more
distinct.
3. Setae numerous

4. Clitellum absent
e.g.
Nereis – Sand worm/
clamworm
1. Most of the members
are terrestrial, but
some are aquatic.
2. Cephalisation absent.
3. Number of seatae is
limited
4. Clitellum is present
e.g.
Pheretima

1. Aquatic, terrestrial,
ectoparasite and
sanguivorous.
2. Cephalisation absent.
3. Parapodia and seatae
are absent.
4. Clitellum develop only
in breeding season.
e.g.
Hirudinaria –
Fresh water leech
1. All Marine

2. Cephalisation absent.
3. Parapodia and seatae are
absent.
4. Clitellum absent.
e.gPolygordius –Connecting-link
between Annelida & Mollusca
(living fossil) Larva known as
Loven's Larva

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NEREIS
Inhabits in sea - shore between tide mark, burrower, nocturnal,
carnivorous, gregarious, fertilization - in sea.
Parapodia in each segment except first & last. During breeding
body divides in two parts. Anterior asexual part - Atoke and
posterior sexual portion Epitoke. This change is known as epitoky.

8. PHYLUM. ARTHROPODA
 It is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, including 900,000 species. The
largest class is insecta with 750,000 species.

 General chacters are:
1. They are triploblastic, coelomate & bilaterally symmetrical animals. Body cavity is full of
haemolymph (blood) & it's known as haemocoel. The true coelom is restricted to gonads.
2. The body is covered by chitinous cuticle, which forms the exoskeleton which is shed at
intervals i.e., undergo moulting/ecdysis.
3. They have a segmented body, each
segment bearing a pair of jointed
appendages covered by a jointed
exoskeleton. Chitinous exoskeleton is secreted by the underlying epidermis.
Concept Builder

MILLIPEDE
HONEYBEE DRAGON FLY

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4. The body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen. In some cases, the head and thorax
is fused to form cephalothorax. In insects, the thoracic segments have legs and wings,
the abdomen has no legs in insects.

5. Respiration is through body surface or special structure such as gills (e.g. Prawn),
Trachea (e.g Insects), Book-lungs (e.g. Scorpion), Book-gills (e.g. King crabs). Trachea
carry oxygen direct to the cells.
6. Excretion takes place through green glands or malpighian tubules since nephridia are
absent.
7. Sensory structures in arthropods are antennae for perceiving odour, eyes, statocysts or
balance organs and sound receptors (in chirping crickets and cicadas). Eyes are simple or
compound. In honey bees, butterflies, moths and some other insects, the gustatory
receptors are present on their feet.

8. The heart is dorsal and circulatory system is open.
9. The central nervous system consists of paired pre-oral ganglia connected by
commissures to a solid double ventral nerve cord.
10. In land arthropods, the fertilization is always internal.
11. Arthropods are mostly dioecious, oviparous. In some like the scorpion, the eggs
hatch within the female body. They bring forth the young ones alive. They are
viviparous. Development is direct or indirect.

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35 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
Advancement Over Annelida
1. Distinct-head in all species.
2. Jointed appendages serving a variety of functions.
3. Jointed exoskeleton for protection and muscle attachment.
4. Striped muscles arranged in bundles for moving particular body parts.
5. Special respiratory organs such as gills, trachea, book lungs in majority of cases.
6. Well developed sense organs such as compound eyes, statocysts, auditory organs, taste
receptors etc.
7. Endocrine glands and pheromone secretion for communication.

1. Peripatus is considered as connecting link between annelida and arthropoda as it has unjointed legs and
breathes by trachea.
2. Larvae of different Arthropods
(a) Bombyx(Silkworm) Caterpillar/Silkworm.
(b) Beetles, honey bee Grub
(c) Musca (Housefly) Maggot
(d) Culex, Anopheles Wriggler
(e) Pennaeus(marine prawn) Mysis, nauplius, protozoea
(f) Cancer(Crab) Megalopa, metanauplius, zoea
3. Terga are dorsal plates whereas sterna are ventral plates of exoskeleton.
4. Arthrodial membranes join the different sclerites.
5. Halters are drumstick shaped, second pair of reduced wings of housefly and mosquito which helps
in balancing.
6. Eggs of Culex are cigar shaped; they are laid vertically on the surface of water in clusters; airfloats
are absent; whereas in Anopheles eggs are boat shaped, laid singly and horizontally; they have
airfloat.
7. Larva of Culex is bottom feeder whereas larva of Anopheles is surface feeder.
8. Adult of Culex lies parallel to the surface and both ends of body deflexed whereas in Anopheles, the
body is inclined at an angle of 45° to the surface. So, they can be distinguished with the help of
sitting posture.
9. In Spider, Spinnerets are present anterior to the terminal anus. They produce silken thread.
10. Von Frisch described the process of communication of food source in honey bees.
11. Insecticides sprayed over the mosquitoes dese nsitize their nervous system as well as
chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the antennae.
12. Johnston's organs are present on antennae of mosquitoes.
13. The life cycle is generally accompanied with metamorphosis. Larvae and adults may show different
feeding habits and occupy different habitats.
14. Insects like bees, wasps, beetles, moths and butterflies are good pollinators for important crops.
15. Ants, termites and locusts are eaten by Chinese and Indians; Eggs of aquatic bugs are used as
food by Mexicans; Ox-warbles are eaten by Red Indians.
16. Dragon flies feed on the larvae of mosquitoes
17. Glow worm (Firefly) shows bioluminescence.
18. Adult Culex and Anopheles can be distinguished with the help of Sitting posture.
19. The insects may be divided into five groups on the basis of their mode of development.
1. Ametabola insects – metamorphosis absent. The young ones resemble adult.
Eggs ⎯→⎯ Young ⎯→⎯ Adult
ex. Lepisma (Silver fish)
2. Paurometabola insects – gradual metamorphosis
Eggs ⎯→⎯ Nymph ⎯→⎯ Adult
Concept Builder

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36 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
ex. Cockroach, Grasshopper, Locusts etc.
3. Hemimetabola insects – incomplete metamorphosis. Habitat of young ones is different from
adults.
Eggs ⎯→⎯ Naiads ⎯→⎯ Adult
ex. Dragon flies (Naiads aquatic but adults aerial)
4. Holometabola insects – complete metamorphosis
Eggs ⎯→⎯ Larva ⎯→⎯ Pupa ⎯→⎯ Adult
ex. House flies, Butterflies, Mosquitoes etc.
5. Hypermetabola insects – various forms of larvae
Eggs ⎯→⎯ Larva(1) ⎯→⎯ Larva(2) ⎯→⎯ — ⎯→⎯ Pupa ⎯→⎯ Adult
ex. Blister beetle.

9. PHYLUM – MOLLUSCA

Phylum mollusca is the second largest phylum in animal kingdom which includes over
60,000 species. General characters are :
 Molluscs are terrestrial, aquatic (fresh water or marine) triploblastic, bilaterally
symmetrical, schizocoelic and unsegmented animals.

 Most molluscs secrete a shell of calcium carbonate that protects and supports
their soft tissues.

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 The body is organised into three general regions: head, foot and visceral hump.
 The visceral hump contains the digestive tract and other visceral organs.
 The body is covered by a soft and spongy skin fold called mantle which
secretes the shell.
 The space between the hump and the mantle is called mantle cavity in which
feather like gills are present.
 Molluscs typically employ a feeding organ called radula which is armed with
rows of chitinous teeth. The radula is protruded from the mouth and worked
back and forth to rasp the food into fine particles.
 Circulatory system is mainly of open type but some reduced sinuses are present.
Respiratory pigment is haemocyanin.
 Respiration occurs by feather like gills, pulmonary sac or both, or through
general body surface.
 Excretion occurs by paired Organ of Bojanus. Another excretory organ called
Keber's organ (Pericardial gland) is also present in Unio along with paired organ
of Bojanus. It pours the waste into pericardium from where the waste is carried
to the organ of Bojanus that opens out through mantle cavity.
 Sense organs include eyes, statocysts and osphradia (chemoreceptor to test
chemical nature of water).
 Reproduction sexual, adults can be dioecious
(unisexual) or monoecious (bisexual or
hermaphrodite) Fertilization is generally
external, development is direct or through
free larval forms like trochophore, veliger
(in Pila), glochidium (in Unio) -an
ectoparasite on fishes.

CLASSIFICATION
Molluscs' classification is mainly on the basis of shell and foot.
Cephalopoda

-

Marine

Body

-

Bilateral hea
d &

foot c
o
mbined
ceph
alop
oda

Sh
ell
-
Internal and
reduced
it may be
external (Nautilus)

or absent (Octopus)

Ra
dula

-

Present

F
oot

-

Modified into a
funnel
and
partly into 8
or 10 sucker

bearing arms that
surround

the mouth

Locomotion is by expelling water

in jet
thr
o
ugh siphon
(Jet

pro
pulsion).

Ink glands in some squids

for offense and defense. When the squid is att
acked, it
emits a cloud of inky fluid through its siphon. This 'smoke screen' interferes with the vision and chemoreceptors

of the predator
and
thereby

helps the
squi
d to

escape.

-

Closed blood

circulation.

-

Hectocotyle for

sperm transfer

-

Larva
absent

e.g.
Sepia
-
Cuttle fish

10 arms having

Chromatophores.

Loligo
-

Squid

(Radula absent)

Octopus

-

Devil

fish 8 arms

Pelecypoda

Bivalvia
or

Lamellib
r
anchiata

-

Mari
ne/f
resh water

Body
-
Bilateral and flat

Head
-
Absent

Shell
-
Consist of two
valves

Movably

hinged
dorsally.

Ra
dula
-
Absent

Foot
-
Plough or Wedge

shaped for burrowing

Larva
-
Glochidium,

Trochophore

e.g.

Unio
-
Mussel (fresh
water)

Pincta
da
-
Pearl
oy
s
ters.

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38 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
Gas
trop
oda

-

Marine/fresh water

/moist soil. largest
class.

Body
-
Symmetrical
embryo grows i
nto an
asymmetrical adult due to twisting/torsion of visceral mass during development. mouth & anus lie on same side.

Head
-
With eyes &
tentacl
es.

Shell
-

Spirally co
iled

Rad
ula

–

Present

Foot

-

Large & flat

Larva
-

Trochophore

or Veliger.

e.g.
Pila
-
Apple
-
s
nail

(Shell used in but
-
tons)

Scaphopoda

-

Marine

Body

-

Bilateral

Head
-

absent.

Shell
-
Tubular, open at
both end.

R
a
dula
-
Present

Foot
-

Coni
cal and use

for digging

Lar
va
-

Trochophore

e.g.

Dentalium
-
Tusk
-
shell.

(Respire by mantle)

Polyplacophora
/

Amphineura

-

Marine

Body

-

Bilateral

Head

-

reduced
without

eyes and tentacles.

Shell

-

Present or
absent. 8 dorsal plates present.

(Multiva
lved)

Radul
a

–

Present

Foot

-

R
educed/absent.

Larva
-
Trochophore

e.g.

Chiton
-
The coat of
mail
shell (Sea
-
mica)

Chaetopleura
-

Aplacophora

-

Marine, Worm like

Body
-
Small covered
by

thick mantle

Head
-
Small without
eyes

& tentacles

Shell
-

Absent.

R
a
du
la

-

Presen
t

Foot
-
Reduc
e/ab
sent
.

Larva
-
Trochophore

e.g. Neomenia

Monoplacophora

-

Marine, common

c
haracter o
f
Annelida

and Arthropoda.

Body

-

Bilaterally

symmetrical and

segmented.

Head

-

Indistinct

Shell

-

Dome
-
shaped

with mantle.

Radula
-

Presen
t

Foot
-

F
l
at muscular

Lar
va
-

Trochophore

e.g.

-

Neopilina

Living fossils

Connecting link of

Annelida and

Mollusca and only

segmented molluscs

with nephridia.

(i) Architeuthis (Giant AtJantic squid) is the largest and heaviest among
invertebrates, 55 feet length.
(ii) Nautilus is the only cephalopod with external shell, so ink glands are absent.
(iii) The colour change in cephalopods occurs due to chromatophores.

Concept Builder

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39 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
10. PHYLUM: ECHINODERMATA

 They are exclusively present in marine water and there are no parasitic
forms. Similarities with chordates:
(i) They have tube within tube type of body plan which has evolved along
deuterostomic evolutionary line.
(ii) They possess a true coelom called enterocoelom.
(iii) They have mesodermal skeleton made of calcareous plates or ossicles.
 All these characters make the echinoderms closer to chordates. The other
characters are:
1. The symmetry is bilateral in larvae but pentamerous radial in adults.
2. Many echinoderms bear a number of calcareous spines on their body surfaces
called tubercles. Between the spines, there are pincer like structures called
pedicellariae to keep the surface clean. Pedicellariae are made of three
calcareous plates. Two calcareous valve like structures in the form of jaws
resting upon a basal calcareous plate.
3. Between the spines, there are finger like processes called dermal branchiae
which help in respiration.
4. Mouth is on ventral/oral side and aniss is on dorsal or aboral side.
5. There is no distinct anterior and posterior end i.e., no cephalisation.
6. Haemal and Perihaemal Systems: Instead of blood vascular system, there are
present haemal and perihaemal systems which are of coelomic origin. Thus the so
called circulatory system is open type. The so called blood is often without a
respiratory pigment. There is no heart.
7. Respiratory Organs: Gaseous exchange occurs by dermal branchiae or papulae
in star fishes, peristominal gills in sea urchins, genital bursae in brittle stars
and cloacal respiratory trees in holothurians. Exchange of gases also takes place
through tube feet.
8. Excretory organs: Specialized excretory organs are absent. Nitrogenous wastes

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40 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
are diffused out via gills or dermal branchiae. Ammonia is chief excretory
matter.
9. Sexes are separate. Reproduction is sexual. Fertilization is usually external.
Development is indirect with free-swimming larva.

A unique water filled ambulacral or water vascular system with tube feet to help in locomotion.
Capture and transport of food and respiration. A perforated plate madreporite permits entry of
water into ambulacral system which also help in capturing food and gas transport system.
Structures like Pollian vesicle, tiedmann body or recemose, stone canal are also found in water
vascular system.

Divided into Five classes

Crinoidea

Body form
-

Plant like
fixed with cirri.

Arms
-

Highly
branched

Spines
-

Absent

Pedicellariae
-

Absent

Ambulacral gro
ove

-

Oral and ciliate
d

Mad
r
eporite
-

Absent

A
nus
–

Oral

Viscera
-

Extend upto
arms

Respira
tion
-

Tube
feet

Suckers
–

Absent

Larva
-

Doliolaria

Antedon
-

Sea lilly

(most primitive)

Holothuroidea

Body form
-
Long &
cylindrical

Arms
-

Absent

Spines

A
bse
nt

Padicellariae
-

Absen
t

Ambulacral groove –

Absent

Madreporite
-

Internal

Anus
–

Aboral

Viscera
-

No
Viscera into arms.

Respiration
-
Cloacal tree

Suckers
–

Present

Larva
-

Auricularia

Cucumaria

-

Sea
C
ucumber

Echinoidea

Body form
-

Globular/disc

li
ke.

Arms
-

Absent

Spi
n
es
-

Present

Pedice
llariae
-

Present

Ambulacral groove –

Absent

M
adreporite
-

Aboral

Anus
–

Aboral

Viscera
-

No
Viscera into arms.

Respiration
-

Peristomium gills

Suckers
–

Present

Larva
-

Pluteus

Mouth
-

with biting
& chewing

to
oth
apparatus Arist
otle'
s

lantern

(Masticati
ng
apparatus with 5 teeth)

Echinus
-
sea urchin

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41 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
Ophiuroidea

Body form
-

Flat &
star like

Arms
-

Five or
multiple of five. Sharply marked with the central disc

Spines
-

Present

Pedicellariae
-

Absent

Ambulacra
l g
roove
-

Not visible

Madr
e
porite
-

Oral

Anus

-

Absent

Viscera
-

No
Viscera into arms.

Resp
iration
-

Genital bursae

Suckers
–

Absent

Larva
-

Ophiopluteus

Ophiura

(Brittle
star)

1. The starfish uses the suction cup-like ends of the tube feet of one arm to hold on to
rocks, as it moves the other arms. It can open bivalves (molluscs) by attaching two arms
to either sides of a bivalve and pulling them apart. The bivalve opens out, the stomach of
starfish is then everted through its mouth and introduced into the open mollusc which is
partly digested before being ingested. Echinoderms predate on coral polyps also.
2. Word roots and origin : ampulla from Latin meaning ''flask''.

10. PHYLUM: HEMICHORDATA / STOMOCHORDATA

 Hemichordata was earlier considered as a sub-phylum under chordata. But now it
is placed as a separate phylum under non-chordata.
 The phylum consists of a small group of worms like
marine animals with organ system level of
organisation.
 Its characteristics are :
(i) True notochord is absent. gill slits are present but
they are dorso lateral in position. They are worm
like. bilaterally symmetrical. triploblastic and
entero-coelomate animals.
(ii) Stomochord is a hollow outgrowth arising from the
roof of the buccal cavity, also called 'buccal
diverticulum'. It is present in the proboscis.
(iii) Dorsal heart, ventral hollow nerve cord, no
respiratory pigments. Circulatory system is open.
Respiration by gills.
(iv) Development is mostly indirect through a free swimming tornaria larva. e.g.
Balanoglossus (acorn, tongue worm), Glossobalanus. Sexes are separate.
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42 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
Fertilization is external.
(v) Believed to be connecting link between non-chordates and chordates.
(vi) Due to the absence of true notochord in hemichordata, many taxonomists do not
consider these animals as chordates.
(vii) Excretory organ is proboscis gland.
(viii) The body is cylindrical and is composed of an anterior proboscis, a collar and a
long trunk.
Examples : Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus

SUMMARY
1. The basic fundamental features such as level of organisation, symmetry, cell
organisation, coelom, segmentation, notochord, etc., have enabled us to broadly
classify the animal kingdom. Besides the fundamental features, there are many
other distinctive characters which are specific for each phyla or class.
2. Porifera includes multicellular animals which exhibit cellular level of organisation
and have characteristic flagellated choanocytes. Ostia present all over the body,
with a Single opening osculum on top. Sponges have a characteristic canal system.
They are hermaphrodite. Skeleton made up of calcareous or siliceous spicules or
spongin fibres.
3. Coelenterates have tentacles and bear Cnidoblasts. They are mostly aquatic,
sessile or freefloating. They show radial symmetry, are acoelomate, diploblastic
with gastrovascular cavity. Some cnidarians show metagenesis.
4. Ctenophores are exclusively marine, diploblastic acoelomate with radial
symmetry. They lack cnidoblasts have colloblasts. Locomotion by comb plates.
5. Platyhelminthes are first triploblastic animals. They are acoelomate, with
bitateral symmetry and blind sac body plan. They are generally hermaphrodite.
They are mostly parasites and show distinct suckers and hooks for attachment.
6. Aschelminthes are triploblastic, unsegmented and show bilateral symmetry. They
are pseudocoelomate with complete alimentary canal. They are generally
dioecious.
7. Annelids are first to acquire metameric segmentation and true coelom. Body
bears appendages for locomotion in the form of chitinous setae or parapodia.
8. Arthropods are the most abundant group of animals characterised by the
presence of jointed appandages. They are triploblastic, coelomates with
metamerically segmented body and open circulatory system. Exoskeleton is
Chitinous.
9. Molluscs, they have soft unsegmented body covered by a hard calcareous shell
secreted by a fold of skin mantle covering the visceral mass.

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43 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
10. Echinoderms are exclusively marine and possess spiny skin. Their most distinctive
feature is the presence of water vascular system. Larva has bilateral symmetry
but the adult has radial symmetry.
11. The Hemichordates are small group of worm like marine animals. They have a
cylindn'cal body with proboscis, collar and trunk.

EXERCISE – 1
Section – A
Q.1 Sponges in which the calls are loosely aggregated and do not form tissues or organs are
grouped under which sub-kingdom?
(1) Metazoa (2) Eumetazoa (3) Parazoa (4) Bilateria
Q.2 Level of organization in coelentrates is
(1) Acellular (2) Cellular (3) Tissue (4) Organ system
Q.3 Blind sac body plan is found in
(1) Sponges (2) Annelids (3) Coelentrates (4) Round wonns
Q.4 Annelids possess
(1) Cell aggregate plan (2) Blind sac plan
(3) Tube within a tube plan (4) Hollow sac plan
Q.5 'Tube within a tube' plan is not exhibited by one of the following phyla
(1) Coelenterata (3) Annelida (2) Aschelminthes (4) Arthropoda
Q.6 An animal having triploblastic acoelomic condition is
(1) Ascaris (2) Periplaneta (3) Planaria (4) Sycon
Q.7 Animals which are triploblastic with tube within tube type of body plan and embryonic
blastopore forms anus (deuterostomia) are
(1) Annelids (2) Molluscs (3) Platyhelminthes (4) Echinoderms
Q.8 Echinoderms and chordates have
(1) Pseudocoel (2) Shizocoelom (3) Enterocoelom (4) Haemocoel
Q.9 Body cavity of arthropods is called
(1) Coelom (2) Haemocoel (3) Pseudocoel (4) Gastrovascular cavity
Q.10 A deuterostomic animal is
(1) Star fish (2) Sea Anemone (3) Pearl oyster (4) Octopus
Q.11 True segmentation (metameric) occurred for the first time in
(1) Platyhelminthes (2) Aschelminthes (3) Annelids (4) Arthropods
Q.12 Animals possessing pseudocoelom are
(1) Flatworms (2) Round worms (3) Annelids (4) Molluscs
Q.13 True coelom appeared fjrst in the course of evolution in
(1) Echinodermata (2) Annelida (3) Chordata (4) Aschelminthes
Q.14 Biradial symmetry is found in
(1) Obelia (2) Sea Anemone (3) Hydra (4) Aurelia
Q.15 Which is the only phylum in the animal kingdom without any nerve cell?
(1) Porifera (2) Coelenterata (3) Annelida (4) Eumelazoa
Q.16 The basis of classification of protozoa is
(1) Mode of nutrition (2) Mode of reproduction
(3) Mode of locomotion (4) Mode of respiration
Q.17 Dum-dum fever is caused by
(1) Leishmania donovan (2) Glossina palpalis

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44 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
(3) Giardia intestinalis (4) Trypanosoma gambiens
Q.18 The relationship between Lophomonas and wood cockroach is of
(1) Parasitism (2) Commensalism (3) Symbiosis (4) Ammensalism
Q.19 Oriental sore disease in man is caused by which one of the following?
(1) Leishmania tropica (2) L. donovani
(3) L. brasiliensis (4) Phlebotomus intermedius
Q.20 Trypanosoma gambiense causes
(1) Sleeping sickness (2) Yellow fever (3) Kala-azar (4) Oriental sore
Q.21 The vector of Trypanosoma gambiense is
(1) Sand fly (2) Fruit fly (3) Tse-Tse fly (4) House fly
Q.22 A sarcodine causing dysentry is
(1) Giardia (2) Entamoeba (3) Amoeba (4) Tryponosoma
Q.23 Silica shells mayor may not occur in one of the following
(1) Amoeboids (2) Heliozoans (3) Radiolarians (4) Foraminiferans
Q.24 Time period from the initial infection to first appearence of symptoms is known as
(1) Pre-patent period (2) Incubation period
(3) Pre-erythrocytic period (4) Exo-erythrocytic period
Q.25 Tetranucleated cyst stage Is found in
(1) Entamoeba coli (2) Entamoeba histolytica
(3) Leishmania (4) Trypanosoma
Q.26 Which of the following organisms is known to form abscesses in human liver, lungs, brain
etc.?
(1) Entamoeba histolytica (2) Monocystis
(3) Plasmodium (4) Fasciola hepatica
Q.27 Which one of the following constitutes the reserve food material in the cyst of Entamoeba
histolytica?
(1) Volutin granules (2) Starch granules
(3) Glycogen granules (4) Fat droplets
Q.28 Slipper animalcule is the name of
(1) Pelomyxa (2) Actinophrys (3) Euglena (4) Paramecium
Q.29 Organelle concerned with offence and defence in Paramecium is
(1) Tnchocyst (2) Radial canals (3) Kappa particles (4) Peristome
Q.30 Conjugation in Paramecium is by
(1) Exchange of micronucleus (2) Exchange of macronucleus
(3) Exchange of + and – nuclei (4) Exchange of nuclei
Q.31 The function of cytopyge in Paramecium is to
(1) Fitter food particles
(2) Form the bolus of the food malerial
(3) Segregate debris from useful food material
(4) Egest the indigestible waste
Q.32 Contractile vacuoles of Paramecium are analogous to
(1) Sweat glands of mammals (2) Uriniferous tubules
(3) Gastrovascular cavity of Hydra (4) Typhlosole of Earthworm
Q.33 Removal of micronucleus in Paramecium witt impair the function of
(1) Reproduction (2) Excretion (3) Osmoregulation (4) Locomotion
Q.34 Locomotion in sporozoans occur by
(1) Flagella (2) Cilia (3) Pseudopodia (4) Wriggling movement
Q.35 The most important characteristic of phylum porifera is
(1) They are acellular

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45 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
(2) They possess blind sac type of body plan
(3) They possess canal system and choanocytes
(4) They possess water vascular system
Q.36 Most of the sponges are marine and remain attached to rocks (sessile). The fresh water
sponge is
(1) Sycon (2) Spongilla (3) Cliona (4) Euplectella
Q.37 Path of water in a sponge is
(1) Dermal ostia → gastral ostia → osculum
(2) Dermal ostia → gastral ostia → spongocoel → osculum
(3) Osculum → spongocoel → choanocytes → ostia
(4) Pinacocytes → choanocytes → enteron → osculum
Q.38 The movement of water in syconoid type of canal system is
(1) Dermal ostia → canal → spongocoel → osculum
(2) Dermal ostia → incurrent canal Prosopyle
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ radial canal Apopyle
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ spongocoel →
osculum
(3) Dermal ostia → incurrent canal Prosopyle
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ flagellated chamber Apopyle
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ excurrent
canal → spongocoel → osculum
(4) Pinacocytes → choanocytes → enteron → osculum
Q.39 Which one of the following cells are totipotent and are responsible for regenerative capacity
in sponges?
(1) Pinacocytes (2) Thesocytes (3) Archaeocytes (4) Scleroblast
Q.40 The skeleton of bath sponge, Euspongia, is made of
(1) Spongin fibres (2) Siliceous spicules
(3) Calcareous spicules (4) Spongin fibres and siliceous spicules
Q.41 A sponge harmful to oyster industry is
(1) Spongilla (2) Euspongia (3) Hyalonema (4) Cliona
Q.42 Which of the following lives in commensal relationship with Shrimps and is called as 'Venus
Flower Basket'?
(1) Leucosolenia (2) Euplectella (3) Euspongia (4) Sycon
Q.43 Larva of Leucosolenia is
(1) Parenchymula (2) Amphiblastula (3) Planula (4) Trochophore
Q.44 Mode of digestion in sponges is
(1) Intracellular (2) Intercellular
(3) Intracellular and Intercellular (4) None of these
Q.45 The spongocoel of sponges is homologous to the
(1) True coelom of earthworm (2) Haemocoel of cockroach
(3) Pseudocoelom of Ascaris (4) None of these
Q.46 In the absence of a closed vascular system, how do sponges manage to distribute the
nutritive substances from choanocytes to rest of the cells?
(1) Through cell to cell diffussion
(2) Through mesoglea which acts as the food reservoir and distribution system
(3) Through the wandering cells, amoebocytes
(4) Through cell to cell diffusion and amoebocytes
Q.47 Hydra and Obelia are
(1) Diploblastic, blind sac body plan, radial symmetry, acoelomate
(2) Diploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and acoelomate
(3) Triploblastic , radially symmetrical and coelomate
(4) Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and coelomate

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46 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
Q.48 The most important characteristic of phylum Cnidaria is
(1) Cnidoblasts (2) Choanocytes (3) Thesocytes (4) Archaeocytes
Q.49 Digestion in Hydra is
(1) Extracellular (2) Intracellular
(3) Extracellular and intracellular (4) Holozoic
Q.50 Metagenesis is found in
(1) Physalia (Portuguese man of war) (2) Hydra
(3) Obelia (4) Both (1) & (3)
Q.51 Which of the following statement is incorrect about metagenesis?
(1) Alternation of asexual and sexual phases in the life cycle of Obelia is called metagenesis
(2) Metagenesis is similar to alternation of generations as found in plants
(3) Both the medusa and polyp are diploid
(4) Medusa is the sexual phase and polyp is the asexual phase
Q.52 Jelly fish belongs to class
(1) Hydrozoa (2) Scyphozoa (3) Anthozoa (4) None of these
Q.53 Sea anemone belongs to
(1) Anthozoa (2) Hydraozoa (3) Scyphozoa (4) Coelenterata
Q.54 Which one of the following is coelenterate?
(1) Sea pen (2) Sea horse (3) Sea urchin (4) Sea cucumber
Q.55 Tick mark the incorrect match
(1) Obelia Planula larva (2) Aurelia Ephyra larva
(3) Nereis Trochophore (4) Hydra Hydrula larva
Q.56 The hypnotoxin is produced by
(1) Penetrant (2) Volvent (3) Large glutinant (4) Small glutinant
Q.57 During discharge of nematocyst the function of lasso is to
(1) Press and squeeze out the thread tube
(2) Trigger the stimulus
(3) Prevent the detachment of nematocyst from nematoblast
(4) None of these
Q.58 A piece of Hydra will regenerate into a full Hydra if it contains a part of
(1) Epidermis
(2) Epidermis, gastrodermis and interstitial cells
(3) Basal disc
(4) Epidermis, gastrodermis and tentacles
Q.59 Which one of the following (cell types) contains the symbiotic Zoochlorellae in Hydra?
(1) Epithelio muscular cells of epidermis
(2) Endothelio muscular cells of gastrodermis
(3) Interstitial cells
(4) Algae embedded in the mesoglea
Q.60 If the body stalk of Hydra is cut transversely into several segments, then in these fragments,
tentacles would regenerate
(1) At the end that was close to the hypostome
(2) At the end that was cl'ose to the basal disc
(3) Randomly at either ends of the cut segments
(4) In none of the segments
Q.61 Main function of interstitial cells is
(1) Replacement of lost cells (2) Excretion
(3) Digestion (4) Defence
Q.62 Organ pipe coral is

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47 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
(1) Tubipora (2) Gorgonia (3) Pennatula (4) Meandrina
Q.63 Which animal has been placed in wrong habitat?
(1) Hydra vulgaris -sea water (2) Hydra gangetica -fresh water
(3) Obelia -sea water (4) Physalia -sea water
Q.64 Which of the following belong to phylum ctenophora?
(1) Hormiphora (2) Cestum (3) Beroe (4) All of these
Q.65 Which of the following are triploblastic, acoelomate with blind sac type of body plan and
parenchyma cells originating from mesoderm fill up the cavities of the body?
(1) Cnidarians (2) Platyhelminthes (3) Annelids (4) Arthropoda
Q.66 In platyhelminthes, the excretory organs are
(1) Nephridia (2) Nephrons (3) Flame cells (4) Archeocytes
Q.67 Tapeworm is placed in a class
(1) Cestoda (2) Trematoda (3) Sporozoa (4) Turbellaria
Q.68 Which one of the following stages in the life history of liver fluke infects the sheep?
(1) Miracidium (2) Redia (3) Cercaria (4) Metacercaria
Q.69 The correct sequence of various larvae in liver fluke is
(1) Miracidium, sporocyst, cercaria, redia, metacercaria
(2) Miracidium, sporocyst, redia, cercaria, metacercaria
(3) Sporocyst, redia, miracidium, cercaria, metacercaria
(4) Cercaria, sporocyst, redia, miracidium, metacercaria
Q.70 Branched uterus containing fertilized capsules can be seen in tapeworm in
(1) Immature proglottid (2) Mature proglottid
(3) Gravid proglottid (4) Immediately below neck
Q.71 The mature proglottids having fertilized eggs in uterus of tapeworm are regularly detached.
This process is known as
(1) Apolysis (2) Proliferation (3) Strobilation (4) Topolysis
Q.72 Taenia saginata differs from Taenia solium in
(1) Absence of scolex hooks
(2) Scolex devoid of hooks and difference in secondary host
(3) Absence of scolex hooks and presence of both male and female reproductive organs
(4) Presence of scolex hooks
Q.73 Fluke occuring in human beings is
(1) Fasciolopsis (2) Fasciola (3) Dugesis (4) Male Ascaris
Q.74 Schistosoma is known as
(1) Blood fluke (2) Chinese liver fluke
(3) Dog tapeworm (4) Lung fluke
Q.75 Ladder like nervous system, with ventral nerve chord is present in
(1) Cnidaria (2) Platyhelminthes (3) Annelida (4) Arthropoda
Q.76 The larva of Taenia solium is
(1) Cysticercus (2) Megascolex (3) Planula (4) Ephyra
Q.77 Alimentary canal is absent in
(1) Planaria (2) Tapeworm (3) Blood fluke (4) Liver fluke
Q.78 Male Ascaris differs from female in having
(1) Lips (2) Amphids (3) Pineal spicules (4) Tail
Q.79 The epidermis of Ascaris is
(1) Multicellular (2) Syncytial (3) Columnar (4) Cuboidal
Q.80 A free living roundworm is
(1) Enterobius (2) Rhabditis (3) Dracunculus (4) Trichinella
Q.81 The commonest worm in children is

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48 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
(1) Ascaris lumbricoides (2) Enterobius vermicularis
(3) Ancylostoma duodenals (4) Trichinella sprialis
Q.82 Which is the infective stage of Ascaris for man?
(1) First larval stage
(2) Second larval stage (Rhaditiform larva)
(3) Encysted egg
(4) Adult
Q.83 What name is given to the condition of testis in Ascaris?
(1) Monodelphic (2) Didelphic (3) Monarchic (4) Alarchic
Q.84 Filariasis is caused by
(1) Wuchereria (2) Ancylostoma (3) Trichinella (4) Enterobius

Section – B
Q.1 Anal itching is caused by
(1) Female Ancylostoma (2) Male Ancylostoma
(3) Female Enterobius (4) Male Enterobius
Q.2 The altemaleflntermediate host of Guinea worm is
(1) Fish (2) Dog (3) Cyclop (4) Domesticated animals
Q.3 Blisters are produced on the body due to infection of worm called
(1) Trichinella (2) Dracunculus (3) Wuchereria (4) Echinococcus
Q.4 Leech belongs to the class
(1) Polychaeta (2) Oligochaeta (3) Hirudinea (4) Archiannelida
Q.5 Aphrodite (sea mouse) belongs to class
(1) Hirudinea (2) Oligocllaeta (3) Archiannelida (4) Polychaeta
Q.6 Parapodia for locomotion are found in one of the following
(1) Earthworm (2) Hirudinaria (3) Nerais (4) Polygordius
Q.7 In earthworm, the function of chloragogen cells is
(1) Excretion (2) Reproduction (3) Digestion (4) Regeneration
Q.8 A temporary clitelium occurs during the breeding season in
(1) Pheretima (2) Heteronereis (3) Hirodinaria (4) Aphrodite
Q.9 The septal and pharyngeal nephridia open into alimentary canal and are of enteronephric
type. It is an adaptation for
(1) Conservation of water (osmoregulation)
(2) Conservation of heat
(3) Regulation of temperature
(4) Regulation of amino acids
Q.10 Blood of Pheretima is
(1) Blue with haemocyanin in corpuscles (2) Blue with haemocyanin in plasma
(3) Red with haemocyanin in corpuscles (4) Red with haemoglobin in plasma
Q.11 Hirudinaria shows locomotion by
(1) Looping (2) Swimming (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Creepng
Q.12 In earthworm, fertilization occurs in
(1) Oviduct (2) Spermathecae (3) Clitellum (4) Coooon
Q.13 One of the following is considered as a connecting link between annelida and arthropoda
(1) Peripatus (2) Limulus (3) Balanoglossus (4) Sphenodon
Q.14 Peripatus breathes by
(1) Skin (2) Gills (3) Trachea (4) Book lung
Q.15 Respiration in mollusca takes place by

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49 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
(1) Body surface (2) Gills or ctenidia (3) Pulmonary sac (4) All of these
Q.16 A fold of dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass in molluscs, is called as
(1) Operculum (2) Mantle (3) Shell (4) None of these
Q.17 The only segmented mollusca is
(1) Neopilina (2) Teredo (3) Nautilus (4) CMon
Q.18 Which of the following is terrestrial gastropod?
(1) Urnax (2) Unio (3) Sepia (4) Octopus
Q.19 Pearls are produced by
(1) Mytilus (2) Doris (3) Pecten (4) Oslnea
Q.20 The larva which is characteristic of gastropoda is
(1) Glochidium (2) Auricularia
(3) Trochophore and veliger (4) None ofthese
Q.21 Octopus is commonly called
(1) Cuttle fish (2) Devil fish (3) Hag fish (4) Silver fish
Q.22 Buccal cavity of gastropods contains a special rasping organ called
(1) Dental plate (2) Tongue (3) Radula (4) Osphradium
Q.23 When chased by an enemy, a cloud of black ink is emitted by
(1) Nautilus (2) Pil. (3) Loligo (4) Palella
Q.24 The colour change in cephalopods occurs due to
(1) Internal secretions (2) Chromatophores
(3) Ink sac (4) Mantie
Q.25 Sepia and octopus are marine animals and their swift locomotion in water is effected by
(1) Adhering with the help of suckers to another moving animal
(2) Characteristic undulation of their lateral fins
(3) Lashing movement of their cephalic arms
(4) Expelling water in a jet through siphon
Q.26 Haemocyanin is a respiratory pigment found in
(1) Echinodenm (2) Annelida (3) Insects (4) Architeuthis
Q.27 The pearls are formed of
(1) Calcium phosphate (2) Calcium carbonate
(3) Magnesium trisilicate (4) Calcium sulphate
Q.28 A slightly curved tubular shell open at both the ends is found in
(1) Nautifus (2) Teredo (3) Dentalium (4) Cypraea
Q.29 Respiratory organs of arthropods are
(1) Gills (2) Book gills
(3) Book lungs, tracheal system (4) All of these
Q.30 Respiratory pigment in insects is
(1) Haemocyanin (2) Haemoglobin (3) Haemoerythrin (4) None of these
Q.31 Character common in spider, cockroach and centipede
(1) Compound eyes (2) Book lungs (3) Green glands (4) Jointed legs
Q.32 Which of the following is represented by the largest number of species?
(1) Insecta (2) Protozoa (3) Mammalia (4) Aves
Q.33 The respiratory organs are book lungs in
(1) Arachnida (2) Dipklpoda (3) Chilopoda (4) Insecta
Q.34 Glow worm is a
(1) Annelid (2) Helminth (3) Insect (4) Mollusc
Q.35 Which one is not an insect?
(1) locust (2) Tick (3) Ant (4) Beetle
Q.36 Head and thorax are fused to form cephalothorax in the members of dass

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50 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
(1) Arachnida (2) Dipklpoda (3) Chiklpoda (4) Insecta
Q.37 A spider spins the web by means of a secretion of
(1) Abdominal glands (2) Salivary glands
(3) Thoracic glands (4) Mouth
Q.38 Class Arachnida is characterised by
(1) A pair each of pedipalpi and chelicerae (2) Four pairs of legs
(3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Three pairs of legs
Q.39 Diplopocls (eg. miltipede) differ from Chilopods (eg. centipede) in
(1) Occurrence of two pairs of legs on each abdominal segment
(2) Presence of pedipalpi
(3) Presence of chelicerae
(4) Tracheal system of respiration
Q.40 Mouth parts of cockroach are of
(1) Cutting type (2) Biting and chewing type
(3) Siphoning type (4) Lapping type
Q.41 An insect without mandibles is
(1) Musca (2) Apis (3) Anopheles (4) Blatta
Q.42 Which of the following is Hofometabolous?
(1) Silver Fish (2) Gypsy moth (3) Bed Bug (4) Grasshopper
Q.43 Tick mark the wrong match
(1) Housefly – Grub (2) Mosquito - Wriggler
(3) Beetle – Grub (4) Butterfly - Caterpillar
Q.44 Maggot is
(1) Larva of Anopheles/Culex (2) Pupa of Housefly
(3) Larva of Housefly (4) Larva of Dragonfly
Q.45 Pasteurella pestis (causal agent of Bubonic Plague) is transmitted by
(1) Bed bug (2) Rat flea (3) Louse (4) Mosquito
Q.46 Which of the following is ametabolous?
(1) Sitver Fish (2) Gypsy motll (3) Bed Bug (4) Grasshopper
Q.47 Life history of cockroach belongs to
(1) Ametabola (2) Hemimetabola (3) Paurometabola (4) Hoklmetabola
Q.48 An insect without pupa stage is
(1) Mosquito (2) Silk moth (3) Bed bug (4) Butterfly
Q.49 Silk thread is obtained from silk moth during
(1) Cocoon stage (2) Larval state (3) Nymph state (4) Adult state
Q.50 In housefly, the mouth parts are specialised for
(1) Sponging liquid food (2) Blood sucking
(3) Chewing (4) Sucking flower juice
Q.51 Housefly feeds on sugar by
(1) Crushing its crystals and then sucking the powder
(2) Crushing and eating
(3) Sucking
(4) Dissolving in saliva and sucking
Q.52 Metamorphosis of insects is regulated through
(1) Haemolymph (2) Thyroxine (3) Ecdysone (4) All of these
Q.53 Kala-azar and Oriental sore are spread by
(1) Housefly (2) Bed bug (3) Sand fly (4) Fruit fly
Q.54 Yellow fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever is transmitted by
(1) Culex (2) Aedes (3) Anopheles (4) Bed bug

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51 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
Q.55 Adult Culex and Anopheles can be distinguished with the help of
(1) Mouth parts/colour (2) Sitting posture
(3) Antennae/wings (4) Feeding habits
Q.56 In which of the following group of animals larvae are bilaterally symmetrical and the adult are
radially symmetrical?
(1) Molluscs (2) Cnidarians (3) Echinoderms (4) Platyhelminthes
Q.57 Which of the following statement is incorrect for echinoderms?
(1) The most distinctive feature of echinoderms is the presence of water vascular system,
which is a part of the coelom
(2) The main function of water vascular system is locomotion and the capture of food
(3) Echinoderms have no proper excretory system
(4) They have well developed circulatory system
Q.58 Echinoderms are closely related to chordates due to following characters
(1) Tube within tube type of body plan, developed along deuterostomic evolutionary line
(2) They have enterocoelom
(3) They have mesodermal endoskeleton
(4) All of these
Q.59 Tick mark the wrong match
(1) Sea lily – Crinoidea (2) Brittle star – Ophiuroidea
(3) Sea urchin – Echinoidea (4) Sea cucumber – Asteroidea
Q.60 Which of the following is incorrect match?
(1) Asterias – Bipinnaria larva (2) HoIofhuria – Auricularia larva
(3) Antedon – Doliolaria (4) Echinoidea – Trochophore
Q.61 Which of the following is the common ancestral larva of echinoderms, hemichordates and
chordates?
(1) Trochophore (2) Dipleura (3) Pluteus (4) Nauplius
Q.62 Aristotle's lantern (masticatory apparatus) is found in
(1) Sea urchin (2) Asterias (3) Ophiothrix (4) Sea anemone
Q.63 Which phylum includes exclusively marine no parasitic forms of animals?
(1) Porifera (2) Cnidaria (3) Molluscs (4) Echinoderms
Q.64 Feather star is the common name of
(1) Pentaceros (2) Echinus (3) Ophiothrix (4) Antedon
Q.65 Respiration in Asterias is brought about by
(1) Ctenidia (2) Lungs
(3) Respiratory siphons (4) Dermal branchiae and tube feet
Q.66 Sea cucumber belongs to the class
(1) Ophiuroidea (2) Echinoidea (3) Crinoidea (4) Holothuroidea
Q.67 Which of the following is not an echinoderm?
(1) Sea cucumber (2) Sea lemon (3) Sea lily (4) Sea cake
Q.68 The ability of star fish to break off a part of its body is called
(1) Autogamy (2) Autophagy (3) Autotomy (4) Autolysis
Q.69 One of the following is believed to be connecting link between non-chordates and chordates
(1) Urochordata (2) Cephalochordata (3) Hemichordata (4) None of these
Q.70 Tornaria is the larva of
(1) Balanoglossus (2) Salpa (3) Doliolum (4) Herdmania

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52 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)

Answers Key
Section–A
Q.1 3 Q.2 3 Q.3 3 Q.4 3 Q.5 1 Q.6 3 Q.7 4
Q.8 3 Q.9 2 Q.10 1 Q.11 3 Q.12 2 Q.13 2 Q.14 2
Q.15 1 Q.16 3 Q.17 1 Q.18 3 Q.19 1 Q.20 1 Q.21 3
Q.22 2 Q.23 2 Q.24 2 Q.25 2 Q.26 1 Q.27 3 Q.28 4
Q.29 1 Q.30 1 Q.31 4 Q.32 2 Q.33 1 Q.34 4 Q.35 3
Q.36 2 Q.37 2 Q.38 2 Q.39 3 Q.40 1 Q.41 4 Q.42 2
Q.43 1 Q.44 1 Q.45 4 Q.46 4 Q.47 1 Q.48 1 Q.49 3
Q.50 4 Q.51 2 Q.52 2 Q.53 1 Q.54 1 Q.55 4 Q.56 1
Q.57 3 Q.58 2 Q.59 2 Q.60 1 Q.61 1 Q.62 1 Q.63 1
Q.64 4 Q.65 2 Q.66 3 Q.67 1 Q.68 4 Q.69 2 Q.70 3
Q.71 1 Q.72 2 Q.73 1 Q.74 1 Q.75 2 Q.76 1 Q.77 2
Q.78 3 Q.79 2 Q.80 2 Q.81 2 Q.82 2 Q.83 3 Q.84 1

Section–B
Q.1 3 Q.2 3 Q.3 2 Q.4 3 Q.5 4 Q.6 3 Q.7 1
Q.8 3 Q.9 1 Q.10 4 Q.11 3 Q.12 4 Q.13 1 Q.14 3
Q.15 4 Q.16 2 Q.17 1 Q.18 1 Q.19 4 Q.20 3 Q.21 2
Q.22 3 Q.23 3 Q.24 2 Q.25 4 Q.26 4 Q.27 2 Q.28 3
Q.29 4 Q.30 4 Q.31 4 Q.32 1 Q.33 1 Q.34 3 Q.35 2
Q.36 1 Q.37 1 Q.38 3 Q.39 1 Q.40 2 Q.41 1 Q.42 2
Q.43 1 Q.44 3 Q.45 2 Q.46 1 Q.47 3 Q.48 3 Q.49 1
Q.50 1 Q.51 4 Q.52 3 Q.53 3 Q.54 2 Q.55 2 Q.56 3
Q.57 4 Q.58 4 Q.59 4 Q.60 4 Q.61 2 Q.62 1 Q.63 4
Q.64 4 Q.65 4 Q.66 4 Q.67 2 Q.68 3 Q.69 3 Q.70 1

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53 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
Exercise – 2 Previous Years Questions
Q.1 Correct order of excretory organs in cockroach, Earthworm and Rabbit respectively :
[RPMT 2001]
(1) Skin, malpighi tubules, kidney (2) Malpighi tubules, nephridia, kidney
(3) Nephridia, malpighi tubules, kidney (4) Nephridia, kidney, green gland
Q.2 In which of the following water vascular system is present [RPMT 2001]
(1) Porifera only (2) Echinodermata only
(3) Both Porifera and Echinodermata (4) None of them
Q.3 Which of the following group is Duterostome [RPMT 2001]
(1) Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca (2) Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata
(3) Annelida, Mollusca, Chordata (4) Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata
Q.4 In which phylum nerve cells are found but nerves are absent [RPMT 2001]
(1) Porifera (2) Coelenterata (3) Platyhelminthes (4) Nematohelminthes
Q.5 Classification of sponges is primarily based on the [RPMT 2002]
(1) Body organisation (2) Body plan
(3) Skeleton (4) Canal system
Q.6 In crustaceans, respiration takes place by [RPMT 2002]
(1) Gills (2) Book lungs (3) Ctenidia (4) Trachea
Q.7 Ctenophora shows affinities with [RPMT 2002]
(1) Cnidaria (2) Aschehelmenth (3) Cephalopoda (4) Turbelaria
Q.8 Which of the following molluscs is formed by a larva which have torsion [RPMT 2002]
(1) Lamelledens (2) Pila (3) Sepia (4) Octopus
Q.9 Solenocytes and Nephridia are respectively found in [RPMT 2002]
(1) Platyhelmenth and Annelids (2) Annelids and Nematoda
(3) Cenidaria and Mollusca (4) Mollusca and Echinodermata
Q.10 Arthropoda characterised by [RPMT 2003]
(1) Chitinous exoskeletan, segmentation and jointed appendages
(2) Hairs, exoskelaton and three pairs of legs
(3) Exocutaneous scales, metamerism, one pair antennae
(4) One pair chelicerae, one pair pedipalp and one pair antennae
Q.11 Chitin exoskeleton is found in [RPMT 2004]
(1) Cockroach (2) Ascaris (3) Nematoda (4) None
Q.12 Haemocoel is found in [RPMT 2004]
(1) Hydra (2) Ascaris (3) Earthworm (4) Cockroach
Q.13 Metamerism is characteristic of [RPMT 2004]
(1) Ascaris (2) Pheretima (3) Periplaneta (4) Hydra
Q.14 Radial symmetry is found in [RPMT 2004]
(1) Planaria (2) Taenia (3) Fasciola (4) Sea anemone
Q.15 Which of the following is pseudoc-eolomate [RPMT 2004]
(1) Hydra (2) Periplaneta (3) Ascaris (4) Pheretima
Q.16 Botryoidal tissue is found in [RPMT 2004]
(1) Porifera (2) Acanthocephala (3) annelida (4) Echinodermata
Q.17 Which cell absent in sponge [RPMT 2005]
(1) Nerve cell (2) Sensory cell (3) Gland cell (4) All of these
Q.18 In which of the following animal of echinodermata, arms, spines and pedicillariae are absent
[RPMT 2005]
(1) Sea cucumber (2) Sea lily (3) Sea star (4) Sea urchin
Q.19 Which is the visual unit of compound eye of insects [RPMT 2005]
(1) Ommatidia (2) Rod (3) Rhabdom (4) None

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54 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
Q.20 Cryfish belongs to which of the following group [RPMT 2005]
(1) Pisces (2) Mollusca (3) Arthropoda (4) Echinodermata
Q.21 Canal system is the speciality of which phylum [RPMT 2006]
(1) Porifera (2) Coelenterata (3) Echinodermata (4) None
Q.22 Enzyme Hirudin is present in the saliva of [RPMT 2006]
(1) Leech (2) Earthworm (3) Scorpion (4) Cobra
Q.23 Solenocytes occur in [AIPMT 1998]
(1) Platyhelminthes (2) Arthropoda (3) Annelida (4) Aschelminthes
Q.24 Which characteristic is true for Obelia [AIPMT 1998]
(1) Metagenesis (2) Morphogenesis (3) Apolysis (4) Pedogeny
Q.25 Practical purpose of taxonomy or classification [AIPMT 1999]
(1) Facilitate the identification of unknown species.
(2) Explain the origin of organisms.
(3) To know the evolutionary history
(4) Identification of medicinal plants
Q.26 Which arrangement is in correct ascending order [AIPMT 1999]
(1) Species < genus < order < family (2) Genus < species < family< order
(3) Order < family < Genus < species (4) species < genus < family < order
Q.27 Similarity in Ascaris lumbricoides and Anopheles stephensi [AIPMT 2000]
(1) Sexual dimorphism (2) Metamerism
(3) Anaerobic respiration (4) Endoparasitism
Q.28 Which of the following animals have scattered cells with cell - tissue grade orgnisation
[AIPMT 2000]
(1) Sponge (2) Hydra (3) Liver fluke (4) Ascaris
Q.29 In Hydra, waste material of food digestion and nitrogenous waste material removed from
[AIPMT 2001]
(1) Mouth and mouth (2) Body wall and body wall
(3) Mouth and bodywall (4) Mouth and tentacles
Q.30 In Protozoa like Amoeba and Paramecium, a organ is found for osmoregulation which is
[AIPMT 2002]
(1) Contractile vacuole (2) Mitochondria
(3) Nucleus (4) Food vacuole
Q.31 In which of the animal dimorphic nucleus is found [AIPMT 2002]
(1) Amoeba proteus (2) Trypanosoma gambiens
(3) Plasmodium vivax (4) Paramoecius caudatum
Q.32 Given below are four matchings of an animal and its kind of respiratory organ
[AIPMT 2003]
A. Silver fish - trachea B. Scorpion - book lung
C. Sea squirt - pharyngeal gills D. Dolphin - skin
The correct matchings are :-
(1) A and D (2) A, B and C (3) B and D (4) C and D
Q.33 Which one of the following is a matching pair of an animal and a certain phenomenon it
exhibits [AIPMT 2003]
(1) Pheretima - Sexual dimorphism (2) Musca - complete metamorphosis
(3) Chameleon - Mimicry (4) Taenia - Polymorphism
Q.34 During its life-cycle, Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) infects its intermediate host and primary
host at the following larval stages respectively [AIPMT 2003]
(1) Redia and miracidium (2) Cercaria and redia
(3) Metacercaria and cercaria (4) Miracidium and metacercaria

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55 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
Q.35 Sycon belongs to a group of animals, which are best described as [AIPMT 2003]
(1) Unicellular or acellular
(2) Multicellular without any tissue organization
(3) Multicellular with a gastrovascular system
(4) Multicellular having tissue organization, but no body cavity
Q.36 The animals with bilateral symmetry in young stage and radial pentamerous symmetry in the
adult stage, belong to the phylum [AIPMT 2004]
(1) Mollusca (2) Cnidaria (3) Echinodermata (4) Annelida
Q.37 In Arthropoda, head and thorax are often fused to form cephalothorax, but in which one of
the following classes, is the body divided into head, thorax and abdomen [AIPMT 2004]
(1) Myriapoda (2) Crustacea
(3) Arachnida and Crustacea (4) Insecta
Q.38 Which one of the following is not correctly matched [AIPMT 2004]
(1) Culex pipiens - Filariasis (2) Aedes aegypti - Yellow fever
(3) Anopheles culifacies - Leishmaniasis (4) Glossina palpalis - Sleeping sickness
Q.39 In contrast to Annelids the Platyhelminths show [AIPMT 2005]
(1) Absence of body cavity (2) Presence of pseudocoel
(3) Radial symmetry (4) Bilaterla symmetry
Q.40 Which of the following unicellular organism has a macronucleus for trophic function and one
or more micronuclei for reproduction [AIPMT 2005]
(1) Trypanosoma (2) Paramecium (3) Euglena (4) Amoeba
Q.41 Evolutionary history of an organism is known as [AIPMT 2006]
(1) Ontogeny (2) Phylogeny (3) Ancestry (4) Paleontology
Q.42 What is common about Trypanosoma, Noctiluca, Monocystis and Giardia [AIPMT 2006]
(1) These are all prasites (2) These are all unicellular protists
(3) They have flagella (4) They produce spores
Q.43 Which one of the following is a matching set of a phylum and its three examples
[AIPMT 2006]
(1) Porifera : Spongilla, Euplectella, Pennatula
(2) Cnidaria : Bonellia, Physalia, Aurelia
(3) Platyhelminthes : Planaria, Enterobius Schistosoma
(4) Mollusca : Loligo, Teredo, Octopus
Q.44 Metameric segmentation is the characteristic of- [AIPMT 2006]
(1) Mollusca and Chordata (2) Platyhelminthes and Arthropoda
(3) Echinodermata and Annelida (4) Annelida and Arthropoda
Q.45 Two common characters found in Centipede, Cockroach and Carb are - [AIPMT 2006]
(1) Book lungs and antennae
(2) Compound eyes and anal cerci
(3) Jointed legs and chitinous exoskeleton
(4) Green gland and tracheae
Q.46 Biradial symmetry and lack of cnidoblasts are the characteristic of : [AIPMT 2006]
(1) Hydra and Starfish (2) Starfish and Sea Anemone
(3) Ctenophora and Beroe (4) Aurelia and Paramoecium
Q.47 Which one of the following has an open circulatory system [AIPMT 2006]
(1) Octopus (2) Pheretima (3) Periplaneta (4) Hirudinaria
Q.48 Biological organization starts with - [AIPMT 2007]
(1) Atomic level (2) Submicroscopic molecular level
(3) Cellular level (4) Organismic level
Q.49 Which one of the following is a matching pair of a body feature and the animal possessing it

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56 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
[AIPMT 2007]
(1) Ventral heart - Scorpion
(2) Post-anal tail - Octopus
(3) Ventral central nervous system –Leech
(4) Pharyngeal gill slits absent in embryo-Chamaeleon
Q.50 What is true about Nereis, Scoprion, cockroach and Silver fish [AIPMT 2007]
(1) They all belong to the same phylum (2) They all have jointed paired appendages
(3) They all possess dorsal heart (4) None of them is aquatic
Q.51 Which one of the following pairs is mismatched [AIPMT 2007]
(1) Bombyx mori - Silk (2) Pila globosa - Pearl
(3) Apis indica - Honey (4) Kenia lacca - Lac
Q.52 Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of phylum annelida [AIPMT 2008]
(1) Closed circulatory system (2) Segmentation
(3) Pseudocoelom (4) Ventral nerve cord
Q.53 Which one of the following phyla is correctly matched with its two general characteristics
[AIPMT 2008]
(1) Arthropoda : Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen and respiration by tracheae
(2) Chordata : Notochord at some stage and separate anal and urinary openings to the outside
(3) Echinodermata : Pentamerous radial symmetry and mostly internal fertilization
(4) Mollusca : Normally oviparous and development through a trochophore or veliger larva
Q.54 Ascaris is characterized by [AIPMT 2008]
(1) absence of true coelom but presence of metamerism
(2) presence of neither true coelom nor metamerism
(3) presence of true coelom but absence of metamerism
(4) presence of true coelom and metamerism
Q.55 Which one of the following group of the three animals each is correctly matched with their
one characteristic morphological feature [AIPMT 2008]
Animals Morphological feature
(1) Liver fluke, Sea anemone, - Bilateral symmetry
Sea cucumber
(2) Centipede, Prawn, Sea urchin - Joined appendages
(3) Scorpion, Spider, Cockroach - Ventral solid central nervous system
(4) Cockroach, Locust, Taenia - Metameric segmentation
Q.56 The middle layer in body wall of Porifera is [AIIMS 1999]
(1) Mesoderm (2) Mesenchyme (3) Mesoglea (4) Mesentery
Q.57 Medusa of Obelia is [AIIMS 1999]
(1) Carnivorous (2) Hrbivorous (3) Detritous feeder (4) Omnivorous
Q.58 Sense organ of Aurelia are [AIIMS 1999]
(1) Tenlitta (2) Tentaculocyst
(3) Nematocyst (4) Otolith
Q.59 Characteristic of class crustacea is [AIIMS 2001]
(1) Cephalothorax, biramous appendages and gills
(2) Head & Thorax, book lung and chitinous exoskeleton
(3) Cephalothorax, book lungs and chitinous exoskeleton
(4) Head & thorax, biramous appendages & book lungs
Q.60 After drying, a bath sponge contains [AIIMS 2002]
(1) hold fast (2) Tentacles (3) spicules (4) spongin fibre
Q.61 Which organism resides in Lymph nodes [AIIMS 2000]
(1) Taenia (2) Wuchereria (3) Plamodium (4) Diplococcus

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57 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
Q.62 Adult Wuchereria bancrofti attacks [AIIMS 2002]
(1) Nervous system (2) Lymph vessels (3) Muscular system (4) Blood vessels
Q.63 Just as Xenopsylla is for Yersenia pestis, so is [AIIMS 2003]
(1) Glossina palpalis to Wuchereria bancrofti
(2) Culex to Plasmodium falciparum
(3) Homo sapiens to Taenia solium
(4) Phlebotomus to Leishmania donovani
Q.64 Which one of the following features is common in silverfish, scorpion, dragonfly and prawn
[AIIMS 2005]
(1) Three pairs of legs and segmented body
(2) Chitinous cuticle and two pairs of antennae
(3) Jointed appendages and chitinous exoskeleton
(4) Cephalothorax involves
Q.65 Anus is absent in [BHU 1994]
(1) Fasciola (2) Pheretima (3) Periplaneta (4) Unio
Q.66 Pick up the correctly matched pair [BHU 1994]
(1) Water vascular system - Sponge (2) Blubber - Kangaroo
(3) Marsupium - Platypus (4) Flame cell - Flatworm
Q.67 Trochophore larva occurs in [BHU 1995]
(1) Annelida and Porifera (2) Coelenterata and Annelida
(3) Mollusca and Coelenterata (4) Annelida and Mollusca
Q.68 Green glands found in some Arthropods take part in [BHU 1998]
(1) Excretion (2) Respiration (3) Digestion (4) Both 1 and 2
Q.69 In sponges there is [AFMC 1985]
(1) The symmetry is radial (2) Present a true coelom
(3) A single exit and a number of mouths (4) A single mouth and a number of exist
Q.70 Cephalization is absent in [AFMC 1989]
(1) Molluscs (2) Arthopods (3) Both 1 and 2 (4) Echinoderms
Q.71 A radially symmetrical diploblastic animal is [AFMC 1993]
(1) Roundworm (2) Earthworm (3) Hydra (4) Liver fluke
Q.72 Antedon is a member of class [AFMC 1993]
(1) Echinoidea (2) Asteroidea (3) Crinoidea (4) Ophiuroidea
Q.73 A sponge harmful to oyster industry is [AFMC 1997]
(1) Spongilla (2) Euspongia (3) Hyalonema (4) Cliona
Q.74 What is the name of the book written by Aristotle [MP PMT 1999]
(1) Historia Animalium (2) Histoire Naturelle
(3) Systema Naturae (4) Philosophie Zoologique
Q.75 Who is the ‘‘Father of Zoology’’ [MP PMT 1999]
(1) Aristotle (2) Theophrastus
(3) Lazzaro Spallanzani (4) Carolus Linnaeus
Q.76 In which phylum is Water Vascular System found [MP PMT 1999]
(1) Protozoa (2) Arthropoda (3) Porifera (4) Echinodermata
Q.77 In poriferans the skeleton forming cells are [MP PMT 2000]
(1) Amoebocytes (2) Thesocytes (3) Archiocytes (4) Sclerocytes
Q.78 Which of the following does not belongs to phylum coelenterate [MP PMT 2002]
(1) Sea pen (2) Sea feather (3) Sea cucumber (4) Sea fan
Q.79 Commercial bath sponge is called [MP PMT 2002]
(1) Euspongia (2) Spongilla (3) Euplectella (4) Cliona
Q.80 Prokaryotes are included in the kingdom : [JKCMEE 2009]

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58 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
(1) Monera (2) Protista (3) Protozoa (4) Basidiomycetes
Q.81 Single-celled eukaryotes are included in : [CBSE 2010]
(1) Protista (2) Fungi (3) Archaea (4) Monera
Q.82 “Taxa” differs from “taxon” due to this being : [DUMET 2010]
(1) A higher taxonomic category than taxon
(2) A lower taxonomic category than taxon
(3) The singular of taxon
(4) The plural of taxon
Q.83 Which one of the following group of animal is bilaterally? [CBSE 2009]
(1) Sponges (2) Ctenophores
(3) Coelenterates (Cnidarians) (4) Aschelminthes (Roundworms)
Q.84 Deuterostome condition and indeterminate radial cleavage are characteristics of :
[AMU 2009]
(1) Chordates and arthropods (2) Chordates and echinoderms
(3) Arthropods and echinoderms (4) Chordates, arthropods and annelids
Q.85 Which one of the following statements about all the four of Spongilla, Leech, Dolphin and
Penguin is correct? [CBSE 2010]
(1) Spongilla has special collared cells called choanocytes, not found in the remaining three
(2) Penguin is homoeothermic while the remaining three are poikilothermic
(3) Leech is a freshwater form white all others are marine
(4) All are bilaterally symmetrical
Q.86 Which of the following statements are correct witgh regard to Deuterostomes?
[EAMCET 2010]
A. The blastopore develops into anus in adult.
B. The balstopore develops into mouth in adult.
C. Cleavage is radial and indeterminate.
D. Cleavage is spiral and determinate.
(1) 1 and 3 (2) 1 and 2 (3) 2 and 4 (4) 2 and 3
Q.87 Choose the animal which exhibits the following characteristics : [EAMCET 2010]
A. Marine habitat. B. Bilateral symmetry and cephalization.
C. Haemocoel as principal body cavity. D. Eyes similar to that of vertebrates.
(1) Silverfish (2) Dogfish (3) Jellyfish (4) Cuttle fish
Q.88 The plane that divides the body into right and left haves : [EAMCET 2010]
(1) Transverse (2) Frontal (3) Sagittal (4) Radial
Q.89 The mian basis of classification of Protozoa is : [MPPMT 2010]
(1) Size (2) Shape (3) locomotory device (4) Number of nuclei
Q.90 Which class of Protozoa includes all parasitic forms? [CPMT 2009]
(1) Mastigophora (2) Ciliata (3) Sporozoa (4) Sarcodina
Q.91 Infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica : [BHU 2007; CPMT 2009]
(1) Trophozoite (2) Precystic form (3) Metacystic form (4) Quadrinucleate cyst
Q.92 When a freshwater protozoan is placed in marine water, … : [Karnataka CET 2010]
(1) The contractile vacuoles becomes bigger in size
(2) The number of contractile vacuoles increase
(3) The contractile vacuoles disapper
(4) The contractile vacuoles remain unchanged
Q.93 Which of the following is a flagellated protozoan? [Kerala PMT 2010]
(1) Amoeba (2) Entamoeba (3) Palsmodium (4) Trypanosoma
Q.94 The type of nutrition present in Entamoeba is : [Orissa JEE 2010]
(1) Saprozoic (2) Parasitic (3) Autotrophic (4) None of these

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59 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
Q.95 Sponges possess : [CPMT 2009]
(1) No tissues (2) Epithelial tissues only
(3) Epithelial and connective tissues only (4) All four types of tissues
Q.96 Which one of these is referred to as “Venus Flower basket”? [Kerala PMT 2009]
(1) Euplectella (2) Sycon (3) Cliona (4) Spongilla
(5) Proterion
Q.97 Which is not correct for spongers? [Orissa JEE 2009]
(1) Internal fertilization (2) External fertilization
(3) Gemmule formation (4) Gametes are formed from epidermal cells
Q.98 One of the following is not a characteristic feature of sponges : [Kerala PMT 2010]
(1) Presence of ostia (2) Indirect development
(3) Intracellular digestion (4) Body supported by chitin
(5) Cellular level of organization
Q.99 Digestion in Hydra takes place within : [Orissa JEE 2009]
(1) Pelvic cavity (2) Abdominal
(3) Gastrovascular cavity (4) Pericardial cavity
Q.100 Budding as normal mode of asexual reproduction occurs in : [Orissa JEE 2010]
(1) Hydra and starfishes (2) Hydra and Sponges
(3) Hydra and tapeworms (4) Sponges and starfishes
Q.101 All flatworm differ from all roundworms in having : [CBSE 2010]
(1) Solid mesoderm (2) Triploblastic body
(3) Bilateral symmetry (4) Metamorphosis in the life history
Q.102 Which one of the following kinds of anilmals are triploblastic? [CBSE 2010]
(1) Corals (2) Sponges (3) Flatworms (4) Ctenophores
Q.103 Which of the following is found in the lymph nodes? [CPMT 2007, 2009]
(1) Taenia (2) Plasmodium (3) Wuchereria (4) Diplococcus
Q.104 Which one of the following statements about certain given animals is correct? [CBSE 2010]
(1) Molluscs are acoelomates
(2) Insect are pseudocoelemates
(3) Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
(4) Roundworm (Aschelminthes) are pseudocoelomates
Q.105 Which of the following has closed circulatory system? [AFMC 2009]
(1) Molluscs (2) Arthropods (3) Annelids (4) Platyhelminthes
Q.106 The gas exchange surface in an earthworm is : [Orissa JEE 2009]
(1) Skin (2) Gills (3) Ctenidia (4) Tracheae
Q.107 Number of chambers in the heart of cockroach is : [CPMT 2001, 2009]
(1) 23 (2) 13 (3) 4 (4) 3
Q.108 Oxygen carrying respiratory pigment of cockroach and other insects are : [Orissa JEE 2010]
(1) Haemoglobin (2) Haemocyanin (3) Haemoerythrin (4) None of these
Q.109 Main excretory product in cockroach and other insects is : [CPMT 2009]
(1) Ammonia (2) Urea (3) Uric acid (4) Amino acid
Q.110 Malpighian tubules are analogous to : [AFMC 2010]
(1) Trachea of cockroach (2) Gills
(3) Flame cells (4) None of these
Q.111 Which one of the following diseases is spread by housefly? [WB. JEE 2010]
(1) Filariasis (2) Typhoid (3) Encephalities (4) Dengue fever
Q.112 Similarity between Anopheles and Culex is : [AFMC 2010]
(1) Eggs have lateral air floats (2) Eggs are laid in floating raft
(3) Respiratory siphon is present (4) Males of both suck juices of flowers and fruits

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60 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
Q.113 The most commonly maintained species of bee by bee keepers is : [AMU 2010]
(1) Apis mellifera (2) Apis dorsata (3) Apis indica (4) Apis florae
Q.114 Radula is presentin : [WB. JEE 2010]
(1) Loligo (2) Mytilus (3) Unio (4) Pila
Q.115 Neopilina is a connecting link between : [AFMC 2010]
(1) Arthropoda and Mollusca (2) Annelida and Mollusca
(3) Mollusca and Echinodermata (4) Mollusca and Helminthes
Q.116 Which one of the following molluscs was formerly used as currency (money)?
[MPPMT Pharmacy 2010]
(1) Dentalium (2) Chiton (3) Oyster (4) Loligo
Q.117 The second largest phylum in the animal kingdom is : [JKMCEE 2009]
(1) Annelida (2) Arthropoda (3) Cephalopoda (4) Amphineura
Q.118 Phylum Mollusca can be distinguished from other invertebrates by the presence of :
[DUMET 2010]
(1) Bilateral symmetry and exoskeleton (2) A mantle and gills
(3) Shell and non-segmented body (4) A mantle and non-segmented body
Q.119 Which of the following traits is not characteristic of echinoderms? [Orissa JEE 2009]
(1) Water vascular system (2) Trochophore larva
(3) Tube feet (4) Enterocoel
Q.120 Organs of locomotion in Echiniodermata are : [Orissa JEE 2010]
(1) Pseudopodia (2) Parapodia (3) Foot (4) Tube feet
Q.121 The presence of tube feet is a characteristic feature of the phylum : [Kerala PMT 2009]
(1) Annelida (2) Mollusca (3) Arthropoda (4) Echinodermata
(5) Nemathelminthes
Q.122 Tube feet are characteristic structures of : [CPMT 2009]
(1) Starfish (2) Cuttlefish (3) Crayfish (4) Jellyfish
Q.123 Which of the following is properly matched? [Karnatake CET 2009]
(1) Arthropoda – Insecta – Spider (2) Mollusca – Cephalopoda – Unio
(3) Echinodermata – Asteroidea – Starfish (4) platyhelminthes – Trematoda – Planaria
Q.124 Which of the following is an exclusively echinoderm character? [AMU 2010]
(1) Tube feet (2) Coelom divided
(3) Rasial sysmmetry (4) Mesodermal endoskeleton
Q.125 Water vascular system is found in : [WB. JEE 2010]
(1) Sea pen (2) Sea horse (3) Sea anemone (4) Sea cucumber
Q.126 What will you look for to identify the sex of the following? [CBSE PMT 2011]
(1) Female Ascaris-sharply curved posterior end
(2) Male frog – a copulatory pad on the first digit of the hind limb
(3) Female cockroach – anal cerci
(4) Male shark – claspers borne on pelvic fins.
Q.127 One very special feature in the earthworm Pheretima is that [CBSE PMT 2011]
(1) Fertilization of eggs occurs inside the body
(2) The typhlosole greatly increases the effective absorption area of the digested food in the
intestine
(3) The S-shaped setae embedded in the integument are the defensive weapons used against
the enemies
(4) It has a long dorsal tubular heart.
Q.128 Which one of the following groups of animals is correctly matched with its characteristic
feature without any exception? [CBSE PMT 2011]
(1) Reptilia : Possess 3-chambered heart with an incompletely divided ventricle.

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61 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
(2) Chordata : Possess a mouth with an upper and a lower jaw
(3) Chondrichthyes : posses cartilaginous endoskeleton.
(4) Mammalia : Given birth to young ones.
Q.129 Which of the following happens in the common cockroach? [CBSE PMT 2011]
(1) Malpighian tubules are excretory organs projecting out from the colon
(2) Oxygen is transported by haemoglobin in blood
(3) Nitrogenous excretory product is urea
(4) The food is grind by mandibles and gizzard.
Q.130 In which one of the following, the genus name, its two characters and its phylum are not
correctly matched, whereas the remaining three are correct ? [AIPMT Pre 2012]
Genus Name Two characters Phytum
(1) Asterias (a) Spiny skinned
(b) Water vascular system
Echinodermata
(2) Sycon (a) Pore bearing
(b) Canal system
Porifera
(3) Periplanein (a) Jointed appendages
(b) Chitinous exoskeleton
Arthropoda
(4) Pila (a) Body segmented
(b) Mouth with Radula
Mollusca
Q.131 Which one of the following categories of animals, is correctly described with no single
exception in it ? [AIPMT Mains 2012]
(1) All reptiles possess scales, have a three chambered heart and are cold blooded
(poikilothermal).
(2) All bony fishes have four pairs of gells and an operculum oneach side.
(3) All sponges are marrize and have collared cells.
(4) All mammals are viviparous and possess diaphragm for breathing
Q.132 The eye of octopus and eye of cat show different patterns of structure, yet they perform
similar function. This is an example of : [AIPMT 2013]
(1) Homologous organs that have evolved due to divergent evolution.
(2) Analogous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution.
(3) Analogous organs that have evolved due to divergent evolution.
(4) Homologous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution.
Q.133 Infection of Ascaris usually occurs by : [AIPMT 2013]
(1) eating imperfectly cooked pork
(2) Tse-tse fly
(3) mosquito bite
(4) drinking water containing eggs of Ascaris
Q.134 Which group of animals belong to the same phylum? [AIPMT 2013]
(1) Earthworm, Pinworm, Tapeworm (2) Prawn, Scorpion, Locusta
(3) Sponge, Sea anemone, Starfish (4) Malarial parasite, Amoeba, Mosquito
Q.135 Planaria possess high capacity of : [AIPMT 2014]
(1) alternation of generation (2) bioluminescence
(3) metamorphosis (4) regeneration
Q.136 Which one of the following living organisms completely lacks a cell wall? [AIPMT 2019]
(1) Saccharomyces (2) Blue - green algae
(3) Cyanobacteria (4) Sea - fan (Gorgonia)

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62 ANIMAL KINGDOM (NON-CHORDATA)
Q.137 Which of fhe following endoparasites of humans does show viviparity? [AIPMT 2017]
(1) Enterobius vermicularis (2) Trichinella spiralis
(3) Ascaris lumbricoides (4) Ancylostoma duodenale
Q.138 Which of the following characteristics is mainly responsible for diversification of insects
onland? [AIPMT 2020]
(1) Bilateral symmetry (2) Exoskeleton
(3) Eyes (4) Segmentation

Answer Key
Q.1 2 Q.2 2 Q.3 2 Q.4 2 Q.5 3 Q.6 1 Q.7 1
Q.8 2 Q.9 1 Q.10 1 Q.11 1 Q.12 4 Q.13 2 Q.14 4
Q.15 3 Q.16 3 Q.17 4 Q.18 1 Q.19 1 Q.20 3 Q.21 1
Q.22 1 Q.23 1 Q.24 1 Q.25 1 Q.26 4 Q.27 1 Q.28 2
Q.29 3 Q.30 1 Q.31 4 Q.32 2 Q.33 2 Q.34 4 Q.35 2
Q.36 3 Q.37 4 Q.38 3 Q.39 1 Q.40 2 Q.41 2 Q.42 2
Q.43 4 Q.44 4 Q.45 3 Q.46 3 Q.47 3 Q.48 2 Q.49 3
Q.50 3 Q.51 2 Q.52 3 Q.53 4 Q.54 2 Q.55 3 Q.56 2
Q.57 1 Q.58 2 Q.59 1 Q.60 4 Q.61 2 Q.62 2 Q.63 4
Q.64 3 Q.65 1 Q.66 4 Q.67 4 Q.68 1 Q.69 3 Q.70 4
Q.71 3 Q.72 3 Q.73 4 Q.74 1 Q.75 1 Q.76 4 Q.77 4
Q.78 3 Q.79 1 Q.80 1 Q.81 1 Q.82 4 Q.83 4 Q.84 2
Q.85 1 Q.86 1 Q.87 4 Q.88 3 Q.89 3 Q.90 3 Q.91 4
Q.92 3 Q.93 4 Q.94 2 Q.95 1 Q.96 1 Q.97 2 Q.98 4
Q.99 3 Q.100 2 Q.101 1 Q.102 3 Q.103 3 Q.104 4 Q.105 3
Q.106 1 Q.107 2 Q.108 4 Q.109 3 Q.110 3 Q.111 2 Q.112 4
Q.113 1 Q.114 4 Q.115 2 Q.116 2 Q.117 3 Q.118 4 Q.119 2
Q.120 4 Q.121 4 Q.122 1 Q.123 3 Q.124 1 Q.125 4 Q.126 4
Q.127 2 Q.128 3 Q.129 4 Q.130 4 Q.131 3 Q.132 2 Q.133 4
Q.134 2 Q.135 4 Q.136 4 Q.137 2 Q.138 2

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63 ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH - 9844532971
Exercise – 3 AIIMS Special Questions
Assertion & Reason type questions :
(1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion,
then mark (1).
(2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion, then mark (2).
(3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3).
(4) If both Assertion and Reason are false statements, then mark (4).
Q.1 A : Cysticercosis is a monogenetic disease.
R: Taenia solium is monogenetic parasite.
Q.2 A: Mantle of pearl oyster is three layered.
R: Nacre secreting cells are present just below the nacreous layer.
Q.3 A: Annelids, arthropods and molluscs are protostomial coelomates.
R: All the three phyla include members with bilateral symmetry and true coelom.
Q.4 A : The honey bee queen copulates only once in her life time.
R: The honey bee queen can lay fertilized as well as unfertilized eggs.
Q.5 A : Spongocoel of the sponges is also called paragastric cavity.
R : Trophocytes are present in the spongocoel & release digestive enzyme outside causing
the digestion of food in spongocoel.
Q.6 A : Blood in the insects is colourless i.e., without any respiratory pigment.
R : Tracheal network is present all over the body, supplies oxygen directly to the different
body parts.
Q.7 A : Type of metamorphosis in Periplaneta is of paurometabolus type.
R : The development of Periplaneta involves.
Egg naiad imago
Q.8 A : In earthworm, lymph glands are white, fluffy bodies which are arranged on either side of
dorsal blood vessel from 26th segment.
R : These lymph glands produce the phagocytes of coelomic fluid.
Q.9 A : Bidder’s canal are present in the kidney of frog for passage of sperms.
R : Vasa efferentia from the testes open into the anterior part of Bidder’s canal.
Q.10 A : Collaterial glands play important role in the reproductive system of Male cockroach.
R : Collaterial glands take part in the secretion of layer around spermatozoa to form
spermatophore.
Q.11 A : The pearl may be considered an ‘inside out’ shell.
R : The normal outer material of the shell is secreted first and forms the nucleus of pearl.
Around this core layers of iridescent pearly layers are then secreted.
Q.12 A : Giardia is called as grand old man of intestine.
R : It is a protozoan transmitted by mosquito.
Q.13 A : Ancylostoma duodenale is odd world hook worm.
R : Human are infected when filariform larvae in the moist soil penetrate the skin, usually of
feet or legs.
Q.14 A : Taenia solium is a cestode acquired by eating undercooked pork.
R : Adult Taenia causes cysticercosis in humans.

Answer Key
Q.1 3 Q.2 2 Q.3 2 Q.4 2 Q.5 3 Q.6 1 Q.7 3
Q.8 2 Q.9 1 Q.10 4 Q.11 1 Q.12 3 Q.13 2 Q.14 3

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Animal Kingdom (Chordata)

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1. PHYLUM: CHORDATA
 The fundamental characteristics of phylum chordate are:
1. They possess a notochord either throughout life or during early embryonic
development.
2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord with central nervous system.

3. Paired gill slits on the lateral sides of pharynx.

4. Post anal tail.
 Phylum chordata can also be divided as:

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOCHORDATA OR ACRANIATES
Sub-Phylum 1. Urochordata
 They are exclusively marine.
(i) This sub-phylum is also called Tunicata because the adult body is enclosed within a
leathery test or tunic formed of a cellulose-like organic substance termed tunicin.
Excretion by neural gland, hence excretion is glandular.

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(ii) The larva (Ascidian tadpole) undergoes retrogressive metamorphosis, i.e., change from
better developed larva to less developed adult, e.g., Herdmania (Sea Squirt).
(iii) Blood vascular system is open type heart is situated at ventral surface of body.
Respiratory pigment is Vanadium in blood which is stored in purple blood corpuscles
known as Vanadocytes. Vanadocytes are present except in Herdmania. Examples: Salpa,
Doliolum, Ascidia.

• Metameric segmentation is absent and coelom is also absent.
• Method of food intake is ciliary.
• Notochord is found only in tail of tadpole larva. Tail is lost during metamorphosis.
Chordate characters are found only in the tail region of tadpole larva, so the name
Urochordata was given to this subphylum.
• Dorsal tubular nerve cord is found in nervous system, which is present only in larval
stage. In adult stage, nerve cord is modified into a neural ganglion.
• Most of the animals are bisexual. Asexual reproduction is normaly by budding. Each
gonad contains testis and ovary portion (Ovo-testes) in it.
• Fertilization is external and mostly cross-fertilization.

Sub-phylum 2. Cephalochordata
(i) The notochord extends upto anterior end of the body, hence this sub-phylum is named
so.
(ii) The tail is present throughout life, e.g., Branchiostoma (Amphioxus). Amphioxus /
Branchiostoma has both ends pointed like lance. Hence it is commonly called lancelet.

• Head is absent body is divided into trunk and tail.
• Alimentary canal complete. Buccal opening is covered by oral hood from all the
four sides. Just beneath it, "Wheel organ" or "Ciliated organ of Muller" present.
This organ helps in the ingestion of food by producing circular currents in water.
• Blood vascular system is closed type and respiratory pigment absent.

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• Hepatic portal system present.
• For excretion protonephredia are present in the form of flame cells or
solenocytes. Hatschecks nephridium (single) is present which helps in excretion.
• Nervous system is in the form of dorsal, tubular ; hollow nerve cord.
• Notochord and nerve cord remain extended from one end of the body to the
other end.
• These are unisexual animals.
• Fertilisation is external.
• Development is indirect i.e. larval stage is found.
• Members of this group are the first complete chordate animals.

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VERTEBRATA OR CRANIATA

(i) These are advanced chordates that have cranium (cartilage or bony brain box)
around brain.
(ii) Notochord is present only in the embryonic stages, it is replaced by cartilaginous
or bony vertebral column (back bone) in the adult forms. They have paired
appendages as fins and limbs.

(iii) Closed circulatory system, muscular and ventral heart 2, 3 or 4 chambered,
lymphatic system present, erythrocytes and hemoglobin are present.

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(iv) A pair of kidneys are present for excretion and osmoregulation; endocrine glands
are well developed; they are generally unisexual; have single pair of gonads.

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Division 1: Agnatha (The Jawless Vertebrates)
 They are the most primitive of all craniates.
 The mouth does not possess jaws hence named Agnatha.
 Vertebral column is represented only by small imperfect neural arches over the
notochord.
 They do not have exoskeleton and paired appendages.
 They have single nostril. Internal ear has one or two semi-circular canals.
 They are cold blooded.
 Genital ducts are absent.
 It includes 2 classes :
1. Ostracodermi 2. Cyclostomata
1. Ostracodermi:
(i) Ostracodermi are all extinct now and are called fossil agnatha.
(ii) These were shell skinned with exoskeleton of bony plates. e.g. Cephalaspis.
(iii) They were the first jawless fishes (originated in Ordovician period in Palaeozoic
era).
2. Cyclostomata: Its general characters are :

(i) All living members of the class Cyclostomata are ectoparasites on some fishes. The body
is devoid of scales and paired fins. Head and brain are poorly developed. They are also
called jawless fishes.
(ii) Cyclostomes have an elongated body bearing 6 -15 pairs of gill slits in their gill pouch for
respiration and have a sucking and circular mouth .
(iii) Single sex organ discharges the gametes in the well developed coelom.
(iv) Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous with persistent notochord.
(v) Stomach is absent.
(vi) A single dorsal nostril leads into closed nasal sac. A functional pineal eye is present just
behind it.
(vii) Circulation is of closed type.
(viii) Kidneys are mesonephric.
(ix) Animals unisexual, fertilization external, larval stage absent. Except Ammocoete larva is
found during development of Petromyzon.

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Differences between Lamprey and Hag fish
Lamprey Hag fish
1. Marine as well as fresh water
2. 7-pairs gill slits

3. Anadromous (from sea to river)
4. 10 pairs cranial nerves
5. Two semicircular canals
6. Indirect development
1. Exclusively marine
2. 6-14 pairs gill slits with single
pair of opening on the surface
3. Spawn on ocean floor.
4. 8 pairs cranial nerves.
5. One semicircular canal
6. Direct development

1. Petromyzon , though marine, goes to fresh water for spawning i.e., anadromous. After spawning
within a few days, they die.
2. Larva Ammocoete hatches out of eggs in about 14-21 days. Larval period may long from 3 to 7
years.
3. Ammocoete is connecting link between Amphioxus and the cyclostomes.
4. Lingual Cartilage is also a part of skeleton, that lies in the tongue region and supports it (Lingual =
related to tongue).
5. Typhlosole is a fold of epithelium in the intestine. It prevents the rapid flow of food in the
intestine and increases the absorptive surface area.
COMPERISION AMON G VARIOUS CLASSES OF VERTEBRATA
Features Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Aves Mammals
Habits Aquatic, Mainly
carnivorous, cold
blooded, active
swimmers
Aquatic and
terrestrial both,
carnivorous, cold
blooded
Terrestrial mainly,
cold blooded, Mainly
carnivorous
Terrestrial, warm
blooded, carnivorous
and herbivorous
Terrestrial, warm
blooded, omnivorous
carnivorous and
herbivorous
Main habitat Water Water and land Mainly land Land Land
Skin Skin moist, with
many mucous glands
and embedded
dermal scales.
(Epidermal scales
are absent)
Moist, soft,
slippery, glandular
and sticky. (Dermal
and epidermal scales
are absent)
Rough, dry with
many epidermal
scales. Skin is
covered by dermal
scutes and plates in
snakes,
crocodiles and
tortoises.
Dry, covered by
horny feathers.
Epidermal scales are
present on
legs, feet and base
of beak.
Rough, dry,
cornified. Skin
is the thickest.
Skin bears dermal
hairs
Occipital condyles in
skull
Dicondylic Dicondylic Monocondylic Monocondylic Dicondylic
Vertebrae Amphicoelous Amphicoelous,
Procoelous
Procoelous Heterocoelous Amphiplatyan
(Acoelous)
Jaw'
suspansorium
Amphistylic or
hyostylic
Autostylic Autostylic Autostylic Craniostylic
Teeth Teeth are
modified placoid
scales in
Homodont, acrodont
and
polyphyodont
Homodont and
pleurodont.
Absent in
Absent Heterodont,
diphyodont
and thecodont
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cartilaginous
fishes.
tortoises
Respiratory
organs
Gills Gills in larva but
lungs and skin in
adult
Lungs Lungs Lungs
Cloaca Present Present Present Present Absent (Present in
prototherians)
Heart 2 chambered Three chambered Three chambered
(imperfectly four
chambered in
crocodiles)
Four
chambered
Four
chambered
Cranial nerves 10 pairs 10 pairs 12 pairs 12 pairs 12 pairs
Thermal nature Poikilothermic Poikilothermic Poikilothermic Homeothermic Homeothermic
Kidneys Mesonephric Mesonephric Metanephric Metanephric Metanephric
Scrotal sac in male Absent Absent Absent Absent Present
Mammary glands Absent Absent Absent Absent Present
Fertilisation Usually internal Usually external Internal Internal Internal
Development Usually direct Direct or indirect Direct Direct Direct
Division 2 : Gnathostomata (The Jawed Vertebrates)
 It includes advanced vertebrates.
 Embryonic notochord is usually replaced in adults by a vertebral column.
 Paired fins or limbs are present.
 Mouth has jaws hence it is named gnathostomata.
 Paired nostrils are present.
 Intemal ear has three semicircular canals. Girdles present.
 Gnathostomata is divided into two super classes: Pisces and Tetrapoda.

CLASS 1: PISCES
It includes true fishes. All are aquatic. The body bears fins. They are cold blooded.

(i) Monocondylic skull, slimy glands present on skin.
(ii) Vertebrae are Amphicoelous type
(iii) Neck absent, no upper or lower eyelids, no tympanum (only internal ear is

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present). Each eye has a well-developed nictitating membrane.
(iv) Heart-two-chambered (S-shaped), venous heart with sinus venosus and conus
arteriosus.
(v) Both renal portal and hepatic portal system are found. Hypophyseal portal
system is also present.
(vi) Respiration occurs typically by gills.
(vii) Scales mesodermal or dermal, embedded in skin.
(viii) Kidneys -Mesonephric, ammonotelic (sharks-Ureotelic).
(ix) Lateral line sense organs are present.

 Super class Pisces is divided into three classes:
Class I. Placodermi. (Extinct)
It includes the earliest fossil fishes which lived in fresh water. Body had an
external protective armour of bony scales or plates. Primitive jaws with teeth were
present. Skeleton was bony. Fins were mostly formed of large spines, e.g., Climatius
(Spiny Shark).
(i) They appeared in Silurian period, flourished in Devonian and Carboniferous and
became extinct in Permian .
(ii) The name placodermi means "armoured fish" or "Plate skinned".
(iii) Both paired and unpaired fins were present. Caudal fin heterocercal.
(iv) Autostylic jaw suspension; gill slits are covered by operculum.

Class II. Chondrichthyes.
Sharks are fast swimming predators, whereas, the rays and skates are stout,
bottom living scavengers and mollusc feeders.

Scoliodon (Dog Fish)
Class III. Osteichthyes.

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Differences between cartilaginous and bony fishes
S.No. Characteristic Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous fishes)
Osteichthyes
(bony fishes)
1. Habitat Mostly marine Both marine and fresh water
2. Mouth Ventral Anterior
3. External nares Ventral Dorsal
4. Scales Placoid Ganoid, Cycloid and Ctenoid
5. Operculum Absent (except Chimaera) Present
6. Ampulla of lorenzini Present Absent
7. Cloaca Present (except Chimaera) Absent
8. Endoskeleton Cartilaginous Partly or wholly bony
9. Spiral Valve (Scroll
valve)
Present in the intestine Usually absent in intestine
10. Gills 5-7 pairs 4 pairs
11. Swim bladder Absent Present
12. Cerebellum Large sized Small sized
13. Claspers Present Absent
14. Sexes Distinguishable externally Indistinguishable externally
15. Posterior aperture One i.e., cloacal aperture Often three i.e., anal, genital and urinary
16. e.g., Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw fish),
Carcharodon (Great white shark), Trygon
(Sting ray).
Marine – Exocoetus (Flying fish),
Hippocampus (Sea horse); Freshwater – Labeo
(Rohu),
Catla (Katla), Clarias (Magur); Aquarium –
Betta (Fighting fish), Pterophyllum (Angel
fish)

Some Important Fishes
 Torpedo (Electric Ray):
Torpedo is bottom dwelling, carnivorous fish. It stuns or kills the prey and enemies with
electric shock from its electric organs. The latter are modified muscles. The skin is
scale less.

 Pristis: (Saw fish)

Head bears a series of strong tooth like denticles along the margin.
 Some air breathing fishes, use their paired fins to move on land and gave rise to the
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first land vertebrates. A living fossil of this group is Latimeria, a lobe-finned fish.
 Exocoetus (Flying Fish): It does not fly but often leaps into the air upto about six
metres high. The pectoral fins are modified into wing-like structures, with the help
of which the fish glides.
 Hippocampus (Sea Horse): The neck and the head of the fish are horse like and the tail
is prehensile. The male bears a brood pouch in which the female lays eggs and the
latter remain there till they hatch.

 Labeo (Rohu) : Labeo rohita and Labeo calbasu are the common fresh water edible carps.
It is covered by large overlapping scales.

 Clarias (Cat fish/Magur) : Indian Cat Fish (Clarias batrachus) lives in ponds. It is carnivorous.
The head bears sensory threads called barbels. The body is smooth and without scales.

Other fresh water cat fishes of India are Mystus seengala (slinghara), Rita lita and Wallago
attu (Malli).
 Latimeria chalumnae (The Coelacanth) : It was first caught in 1938 off the east coast
of South Africa. It swims by curious rotating movements of its pectoral fins. All its fins
except the anterior dorsal are lobed. It is the oldest living fish; and has survived till
today without undergoing any change in it. It is therefore described as a living fossil.

Lung Fishes: Sub-Class Dipnoi
 There are three genera of living lung fishes: Neoceratodus, Lepidosiren and Protopterus.
All have three chambered heart (two auricles and one ventricle).

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Common Food Fishes Of India
S.No. Fresh water food fishes Marine water food fishes
1. Lebeo rohita (Rohu) Stromateus (Pomfret)
2. Lebeo calbasu (Calbasu) Harpodon (Bombay Duck)
3. Catla catla (Katla) Sardinella (Salmon)
4. Cirrhina mrigala ( Mrigal) Hilsa (Hilsa)
5. Mystus seenghala (Singhara) Anguilla (Eel)

False Fishes Sr.No. Common Name Genus Phylum
1. Jellyfish Aurelia Coelenterata
2. Silverfish Lepisma Arthropoda
3. Crayfish Astacus Arthropoda
4. Razorfish/Shellfish Solen Mollusca
5. Cuttlefish Sepia Mollusca
6. Devilfish Octopus Mollusca
7. Starfish Asterias Echinodermata
8. Hagfish Mysine Chordata
9. Whalefish Balaenoptara Aquatic mammles

1. Stone fish is the most poisonous fish.
2. Gambusia fish (Iarvivorous) was introduced into several tropical regions to control malaria.
3. Catadromous fishes live in fresh water and go down to sea for breeding e.g., Anguilla (european
eel). When fishes migrate from the rivers to the sea, it is called catadromous migration.

4. Anadromous fishes live in sea water and move to the rivers for breeding e.g., Hilsa, Salmon. When
fishes migrate from sea to the rivers, it is called anadromous migration.
5. Hilsa is the only Indian fish that migrates from the seas to the river for breeding.
6. Most primitive fish (fossil): Climatius (Placodermi).
7. Anabas (climbing perch). It has accessory respiratory organs for breathing atmospheric air which
enables the fish to take long overland excursions in search of earthworms.
8. Pomfret is the most widely eaten fish in India.
9. Dipnoi have incompletely divided three chambered heart.
10. Urinary bladder is absent in fishes.
11. Some elasmobranchs retain urea in blood to maintian hypertonicity.
12. Ampulla of Lorenzini are thermo receptors.
13. Electric organs of electric ray are modified muscles.
14. Bioluminescent fishes : Anamalops, Porichthyes etc.; Sound producing fishes: Mola, Batistes.
15. Poisonous glands are found in sting ray, eagle ray, Chimaera, Diodon and Tetrodon.
16. Fish byproducts are -Fish meals and fertilizers; fish flour, fish proteins, fish oil, steaming.
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Floatations, shagreen, fish glue, isinglass, leather, artificial pearls etc.
17. Commercial name of integument of Scoliodon is "shagreen".
18. The study of fish is called Ichthyology.
19. The study of skates, rays and sharks is called Torpedology.
20. Parental care is well developed in Hippocampus.
21. Isinglass is a gelatinous product obtained from the air bladders of certain fishes such as carps,
salmons, cat fishes etc. It is used for making cements, jellies and for clarification of wines and
beers.
22. Fins:
(i) Paired pectoral and pelvic fins: Act as balancers and brakes; provide lift and counteract pitching
and rolling.
(ii) Anterior dorsal fin : Counteracts rolling and yawing.
(iii) Posterior dorsal and anal fin : Counteract yawing and rolling.
(iv) Caudal fin : Propels the body and provides lift.

SUPER CLASS 2 (TETRAPODA):
 All gnathostomes excluding fish are included in this super-class.
 Typically, all tetrapod’s (Gk. Tetra = four + podos = foot) possess two pairs of
limbs. Skin is adapted to withstand exposure to air.
 They have lungs for aerial respiration. Their sensory organs are adapted for
reception in air, such as vision, hearing, smelling etc.
 Tetrapoda is divided into four classes: Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.

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CLASS: AMPHIBIA

The Vertebrates with Dual-life (Gk. Amphi = two or both; bios = life)
General Characters:
There are about 3,000 species of amphibians out of which 2,600 species are in order
Anura.
They are present in the warmer regions of the world except Newts and Salamander
which are present in cooler regions.
They occur only in fresh water and moist land. Amphibians are not found in sea water.
 The other characters are :
1. They are poikilothermal animals. They are amphibious in nature, i.e., they can live
on land as well as in water. They are mostly found in warm countries. They are
ectothermic (cold blooded). Body is divisible into head and trunk. Tail may be
present in some forms.

2. The skin is smooth or rough, having cutaneous glands which keep it moist. They
are usually without scales, but if scales are present, they are hidden beneath the
skin (e.g., Caecilians).
3. Two pairs of limbs are used for locomotion.
4. The gills are present at least in the larval stage; some adult forms also carry
them in addition to lungs (e.g., Necturus).
5. Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common chamber
called cloaca which opens to the exterior.
6. Skull is dicondylic, i.e., with two occipital condyles for articulation with vertebral
column.
7. The respiratory organs are lungs, buccopharyngeal cavity, skin and gills.
8. The heart is three chambered, having two auricles and one ventricle. In the
heart, there are present sinus venosus and truncus arteriosus. Both hepatic

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portal and renal portal systems are well developed.

9. Kidneys are mesonephric. Urinary bladder is present in frog. Larvae and tailed
amphibians (e.g., Salamanders) are ammonotelic. Frogs and toads are ureotelic.
10. Ear consists of internal and middle ear. Tympanum (outer membrane) covers the
middle ear. The middle ear has a single ear ossicle called Columella Auris.
11. Their eyes have eyelids and nictitating membrane, that protects and moisten the
eyes.

12. Ten pairs of cranial nerves are present. Sexes are seperate, fertilization is
external, oviparous and development indirect.
13. They return to water for breeding. Male lacks copulatory organs. Indirect
development occurs. A fish like stage, the tadpole is present.
14. Male frog can croak louder than females because of the presence of vocal sacs.
Example : Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog), Salamandra (Salamander),
Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia).

 Living Amphibians are divided into three orders:

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In Frogs, external ears are absent, only Tympanum is seen externally: Frogs
have a tympanic membrane on the surface of both sides of their head. The
tympanic membrane of a human are called eardrums and each is protected inside
ear canal.

1. Seymouria is a connecting link between amphibia and reptiles.
2. Paedogenesis: Development of gonads and/or production of young ones by immature or larval
forms e.g. Salamander (Ambyostoma).
3. Total neoteny is shown by Necturus, Siren and Proteus.
4. Toads are used in chinese medicines. Skin of toad secretes a substance that increases B.P when
injected into humans.
5. Skin of tadpole secretes an enzyme, diastase.
6. Upper jaw of frog is derived from quadrate cartilage whereas lower jaw is derived from Meckel's
cartilage.
7. First toe is called hallux.
8. Jaw suspension is autostylic, urostyle is last component of vertebral column.
9. Shapes of 2-7th vertebrae-Procoelous (typical); 8
th
vertebra-Amphicoelous; 9
th
vertebra -
Acoelous.
10. Amphiuma-has the largest RBCs among vertebrates.
11. At the time of metamorphosis, the tadpole does not feed.
12. Blind worms (limbless amphibians) are unusual amphibians as only one species lives in
water. All the other burrow underground and are rarely seen on the surface. Many do not
even need water to breed.
13. Carboniferous Period - Age of Amphibians.
14. The Arrow poison frogs secretes a powerful poison from the skin which can cause instant
death.
15. Most poisonous frog-Golden dart poison frog from South America is the most poisonous
frog. One adult frog contains enough poison to kill 200 people.

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CLASS : REPTILIA

 Their name refers to their creeping or crawling mode of locomotion.
 Reptiles are cold blooded or poikilothermic animals.
 There are only about 6,000 species of reptiles now living.
 But fossils show that 200 million years ago, the reptiles were the most dominant animals
on earth.
 Herpetology is the study of reptiles.
 The largest reptiles today are the 'komodo dragon' Varanus komodoensis of indonesia (a
lizard) 3m in length, crocodiles (upto 7m), pythons (upto 10m) and giant tortoises
weighing upto 600kg.
 Important characters of this class are:
1. They are covered by dry and cornified skin having epidermal scales or scutes. Snakes and
lizards shed their scales as 'skin cast'. Scales prevent loss of body water and so reptiles
do not require a moist environment like amphibians.

2. Respiration is only through lungs, which is improved by the development of ribs.
3. Limbs -when present are two pairs, pentadactyl, digits have horny claws.
4. Mouth is terminal with conical teeth which are pleurodont in lizards and snakes and
thecodont in crocodiles. Teeth are absent and replaced by horny beaks in turtles.
5. Endoskeleton is bony, skull is monocondylic (with one occipital condyle).
6. Heart is usually 3-chambered or partially 4-chambered. Interventricular septum is
incomplete. Heart is completely 4-chambered in crocodiles. Two systemic arches are
present. Erythrocytes are oval and nucleated.
7. Kidneys are metanephric. Excretion is uricotelic. 'Urinary bladder is absent in snakes and
crocodiles.
8. Cranial nerves are 12 pairs. Jacobson's organ (vomeronasal organ) present in the roof of
buccal cavity, concerned with smell, is well developed in snakes and lizards. They do not

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have external ear openings. Tympanum represent ears.
9. Sexes are separate. Males usually have a muscular copulatory organ. Fertilization is
internal. Mostly are oviparous and development is direct. Some are viviparous. No
metamorphosis.
Example: Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree lizard), Calotes (Garden
lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Alligator (Alligator). Hemidactylus (Wall lizard), Poisonous
snakes – Naja (Cobra), Bangarus (Krait), Vipera (Viper) etc.

(a) Chameleon (b) Crocodilus (c) Chelone (d) Naja
Differences between Crocodile, Alligator and Gavialis Crocodile Alligator Gavialis
(a) It is more aggressive, and
dangerous to man.
(b) Colour olive green with
black spots.
(c) Snout moderately long
and pointed.
(a) It is less aggressive,
attacks when provoked.
(b) Colour steel grey.

(c) Snout short broad and
rounded.
(a) It can eat only fish
because of narrow throat.
(b) Colour dark olive green.

(c) Snout very long and
slender.

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1. Benadryl is used as an antidote to counteract the effect of haemotoxins.
2. Seymouria is considered as connecting link between amphibians and reptiles.
3. Mesozoic era is known as 'age of reptiles.'
4. Loreal pit of pit viper is thermoreceptor organ.
5. Reptiles without urinary bladder-snakes, crocodiles, alligators.
6. Many sea snakes are viviparous. Pit vipers are also mostly viviparous.
7. The oldest living animal in any Indian Zoo is the Aldabra giant tortoise.
8. Rattle snakes's tail emits a frightening sound which scares away the enemy.
9. The king cobra of India is the only snake in the world that builds a nest.
10. Largest snake-python; Smallest snake-Thread snake.
11. Largest lizard-Komodo dragon; Smallest lizard-Two species of dwarf gecko.
12. Long dinosaur-Diplodocus; Small dinosaur-Compsognathus.
13. Largest living reptiles (i) Python, (ii) Crocodile (iii) Komodo dragon.
14. Hemidactylus or wall lizard (Gecko) is a swift runner on smooth vertical surface due to
the presence of vaccum pads.
15. Draco is flying lizard but it actually does not fly.
16. Heloderma is a poisonous lizard. (Gila monster)
17. Ophiosaurus known as 'glass snake', 'blind worm', or 'slow worm', limbless lizard.
18. Anguis is also blind worm and limbless.
19. Most Poisonous snake of world-Peninsular Tiger Snake.
20. Poisonous sea snake - Hydrophis
21. Heaviest dinosaurs - Brontosaurus
22. Biggestflesh eater dinosaur-Tyrannosaurus
23. Horned dinosaur-Stegosaurus
24. Varanus-Monitorlizard (largest living lizard).
25. Carapace is hard shield like structure present on the dorsal surface of tortoise and
turtle.
26. Reptiles arose in the lower carboniferous time, from Labyrinthodon Amphibia.
27. Varanus is commonly called "Goye" or "monitor"; semi-aquatic; slightly laterally
compressed tail.
28. Phrynosoma is found in deserts; called "Horned toad", skin hygroscopic; takes water in
the form of dew; exudes red blood-like stream from eyes, whenever, terrified.
29. Iguana is 5-6 feet long; body and tail laterally compressed; arboreal in habit; herbivorous
found in tropical America.
30. Sphenodon is the only living genus of Rhynchocephalia. It is commonly called Tuatara.
Found only in New Zealand. It is called a living fossil as it resembles with Hanaesaurus of
Jurassic age.

31. Largest living carnivorous reptile is Crocodilus.
32. Thermomorpha is a group of reptiles which are considered to be the ancestors of
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mammals.
33. Hedonic glands present in males secrete a sticky substance which hardens like spine and
helps to hold the mate firmly.
34. Hemipenes-In Uromastix, cloaca possesses a pair of copulatory organs called hemipenes.
35. Russel's viper is the largest Indian viper.
36. Hafkin's Institute of Bombay is the main centre where antivenom is produced.
37. Limbs of Chameleon show syndactyly (fusion of digits) as an adaptation to arboreal life
to form opposable finger to hold the twigs.

CLASS : AVES (Birds)

 Study of birds is ornithology.
General Characters:
1. Birds are feathered bipeds, air breathing, truly flying vertebrates (other being bats
from Class Mammalia).
2. Jaw bones are prolonged into a toothless beak or bill.
3. Limbs are two pairs. Forelimbs are modified as wings for
flying. Hindlimbs or legs are large, each foot usually bears
four, clawed toes. Hind limbs generally have scales.
4. Exoskeleton consists of feathers, scales and claws, which are
epidermal derivatives. Skin without glands, the only cutaneous
gland is uropygial gland or preen gland/oil gland at the base of
tail.
5. Oesophagus is dilated into a crop for quick feeding and storage. Crop secretes 'pigeon
milk' during breeding season. Stomach is divided into a glandular proventriculus and a
muscular gizzard. The junction of small intestine and rectum is marked by a pair of
rectal caecae. Cloaca of birds is three-chambered: anterior coprodaeum, middle
urodaeum and a large posterior proctodaeum. There is no gall bladder in birds like pigeon.
6. Respiration with compact, spongy, non-distensible lungs continuous with thin walled air

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sacs. Air sacs reduce body weight, helps in double respiration and internal cooling. Larynx
without vocal cords. A sound box or syrinx producing voice, lies at or near the junction
Furcula of trachea and bronchi.
7. Heart is completely four-chambered as in mammals. Sinus venosus absent. Only right
aortic (systemic) arch persists in the adults. Renal portal system is vestigial.
Erythrocytes are minute, oval and nucleated. The blood of the birds may be called the
richest blood in the animal kingdom. It has more RBCs per cubic mm of blood than in any
other animal.
8. Kidneys metanephric and three-lobed. Ureters open into cloaca. Urinary bladder is
absent. Excretion is uricotelic.
9. Cranial nerves are 12 pairs.
10. Olfactory organs are poor. Middle ear contains a single ossicle. Eyes possess nictitating
membrane, Pecten is a comb-like structure found in the eyes near blindspot. Pecten helps
in the nutrition of eyeball. Pecten is found in all birds except Kiwi.
11. Sexes separate. Some birds show sexual dimorphism (e.g. , Parrot and Peacock). Male
bird has a pair of abdominal testes and a pair of sperm ducts. A copulatory organ is
absent in all birds except in ratitae, geese, ducks etc. Females are oviparous with a single
(left) functional ovary and oviduct (Mullerian duct). Development is direct.
Different parts of oviduct secrete the following :
Ostium – Dense albumin
Magnum – White albumin
Uterus – Calcareous shell
Eggs of birds are cleidoic (with calcareous shell), macrolecithal (amount of yolk),
meiolecithal (distribution of yolk). Extraembryonic membranes are present (Amniota).
12. Feathers are found only in birds. Feathers are made up of a protein keratin and are
water proof due to the oily secretion of preen glands. The arrangement of feathers on
the body of birds is called Pterylosis. The featherless areas are called as Apteria.
13. Birds are the first vertebrates to have warm blood. Body temperature is regulated
(homoiothermous).
14. Alaspuria -bastardwing -Feathers on 1st digit (thumb).
Example : Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula (Parrot), Struthio (Ostrich), Pavo
(Peacock), Aptenodytes (Penguin), Neophron (Vulture).

(a) Neophron (b) Struthio (c) Psittacula (d) Pavo

1. Brood Parasite : Eudynamis (koel, kokila). The male sounds like kuoo-kuoo-kuoo. The
female is generally heard during breeding season and has short and sharp call kik-kik-kik,
otherwise she is mostly silent. It does not make any nest but lays eggs in the crow's
nest. In this way koel is nest parasite. Male is black. Female is brown and profusely
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spotted barred with white Koel is known as the Indian nightingale because of its
pleasant sound.
2. Eagle-Eyes: Eagles have much better vision than humans do. The birds keen eyesight
allows it to see prey at great distances. Its visual acuity is 3-4 times higher than ours. Flightless Birds
S.No. Common Name Genus Distribution
1 African ostrich Struthio Africa and Arabia
2 South American ostrich Rhea South America
3 Cassowary Casuarius Australia and New Guinea
4 Emu Dromaius Australia
5 Tinamou Tinamus South America
6 Kiwi Apteryx New Zealand

1. Largest bird-Struthio camelus -8 feet height, 300 Lbs weight.
2. Smallest bird -Mellisuga helenae-5.5 cm long.
3. Smallest egg of bird-Mellisuga (Humming bird).
4. The humming bird is the only bird which can fly backward as well as forward.
5. Largest egg of bird-Struthio-1.5 Litre capacity.
6. Largest sea bird-Diomedea epomorphora (Royal albatross) wing stretch 200-375 cms.
7. Deepest Diver bird-Aptenodytes torsteri (Emperor Penguin)
8. Fastest Swimmer bird-Pygoscelis papua (Penguin)
9. Fastest Runner bird-Struthio-60 kms/hr. speed.
10. Heaviest bird of prey-Vulture gryphus.
11. Fastest Flying bird-Swift-rarely touch the earth.
12. Second largest bird is Emu (Dromaeus) as is most primitive living bird.
13. Recently extinct bird is Dodo (Passenger birds) of Mauritius.
14. Incubation period of Hen's egg at 102°F (38.8°C) is 21 days.
15. Though polygamy is common in birds, Emu is strictly monogamous.
16. Penguins are flightless birds found in Antarctica, wings are paddle-like, act as flippers
during swimming and are covered by scale-like feathers.
17. T.H. Huxley said "birds are glorified reptiles". The feathers are highly modified reptilian
scales. Birds have scales on their legs. Their eggs resemble reptilian eggs in general but
have a calcareous shell.
18. Among the Indian birds the sun birds are probably the smallest.
19. The Bursa Fabricii is a blind sac with much lymphoid tissue in the cloaca of some young
birds. It produces lymphocytes (a type of white blood corpuscles). It is also called
"cloacal thymus".
20. Columbia has the world's richest diversity of birds. '.
21. Uropygium (tail)-the projecting terminal portion of a bird's body from which the tail
feathers arise.
22. Swifts use saliva for binding nest materials.
23. Kiwi lays the largest egg in proportion to its own size.
24. Himalayan Bearded Vulture is the largest Indian bird. Previously the Sarus was
considered the largest Indian bird.
25. Ostrich has the largest eyes of any land animal.
26. Kiwi is the only bird known to use the sense of smell for finding food on the ground.
27. Indonesia has the most bird species facing extinction.
28. Red Billed Quelea (Quelea quelea) of Africa are the most abundant birds. Previously the
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house sparrow was considered the most abundant species of birds.
29. Jatinga is a village in Assam where a mass suicide of birds occurs.
30. The owl rotates its head through an angle of 270
0
as its eyes do not rotate in their
sockets. Each eye is fixed like a car headlight.
31. Copulatory organ (true penis) is present in ostrich, duck, swan and goose.
32. Famous Indian Ornithologist-Dr. Salim Ali.
33. National bird-Pavo cristatus (Peacock).

CLASS : MAMMALIA

 They are terrestrial, warm-blooded (endothermous) or homeothermal animals so
that their body temperature remains constant inspite of the changes in the
temperature of the environment.

 General characters of this class are:
1. Skin is covered with epidermal hair which acts as an insulating layer and allows high body
temperature to be maintained. The hair may be partly lost as a secondary adaptation. In
some aquatic mammals where hair is negligible, there is a subcutaneous layer of heat
which provides insulation of heat and makes the warm-blooded condition possible.
2. The skin has two kinds of glands, sudorific glands which produce sweat -evaporation of
sweat controls the body temperature; second kind of glands are sebaceous glands which

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produce an oily secretion which makes the hair
water-resisting. Modified sweat glands
(sudoriferous) form mammary glands which produce
milk in the females for nourishment of the young for
some time after birth. Because they possess
mammae (breasts) and mammary glands, they are
called mammals. It is the most unique character of
mammals.
3. Them is an external ear or pinna with an external auditory meatus. This is in addition to
middle and internal ear.
4. In higher mammals, the anus is separated from the urinogenital aperture; consequently
urinary and genital ducts have no connection with the digestive tube.
5. In males, testes have come to lie outside the body cavity in scrotal sacs (except in
elephants and aquatic mammals and prototherian mammals).
6. Teeth are embedded in sockets of the jaw bone
and are said to be thecodont. There are only two
sets of teeth in life time, one deciduous or milk set
and another permanent set, this condition is
spoken of as diphyodont. There are four different
types of teeth, hence mammals are heterodont.
7. A muscular diaphragm divides the coelom into a thoracic and an abdominal cavity; the
thoracic cavity has a pericardial cavity containing the heart and two pleural cavities
containing the lungs, the remaining viscera lies in the abdominal or peritoneal cavity.
8. The heart is 4-chambered with two auricles and two ventricles so that oxygenated blood
lies in the left half and deoxygenated blood in the right half. This condition is also found
in birds. Only the left aortic arch is present. Erythrocytes are round, biconcave and
non-nucleated (except in camel where they are oval and non-nucleated).
9. Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum are large-sized and highly developed with great
increase in the cortex. The two cerebral hemispheres are joined by a transverse band of
nerve fibres called corpus callosum. There are four solid optic lobes called corpora
quadrigemina in the mid-brain. 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
10. The middle ear has three ear ossicles called malleus, incus and stapes; the internal ear
has a spirally coiled cochlea as an efficient organ of hearing.
11. The neck generally has seven cervical vertebrae.
Example : Oviparous-Ornithorhynchus (Platypus); Viviparous -Macropus (Kangaroo), Pteropus
(Flying fox), Camelus (Camel), Macaca (Monkey), Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas
(Elephant), Equus (Horse), Delphinus (Common dolphin), Balaenoptera (Blue whale), Panthera tigris
(Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion). etc.

(a) Ornithorhynchus (b) Macropus (c) Pteropus (d) Balaenoptera

26 ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH - 9844532971
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THREE GROUPS OF MAMMALS
S.NO. PROTOTHERIA METATHERIA EUTHERIA
1 Oviparous Viviparous Viviparous
2 No pinna Pinna present Pinna usually present
3 No nipples (mammae) Nipples abdominal Nipples abdominal thoracic
4 No marsupial pouch Marsupial pouch often present. No marsupial pouch
5 Digestive and urinogenital tracts
open into a cloaca. Cloaca opens
outside through cloacal aperture.
Anus and Urinogenital aperture
open into a shallow cloaca
surrounded by a common sphincter
Digestive and urinogenital tracts
open out by separate apertures
6 Corpus callosum is feebly Corpus callosum is feebly Cropus callosum is well

developed or absent developed or absent. developed. It connects two
cerebral hemispheres of the brain
internally.
7 Testes abdominal, No Scrotum. Scrotum in front of penis. Scrotum behind penis
8 No placenta. Placenta is less developed Placenta is well developed

e.g., Oviparous-Ornithorhynchus
(Platypus)
e.g., Viviparous -Macropus
(Kangaroo)
e.g., Pteropus (Flying fox), Camelus
(Camel), Macaca (Monkey), Rattus
(Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat),
Elephas (Elephant), Equus (Horse),
Delphinus (Common dolphin),
Balaenoptera (Blue whale),
Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera
leo (Lion). etc.

1. How many vertebrae do giraffes have in their neck?
Most of the vertebrates, including giraffes and camel, have seven cervical (neck)
vertebrae. At almost 6 m (20 ft) tall, the giraffe is the tallest of all vertebrates and its
seven cervical vertebrae are greatly elongated
Exception : 3 toed sloth (Bradypus) with 9 cervical vertebrae and Manatee is
with 6 neck vertebrae.
2. Armadillos : The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus) is one of the few mammalian
species whose range is expanding. In late 1800s, they lived only as far north as central
Texas. Leprosy bacteria is cultured in the armadillos (Dasypus).

1. Man remains plantigrade at rest or during locomotion. Uses only the toes for running,
thus is called sub plantigrade.
2. Colour of human skin is yellow to orange due to carotene pigment in cells of stratum
corneum and subdermal fat cells. Melanin is found in melanocytes.
3. In man sweat glands are absent at lip borders, clitoris, glans penis, nail beds, under
surface of prepuce.
4. Sweat or sudoriferous glands secrete sweat. Sweat comprises of 95% water and 5%
metabolic waste.
5. Spiny ant eater, scaly ant eaters, moles, cetaceans, sirenians and some edentates do not
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possess sweat glands.
6. Tusks of elephants are two incisors of upper jaw which constantly grow throughout life.
7. Man 2 1 2 3 8
i ,c ,pm ,m 2 32
2 1 2 3 8
=  =
8. Dog 3 1 4 2 10
i ,c ,pm ,m 2 42
3 1 4 3 11
=  =
9. Cat 3 1 3 1 8
i ,c ,pm ,m 2 30
3 1 2 1 7
=  =
10. Rat 1 0 0 3 4
i ,c ,pm ,m 2 16
1 0 0 3 4
=  =
11. Horse 3 1 4 3 11
i ,c ,pm ,m 2 44
3 1 4 3 11
=  =
12. Elephant 1 0 0 3 4
i ,c ,pm ,m 2 14
0 0 0 3 3
=  =
13. Primates such as monkeys, man, apes, etc., acquired 3 dimensional vision due to their
most evolved motor understanding of visual sensation.
14. Deer, amongst vertebrates, proportionately to their body size, possess largest eyes.
15. Carnassial Teeth. Special shearing teeth in carnivores for cracking bones-4
th
premolar
of upper jaw and first molar of lower jaw.
16. Milk Producing Male Mammal. Spiny Ant Eater/Echidna.
17. Monotreme. With a single aperture of cloaca for urinogenital and digestive tracts.
18. Largest Land Animal. Loxodonta africana/African Elephant. Height 3.5 m and weight 7
tonnes.
19. Tallest Land Animal/Mammal. Giraffe, upto 6 m.
20. Mouse and Rat has first molar bigger than combined 2
nd
and 3rd molars.
21. Zebra Stripes. Stripes of no two zebras are alike.
22. Fastest Mammal. Acinonyx jubatus/(Cheetah) (extinct from India but present in Africa).
Speed upto 100 km/hr.
23. Slowest Terrestrial Mammal. 3-toed Sloth/Bradypus, Tridactylus, 100-150 m/hr.
24. Slowest Aquatic Mammal. Sea Otter/ 10 km/hr.
25. Longest Gestation Period in Mammal. 609 days/20 months in Elephas maximus.
26. Shortest Gestation Period in Mammal. Opossum. 12-13 days.
27. Hom. Matted hair in Rhino. Antlers are solid, shed and regrown every year.
28. Tiger. Panthera tigris is National animal of India (declared in 1973).
29. Today Marsupials are found mainly in Australia except a few marsupials such as the
American opossum are found outside that continent.
30. Rabbit is digitigrade because it moves on digits.
31. Plantigrade mammals are those whose palm and sole touch the ground when moving from
one place to another e.g., bears and certain insectivores.

(a) Plantigrade (b) Digitigrade (c) Unguligrade Feet of mammals

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32. Unguligrade mammals are those whose only the tips of one or two fingers and toes
remain in contact with the ground both at rest and locomotion. These are fastest running
terrestrial mammals e.g., horses, deers, cows, donkeys etc.
33. Hides are prepared from dermis of animal skin.
34. Seals and whales have scanty hairs because heat insulation is done by blubber.
35. Horns of rhinoceros, scales of scaly ant eater and spines of porcupine are derivatives of
hairs.
36. Retina of owls contains only rods (suitable for nocturnal habit). Also, the same occurs in
shrews, hedge hog, rodents, bats etc.
37. Retina of fowls contains only cones (suitable for diurnal habit). Squirrels also have only
cones.
38. Whales, mice, shrews and also some other mammals, but not rabbit and man, posses
Harderian gland like that of frog.
39. Scrotum of mammals contains testes, in most of the mammals; this is a thermostatic
chamber for testes and lies outside the abdominal cavity because sperms cannot develop
in body temperature. Thus, these become close, if the temperature falls more than 2°C
or come apart from the body, if temperature rises more than 2°C.
40. In insectivores, chiroptera and rodentia scrotum is formed only during breeding season,
later move to abdominal cavity e.g., bat, otter.
41. Insectivores, edentates, proboscidians (elephants), cetaceans (whales) always have their
testes inside the body cavity.

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SUMMARY
1. Phylum Chordata includes animals which possess a notochord either throughout
or during early embryonic life. Other common features observed in the chordates
are the dorsal, hollow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal gill slits.
2. Some of the vertebrates do not possess jaws (Agnatha) wheares most of them
possess jaws (Gnathostomata). Agnatha is represented by the class Cyclostomata.
They are the most primitive chordates and are ectoparasites on fishes.
3. Gnathostomata has two super classes. Pisces an d Tetrapoda. Classes
chondrichthyes and osteichthyes bear fins for locomotion and are grouped under
pisces. The chondrichthyes are fishes with cartilaginous endoskeleton and are
marine and Osteichthyes class includes bony fishes.
4. Classes Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia have two pairs of limbs and are
thus grouped under Tetrapoda. The amphibians have adapted to live both on land
and water. Reptiles are characterised by the presence of dry and cornified skin.
Limbs are absent in snakes. Fishes, amphibians and reptiles are poikilothermous
(cold-blooded). Aves are warm-blooded animals with feathers on their bodies and
forelimbs modified into wings for flying. Hind limbs are adapted for walking,
swimming, perching or clasping. The unique features of mammals are the presence
of mammary glands and hairs on the skin. They commonly exhibit viviparity.

Exercise – 1
Section–A
Q.1 Notochord persists in the adult of
(1) Protochordates (2) Agnatha (3) Chondrichthyes (4) Osteichthyes
Q.2 Which of the following group of characters is present in all chordates in some or other stage
in their life?
(1) Mammary glands, hairs and gill slits
(2) Notochord, gill slits and dorsal tubular nervous system
(3) Notochord, scales and dorsal tubular nervous system
(4) Gill slits, vertebral column and notochord
Q.3 Retrogressive metamorphosis occurs in
(1) Balanoglossus (Tomaria larvae) (2) Amphioxus
(3) Ascidian tadpole larva of Herdmania (4) Glossobalanus
Q.4 Vertebral column is a modified
(1) Nerve cord (2) Notochord (3) Umbilical cord (4) Urochordata
Q.5 In chordates, basically the pharynx is
(1) Perforated (2) Non perforated
(3) Present in the gut of the larva
(4) A source of thyroxin which controls metamorphosis
Q.6 Which of the following larvae after metamorphosis migrates from river to ocean?
(1) Ammocoete larvae of lampreys (cyclostoma)
(2) Trochophore larvae of molluscs
(3) Ascidician tadpole larva of Herdmania
(4) Dipleura larva
Q.7 Petromyzon belongs to the class
(1) Chondrichythes (2) Cyclostomata (3) Osteichthyes (4) None of these

30 ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH - 9844532971
Q.8 In which of the following fish electric organs are present which are modified musculature
between eye and nostrils?
(1) Torpedo (electric ray) (2) Scoliodon (dog fish)
(3) Trygon (sting ray) (4) Pristis (saw fish)
Q.9 Gill slits in chondrichthyes are
(1) Uncovered (2) Covered by operculum
(3) Absent (4) Only sometimes covered
Q.10 Scales in cartilaginous fishes are
(1) Cycloid (2) Ctenoid (3) Placoid (4) Leptoid
Q.11 Which of the following is viviparous and bring forth their young alive?
(1) Hippocampus (2) Shark (Scoliodon) (3) Anabas (4) Trygon
Q.12 Air bladder is present in
(1) Cartilaginous fishes (2) Bony fishes
(3) Star fish (4) Electric Ray
Q.13 Lateral line organs do not occur in
(1) Cartilaginous fishes (2) Bony fishes
(3) Amphibian larvae (4) Reptiles
Q.14 Peculiarity of fish heart is that it has
(1) All venous blood (2) All arterial blood
(3) Partly venous and partly artaial blood (4) No blood at all
Q.15 Heterocercal tall, placoid scales are found in one of the following
(1) Rohu (2) Neoceratodus (3) Scoliodon (4) Anguilla
Q.16 Gambusia is a
(1) Pest on fishes (2) Pathogenic fish
(3) Parasitic fish (4) Fish predator of mosquito larvae
Q.17 One of the following fish does not belong to class osteichthyes
(1) Hippocampus (2) Labeo (3) Torpedo (4) Exocoetus
Q.18 In which of the following fish the pectoral fin is large and modified to use for gliding several
metres in the air, as the fish leaps out?
(1) Exocoetus (2) Anabas (3) Echeneis (4) Laboo
Q.19 In which fish male shows parental care and has a brood pouch?
(1) Anabas (2) Laboo (3) Hippocampus (4) Synaptura
Q.20 The oldest living fish is
(1) Anabas (2) Coelacanth (3) Diodon (4) Sturgeon
Q.21 Fishes have kidney of
(1) Pronephnc type (2) Mesonephnc type
(3) Metanephric type (4) Nephridial type
Q.22 Which one of the following is a true fish?
(1) Cray fish (2) Cuttle fish (3) Flying fish (4) Jelly fish
Q.23 An anadromous fish migrates from
(1) Rivers to sea e.g. Anguilla (2) Rivers to estuary
(3) Sea to rivers e.g. Hilsa, Salmon (4) Deep sea to surface waters
Q.24 A catadromous fish migrates from
(1) Rivers to sea (2) Rivers to estuary
(3) Sea to rivers (4) Deep sea to surface waters
Q.25 One of the following is a limbless amphibian
(1) Salamandra (Urodela) (2) Ichthyophis (Apoda)
(3) Necturus (Urodela) (4) Hyla (Anura)
Q.26 Salamandra is
(1) Tailed amphibian (2) Tail-less amphibian

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(3) Limbless amphibian (4) Reptile
Q.27 The excretory product of newly hatched tadpole of frog is
(1) NH3 (2) Uric acid
(3) NH3 and urea (4) Urea, amino acids and NH3
Q.28 Which one of the following, is a poisonous amphibian?
(1) Bufo marinus (2) Hyla versicolour (3) Ichthyophis (4) Rana tigrina
Q.29 A frog lives in water or near water because
(1) It can gel its food easily in water
(2) Its hind limbs are webbed and help in swimming
(3) It lays eggs in water
(4) It can see through its transparent eye lids while swimming
Q.30 The larva of Ambyostoma is
(1) Ascidian (2) Axolotl (3) Tadpole (4) Trochophore
Q.31 Male frogs can croak louder than females because being/having
(1) Larger in size (2) Larger sound box (3) Stronger (4) Vocal sacs
Q.32 The success of reptiles as truly land animals was due to
(1) Development of internal fertilization
(2) Presence of amnion, embryonic membrane which encloses the embryo and provides
watery environment for development
(3) Respiration only through lungs, which is improved by the development of ribs
(4) All of these
Q.33 Which of the following are poikilothermal animals with single occipital condyle and twelve
pairs of cranial nerves?
(1) Aves (2) Reptiles (3) Mammals (4) Amphibia
Q.34 Which is the only poisonous lizard of the world?
(1) Ophiosaurus (2) Varanus (3) Heloderma (4) Draco
Q.35 The largest sized lizard is
(1) Chameleon (2) Helodenna (3) Ophiosaurus (4) Varanus
Q.36 The urinary bladder is absent in
(1) Chameleon (2) Snake
(3) Snake and crocodile (4) Wall lizard
Q.37 Study of snakes is called
(1) Ichthyology (2) Serpentology (3) Herpatology (4) Entomology
Q.38 The reptile without teeth is
(1) Lizards (2) Heloderma (3) Chelonia (4) Alligators
Q.39 Which one of the following is non-poisonous snake?
(1) Cobra (Naja naja) (2) Ajgar (Python) (3) Krait (Bungarus) (4) Viper (Viper russelli)
Q.40 Which of the following is not a true snake?
(1) Tree snake (2) Glass snake (3) Blind snake (4) Sea snake
Q.41 The cobra (Naja naja) can be distinguished by the presence of
(1) Agile habit (2) Black colour
(3) Hood (4) Hood and III largest supra labials
Q.42 Which one of the following pair of snakes is viviparous?
(1) Krait and Viper (2) Cobra and Krait
(3) Hydrophis and Vipera russelli (4) Natrix and Python
Q.43 Benadryl and antisera are used to
(1) Control malaria (2) Counteract the effect of haemotoxins
(3) Cure sleeping sickness (4) Counteract the bite of mad dog
Q.44 The largest Indian poisonous snake is
(1) Blue Krait (2) Cobra (3) King cobra (4) Python

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Q.45 Which one is the longest snake?
(1) Cobra (2) Krait (3) Python (4) Rat snake
Q.46 Krait (Bungarus) can be differentiated from other snakes by its
(1) Hairy body (2) Size
(3) Shield like scales on the head (4) Vertebral scales
Q.47 Crocodile, fish and frog, on one hand and squirrel and crows on the other differ in the
following
(1) The former have four appendages, the latter have only two
(2) The body temperature of the former changes with environmental temperature, the
temperature of the latter remains more or less constant
(3) The former undergo metamorphosis, the latter do not
(4) The former are oviparous the latter are viviparous
Q.48 Which of the following group of animals are homeothermal, single occipital condyle, twelve
pairs of cranial nerves, pneumatic bones and four chambered heart?
(1) Amphibia (2) Aves (3) Reptilia (4) Mammalia
Q.49 Feathers of the birds are waterproof due to the oily secretion of
(1) Cutaneous gland (2) Preen gland (3) Sudorific gland (4) None of these
Q.50 Pneumatic bones occur in
(1) Amphibians (2) Reptiles (3) Birds (4) Mammals
Q.51 Right ovary, right oviduct and urinary bladder have atrophied in one of the following
(1) Kiwi (2) Pigeon (3) Kingfisher (4) All of these
Q.52 Air sacs are found only in
(1) Aquatic birds (2) Ground birds (3) All birds (4) Nobird
Q.53 Which of the following bones is present only in birds?
(1) Axis vertebra (2) Atlas vertebra (3) Ear ossicles (4) Furcula
Q.54 The beak in birds is toothed in
(1) Ostrich (2) Kiwi (3) Archaeopteryx (4) Pelican
Q.55 Which one of the following birds, has recently become extinct?
(1) Archaeopteryx (2) Archaeomis (3) Dodo (4) Great Indian Bustard
Q.56 The largest living bird is
(1) Struthio (Ostrich) (2) Aptenodytes (Penguin)
(3) Phonicopterus (Flamingo) (4) Aepyomis (Giant elephant bird)
Q.57 Which of the following statement is incorrect about birds?
(1) The two clavicles and one interclavicle forms a 'V'-shaped bone called as furcula
(2) Theeyes of birds are peculiar due to the presence of pecten
(3) Carinatae or flying birds have sternum with keel
(4) In birds the left ovary and oviduct is atrophied
Q.58 Which one of the following is a metatherian mammal?
(1) Echidna (2) Kangaroo (3) Shrew (4) Pangolin
Q.59 Which one of the following characters is not typical of the class Mammalia?
(1) Thecodontdentition (2) Alveolar lungs
(3) Ten pairs of cranial nerves (4) Seven cervical vertebrae
Q.60 Which of the following animal has a diaphragm between the thorax and abdomen?
(1) Frog (2) Lizard (3) Pigeon (4) Whale
Q.61 In one of the following orders of class mammalia, the animals can fly
(1) Lagomorpha (2) Chiroptera (3) Rodentia (4) Cetacea
Q.62 The tusks of elephant are
(1) Incisors (2) Canines (3) Molars (4) Premolars
Q.63 Testes are internal, canines and premolars are absent in one of the following
(1) Rabbit (2) Elephant (3) Whale (4) Goat

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Q.64 Which one of the following is a tailless primate?
(1) Tarsier (2) Lemur (3) Rhesus monkey (4) Gorilla
Q.65 Monotreme is a group of animals which includes
(1) Fishes with single gill aperture (2) Insects with a single pair of spiracles
(3) Mammals with a single cloaca (4) Protozoa with a single flagellum
Q.66 Milk glands are found in
(1) All vertebrates (2) All mammals
(3) All placental mammals (4) All prototherians only
Q.67 The largest life span in animals is of
(1) Tortoise (2) Snake (3) Parrot (4) Gonlla
Q.68 Whale is a mammal because
(1) Heart has four chambers
(2) It is aquatic with stream lined body
(3) It lays egg and produces milk
(4) Diaphragm is found between thorax and abdomen
Q.69 Eggs of egg laying mammals are
(1) Macrolecithal (2) Alecithal (3) Mesolecithal (4) Telolecithal

Section–B
Q.1 Chordates possess
(1) Dorsal nerve cord placed below gut (2) Single hollow nerve cord placed dorsal to gut
(3) Double ventral nerve cord (4) Single solid & ventral nerve cord
Q.2 The distingushing feature of all chordates is
(1) A ventrally placed nerve cord (2) A water vascular system
(3) A chitinous exoskeleton (4) Notochord
Q.3 Salpa & Doliolum belong to : -
(1) Hemichordata (2) Cephalochordata (3) Urochordata (4) Protochordata
Q.4 Chordates are distinguished from non chordates by the presence of : -
(1) Brain (2) Dorsal tubular hollow nerve cord
(3) Ventral nerve cord (4) Dorsal solid nerve cord
Q.5 Which of the following animal belongs to Urochordata : -
(1) Herdmania (2) Balanoglossus (3) Amphioxus (4) Petromyzon
Q.6 Which of the following animal is devoid of notochord and nerve cord in its adult stage -
(1) Herdmania (Ascidian) (2) Branchiostoma (amphioxus)
(3) Assymetron (4) All of the above
Q.7 Which of the following character is shared by all chordates at some stage of life -
(1) Notochord (2) Dorsdal tubular nerve cord
(3) Pharyngeal gill slits (4) All of the above
Q.8 Prochordates lack : -
(1) Cranium & vertebral column (2) Jaws & vertebral column
(3) Paired appendages (4) All of the above
Q.9 Notochord is extended up to head and is retained thoughout life in : -
(1) Branchiostoma (2) Herdmania (3) Balanoglossus (4) Frog
Q.10 The adult tunicates show : -
(1) All the chordate characters (2) No chordate characters
(3) Some of the chordate characters (4) Only dorsal nerve cord
Q.11 Which of the following is not an essential chordate character : -
(1) Notochord (2) Vertebral column
(3) Pharynegeal gill slits (4) Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Q.12 The cephalochordates : -

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(1) Are exclusively marine in habitat
(2) Retain the three primary chordate characters throughout the life
(3) Ciliary feeders
(4) All of the above
Q.13 The gill – slits of chordates occur in : -
(1) Buccal cavity of aquatic animals
(2) Pharynx of all land vertebrates
(3) Pharynx of all chordates embryos and pharynx of aquatic adult chordates
(4) Pharynx of all aquatic and land vertebrates in adults as well as in their embryos
Q.14 Find out main difference between urochordata and cephalochordates : -
(1) Position of endostyle & dorsal lamina (2) Perforated pharynx
(3) Length of notochord (4) All of the above
Q.15 Cranium is absent in : -
(1) Protochordata (2) Vertebrata (3) Craniata (4) All the above
Q.16 Protochordates are not vertebrates as : -
(1) Notochord absent (2) Vertebral column absent
(3) Nerve cord absent (4) None of the above
Q.17 "Lancelet" is : -
(1) Amphioxus (2) Balanoglossus (3) Herdmania (4) Salpa
Q.18 Doliolum belongs to subphylum : -
(1) Hemichordata (2) Cephalochordata (3) Urochordata (4) All of the above
Q.19 Notochord is restricted in tail of : -
(1) All chordates (2) Hemichordates (3) Urochordates (4) Cephalochordates
Q.20 Which of the following animals are the members of Cephlochordata -
(1) Rhabdopleura and Amphioxus (2) Branchiostoma & Assymetron
(3) Petromyzon & Myxine (4) Ciona and Apendicularia
Q.21 Fishes found mainly in marine water are
(1) Placodermi (2) Chondrichthyes (3) Dipnoi (4) Osteichthyes
Q.22 Operculum absent around gill-slits in
(1) Dipnoi (2) Osteichthyes (3) Chondrichthyes (4) Holocaphali
Q.23 Hag fish is
(1) Entospherus (2) Myxine (3) Ichthyomygon (4) Hippocampus
Q.24 Pharyngeal gill slits are found in
(1) Cuttlefish (2) Crayfish (3) Dogfish (4) Octopus
Q.25 Lamprey belongs to-
(1) Osteichthyes (2) Chondrichthyes (3) Cyclostomata (4) Chordates
Q.26 Venous heart is found in -
(1) All fishes (2) Only teleosts
(3) Fishes & Birds (4) Reptiles & Amphibians.
Q.27 Cartilagenous fishes lack -
(1) Scales (2) Gill slits (3) Pelvic girdle (4) Operculum
Q.28 Which of the following is called as flying fish-
(1) Clarias (2) Exocoetus (3) Anabas (4) All
Q.29 What is not found in the amphibian skin-
(1) Epidermis (2) Mucous glands (3) Scales (4) Chromatophores
Q.30 Respiratory organ of tadpole -
(1) Gill (2) Skin (3) Both 1 & 2 (4) None
Q.31 Internal fertilization is not found in -
(1) Amphibia (2) Osteichthyse (3) Nereis (4) All
Q.32 A reptile which has completely 4- chambered heart-

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(1) Crocodile (2) Snakes & lizards (3) Sphenodon (4) Turtal
Q.33 Wings of birds are modified from
(1) Fore limb (2) Hind limb (3) Skin (4) Pectoral muscles
Q.34 Air sacs of birds
(1) Keep body warm (2) Reduce body weight
(3) Facilitate blood circulation (4) Maintain body temperature
Q.35 Birds have bones-
(1) Elastic (2) Solid and strong (3) Pneumatic (4) Non-elastic
Q.36 Which group of characters of whale justify its inclusion in the class mammalia
(1) Lungs, 4-chambered heart & kidneys
(2) Vertebral column, lungs and 4-chambered heart
(3) Hair skin, mammary glands and viviparity
(4) Gills, fins and viviparity
Q.37 Which one is a diagnostic feature of mammals-
(1) Dome-shaped diaphragm (2) External ears
(3) Cervical vertebrae (4) Coelom
Q.38 In all mammals-
(1) Pinna are found (2) Mother gives birth to young ones
(3) Seven cervical vertebral are found (4) Four canine teeth are found
Q.39 Respirotory organs of whale are-
(1) Book lungs (2) Lungs (3) Gills (4) Skin
Q.40 Whale is a mammal because-
(1) Lungs, four chambered heart (2) Vertebral column, lungs four chambered
heart
(3) Hair, mammary glands, viviparous (4) Viviparous, gills, fins
Q.41 External ear is found in-
(1) Reptiles (2) Mammals (3) Amphibians (4) Fishes
Q.42 Body organization in Chordates-
(1) Tissue organ (2) organ system (3) Cell tissue (4) Cellular
Q.43 Which of the following is most unmatching group
(1) Cockroach, king-crab, spider, silverfish (2) Whale, bat, lizard, sea horse
(3) Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber (4) Crayfish, cuttlefish, sawfish, hagfish
Q.44 Radial sysmmetry is best seen in-
(1) Mollusca (2) Sponge (3) Star fish (4) Fishes
Q.45 Which is the matching set-
(1) Hydra, jellyfish, leech (2) Whale, otter, cockroach
(3) Oyster, cuttle fish, octopus (4) Ascaris, scorpion, spider
Q.46 Which structures are found atleast in some stage of all chordates-
(1) Mammary glands, gill clefts, hair
(2) Notochord, scales, dorsal tubular nerve cord
(3) Notochord, vertebral column, gill slits
(4) Notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal tubular nerve cord
Q.47 Other than mammals which group is also warm blooded-
(1) Fishes (2) Amphibians (3) Reptiles (4) Birds
Q.48 Ventral nerve cord is found in-
(1) Cockroach (2) Hydra (3) Frog (4) Amoeba
Q.49 All worms are-
(1) Radially symmetrical (2) Asymmetrical
(3) Triploblastic (4) Diploblastic
Q.50 The animal who possesses notochord throughout life is

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(1) Fish (2) Amphioxus (3) Bird (4) Snake
Q.51 In which of the following groups the members are exclusively marine
(1) Aquatic vertebrates (2) Tetrapoda
(3) Pisces (4) Protochordata
Q.52 Branchiostoma belongs to
(1) Urochordata (2) Hemichordata (3) Cephalochordata (4) Protochordata
Q.53 Which of the following group of characters is present in all chordates in some or other stage
in their life
(1) Mammary glands, hair and gill slits
(2) Notochord, gill slits and dorsal tubular nervous system
(3) Notochord, scales and dorsal tubular nervous system
(4) Gill slits, vertebral column and notochord
Q.54 Agnatha includes
(1) Hag fishes (2) Fishes (3) Jelly fishes (4) Flying fishes
Q.55 Notochord is restricted to tail region only in
(1) Hemichordata (2) Cephalochordata (3) Tunicata (4) None of these
Q.56 One character is given wrongly for phylum chordata mark it
(1) Presence of notochord
(2) Presence of vertebral column
(3) Paired gill slits connected with the exterior
(4) A central nervous system dorsal to digestive canal
Q.57 Which of the following are first Gnathostomes
(1) Fish (2) Amphibians (3) Aves (4) Mammalians
Q.58 Characteristic features of cyclostomata are
(1) Elongated cylindrical body
(2) Round mouth
(3) Round mouth without jaws and paired appendages
(4) Round mouth with jaw and unpaired appendages
Q.59 Gnathostomata is divided into 2 super classes, these are
(1) Acrania and craniata (2) Pisces and tetrapoda
(3) Amniota and bipedal (4) Tetrapoda and gnathostomata
Q.60 The lamprey (Petromyzon) is included in the same taxonomic class as the
(1) Chamaeleon (Anolis) (2) Hag fish (Myxine)
(3) Salamander (Ambystoma) (4) Lung fish (Neoceratodus)
Q.61 Chordates are distinguished from non-chordates by the presence of
(1) Ventral nerve cord (2) Dorsal nerve cord
(3) Brain (4) Dorsal tubular nerve cord
Q.62 Notochord is restricted to the anterior part of body proboscis in animals of which group
(1) Hemichordata (2) Urochordata (3) Cephalochordata (4) Chordata
Q.63 The petromyzon belongs to
(1) Chondrichthyes (2) Osteichthyes (3) Cyclostomata (4) Amphibia
Q.64 Which one of the following sets of animals belongs to the same class of a phylum
(1) Hydra, jelly fish, cray fish (2) Bat, pigeon, whale
(3) Spider, scorpion, centipede (4) Whale, otter, kangaroo
Q.65 Which of the following is a matching set in taxonomy
(1) Man, chimpanzee, monkey (2) Cuttle fish, jelly fish, silver fish
(3) Bat, pigeon, crow (4) Oyster, octopus, star fish
Q.66 Constant body temperature is found in
(1) Earthworm (2) Snake (3) Frog (4) Cow
Q.67 The most important distinctive character of chordata is the presence of

37 ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH - 9844532971
(1) Vertebral column (2) Hairy skin (3) Notochord (4) All the above
Q.68 Which one is a poikilothermic (cold blooded) animal
(1) Penguin (2) Whale (3) Otter (4) Tortoise
Q.69 One of the primary character of chordates is
(1) Solid ventral nerve cord (2) Dorsal tubular nerve cord
(3) Paired nerve cord (4) Ganglionated nerve cord
Q.70 Dolphins are
(1) Fishes (2) Amphibians (3) Reptiles (4) Mammals
Q.71 Which one of the following is a cartilaginous fish
(1) Silver fish (2) Dog fish (3) Cray fish (4) Star fish
Q.72 Scoliodon is called dogfish due to one of its following characteristics
(1) Mouth (2) Gait (3) Carnivorous (4) Power of smell
Q.73 Sea horse is an example of
(1) Mammalia (2) Pisces (3) Aves (4) Reptilia
Q.74 Which of the following has a cartilagenous endoskeleton
(1) Elasmobranch (2) Dipnoi (3) Mollusca (4) Bony fishes
Q.75 Electric organs are found in
(1) Sharks (2) Porpoises (3) Goldfish (4) Rays (Torpedo)
Q.76 A fish is characterised by the presence of
(1) Dermal scales (2) Paired fins (3) Pharyngeal gills (4) All the above
Q.77 Which is a true fish
(1) Cat fish (2) Jelly fish (3) Cuttle fish (4) Silver fish
Q.78 Jaws are absent in
(1) Protochordata (2) Protochordata and cyclostomata
(3) Amphioxus and balanoglossus (4) Herdmania and myxine
Q.79 Which of the following sets of animals belong to class cyclostomata
(1) Herdmania and petromyzon (2) Petromyzone and myxine
(3) Amphioxus and balanoglossus (4) Herdmania and myxine
Q.80 Swim bladder or air bladder is present only in
(1) Fish (2) Amphibia (3) Aquatic reptilia (4) Aquatic mammals
Q.81 Which of the following is not a fish
(1) Lung fish (2) Silver fish (3) Cat fish (4) Dog fish
Q.82 Scales in chondrichthyes are
(1) Placoid (2) Ganoid (3) Cycloid (4) Sesamoid
Q.83 Bony plates and scutes are found in addition to scales in
(1) Hag fish (2) Eel (3) Flying fish (4) Sea horse
Q.84 Pharyngeal gill slits are found in
(1) Shark (2) Cray fish (3) Cuttle fish (4) Star fish
Q.85 Placoid scales are found in
(1) Bony fishes (2) Cartilaginous fishes
(3) Lung fishes (4) Palaeontogical fishes
Q.86 Fishes are
(1) Homoiothermic (2) Poikilothermic (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of these
Q.87 Amphibians breed
(1) In crevices (2) In water (3) On trees (4) In soil

Answer Key
Secton–A
Q.1 1 Q.2 2 Q.3 3 Q.4 2 Q.5 1 Q.6 1 Q.7 2

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Q.8 1 Q.9 1 Q.10 3 Q.11 2 Q.12 2 Q.13 4 Q.14 1
Q.15 3 Q.16 4 Q.17 3 Q.18 1 Q.19 3 Q.20 2 Q.21 2
Q.22 3 Q.23 3 Q.24 1 Q.25 2 Q.26 1 Q.27 1 Q.28 2
Q.29 3 Q.30 2 Q.31 4 Q.32 4 Q.33 2 Q.34 3 Q.35 4
Q.36 3 Q.37 2 Q.38 3 Q.39 2 Q.40 2 Q.41 4 Q.42 3
Q.43 2 Q.44 3 Q.45 3 Q.46 4 Q.47 2 Q.48 2 Q.49 2
Q.50 3 Q.51 4 Q.52 3 Q.53 4 Q.54 3 Q.55 3 Q.56 1
Q.57 4 Q.58 2 Q.59 3 Q.60 4 Q.61 2 Q.62 1 Q.63 2
Q.64 4 Q.65 3 Q.66 2 Q.67 1 Q.68 4 Q.69 1

Section–B
Q.1 2 Q.2 4 Q.3 3 Q.4 2 Q.5 1 Q.6 1 Q.7 4
Q.8 4 Q.9 1 Q.10 3 Q.11 2 Q.12 4 Q.13 3 Q.14 1
Q.15 1 Q.16 2 Q.17 1 Q.18 3 Q.19 3 Q.20 2 Q.21 2
Q.22 3 Q.23 2 Q.24 3 Q.25 3 Q.26 1 Q.27 4 Q.28 2
Q.29 3 Q.30 1 Q.31 4 Q.32 1 Q.33 1 Q.34 2 Q.35 3
Q.36 3 Q.37 1 Q.38 3 Q.39 2 Q.40 3 Q.41 2 Q.42 2
Q.43 4 Q.44 3 Q.45 3 Q.46 4 Q.47 4 Q.48 1 Q.49 3
Q.50 2 Q.51 4 Q.52 3 Q.53 2 Q.54 1 Q.55 3 Q.56 2
Q.57 1 Q.58 3 Q.59 2 Q.60 2 Q.61 4 Q.62 1 Q.63 3
Q.64 4 Q.65 1 Q.66 2 Q.67 3 Q.68 4 Q.69 2 Q.70 4
Q.71 2 Q.72 4 Q.73 2 Q.74 1 Q.75 4 Q.76 4 Q.77 1
Q.78 2 Q.79 2 Q.80 1 Q.81 2 Q.82 1 Q.83 4 Q.84 1
Q.85 2 Q.86 2 Q.87 2

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Exercise – 2 Previous Years Questions
Q.1 Which animal is surinum toad [RPMT 2000]
(1) Pipa americana (2) Bufo (3) Bombinator (4) alytes
Q.2 National bird of India is [RPMT 2000]
(1) Flamingo (2) Pavo cristatus (3) Columba levia (4) Psittacula
Q.3 in Urochordata notochord is found in [RPMT 2001]
(1) Head of adult (2) Tail of adult (3) Tail of larva (4) Test of adult
Q.4 Microlecithal eggs are found in [RPMT 2000]
(1) Reptilia + Aves (2) Amphibia + Aves + Reptilia
(3) Reptilia + Aves + Chiroptera (4) Eutheria
Q.5 Which of the following shows the sexual dimorphism [RPMT 2000]
(1) Hydra & Ascaris (2) Hydra & Oryctolagus
(3) Ascaris & Pheretima (4) Ascaris & Oryctolagus
Q.6 Which is not aerial adaptation of Birds [RPMT 2001]
(1) Single ovary (2) Pneumatic bone (3) Gizzard (4) keeled sternum
Q.7 How does the Reptilia differ from other vertebrates [RPMT 2001]
(1) Due to epidermal scale (2) Due to cleidoic eggs
(3) Due to tetrapod limb (4) None of them
Q.8 In which of the following notochord is absent [RPMT 2001]
(1) Adult Herdmania & Balanoglossus (2) Adult Herdmania & adult Branchiostoma
(3) Larva of Herdmania & Branchiostoma (4) Larva of Herdmania & Balanoglossus
Q.9 Which of the following are Anamniotes [RPMT 2001]
(1) Chondrichthyes, Ostiechthyes, Amphibia
(2) Reptilia, Aves, Amphibia
(3) Amphibia, Aves, Mammals
(4) Reptilia, Mammals, Aves
Q.10 Which have macrolecithal eggs [RPMT 2000]
(1) Aves, Reptilia (2) Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia
(3) Aves, Reptilia, Chiroptera (4) Aves, Eutheria
Q.11 Cleidoic egg is an adaptation for [RPMT 2001]
(1) Aquatic life (2) Marine life (3) Terrestrial life (4) Aerial life
Q.12 Which type of scales are found on skin of cartilaginous fishes [RPMT 2001]
(1) Cycloid (2) Ctenoid (3) Gonoid (4) Placoid
Q.13 In which pair both characters are found without exception in all mammals [RPMT 2001]
(1) Hair & vivipary (2) Vivipary & internal fertilization
(3) Vivipary & mammary glands (4) Mammary glands & internal fertilization
Q.14 Eggs of birds are [RPMT 2001]
(1) Microlecithal (2) Centrolecithal (3) Megalectithal (4) Alecithal
Q.15 Which character is found only in mammales [RPMT 2002]
(1) Neck (2) Diaphragm
(3) Optic lobes of brain (4) Tail
Q.16 Heterocercal tail is found in [RPMT 2002]
(1) Cartilaginous fishes (2) Bony fishes
(3) Whale (4) Amphibians
Q.17 Which animal is Non-chordate- [RPMT 2002]
(1) Herdmania (2) Balanoglossus (3) Branchiostoma (4) Botryllus
Q.18 In which of the following reptiles four chambered heart is present [RPMT 2002]
(1) Lizard (2) Snake (3) Scorpion (4) Crocodile
Q.19 Which character is not same in aves and mammals [RPMT 2002]

40 ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH - 9844532971
(1) Single systemic arch (2) Metanephric kidney
(3) Seven cervical vertebrae (4) Homeotherms
Q.20 Icthyophis belongs to which class [RPMT 2004]
(1) Reptilia (2) Amphibia (3) Aves (4) Pisces
Q.21 Which of the following is not a characteristic of birds [RPMT 2004]
(1) Lungs with air sacs (2) Pneumatic bone
(3) Exothermic (4) Amniotic eggs
Q.22 Which of the following is a reptile [RPMT 2004]
(1) Salamandra (2) Turtle (3) Newts (4) Toad
Q.23 What is common in Bat, Whale and Rat [RPMT 2005]
(1) Absence of neck
(2) Muscular diaphragm between thorax and abdomen
(3) Testes, outside abdominal cavity
(4) External earpinna
Q.24 Placoid scales are formed in [RPMT 2005]
(1) Cartilaginous fishes (2) Bony fishes
(3) Paleontical fishes (4) Lung fishes
Q.25 Hollow air filled bones (pneumatic bones) occur in [AIPMT 1998]
(1) Mammals (2) Reptiles (3) Urodela (4) Aves
Q.26 What is true [AIPMT 2000]
(1) Platypus is oviparous (2) Bats have feather
(3) Elephant is ovo viviparous (4) Diaphragm is absent in them
Q.27 In which of the following animal post anal tail is found [AIPMT 2001]
(1) Earthworm (2) Lower invertebrate
(3) Scorpion (4) Snake
Q.28 In which era reptiles were dominated [AIPMT 2002]
(1) Coenozoic era (2) Mesozoic era (3) Paleozoic era (4) Archaeozoic era
Q.29 In which of the following notochord is present in embryonic stage [AIPMT 2002]
(1) All chordates (2) Some chordates (3) Vertebrates (4) Non chordates
Q.30 In which animal nerve cell is present but brain is absent [AIPMT 2002]
(1) Sponge (2) Earthworm (3) Cockroach (4) Hydra
Q.31 Uricotelism is found in [AIPMT 2004]
(1) Fishes and fresh water protozoans (2) Birds, reptiles and insects
(3) Frogs and toads (4) Mammals and birds
Q.32 One of the following is a very unique feature of the mammalian body [AIPMT 2004]
(1) Presence of diaphragm (2) Four chambered heart
(3) Rib cage (4) Homeothermy
Q.33 Which one of the following charcters is not typical of the class Mammalia [AIPMT 2005]
(1) Alveolar lungs (2) Ten pairs of cranial nerves
(3) Seven cervical vertebrae (4) Thecodont dentition
Q.34 Which one of the following statements is incorrect [AIPMT 2006]
(1) The principle of countercurrent flow facilitates efficient respiration in gills of fishes
(2) The residual air in lungs slightly decreases the efficiency of respiration in mammals.
(3) The presence of non-respiratory air sacs, increases the efficiency of respiration in birds
(4) In insects, circulating body fluids serves to distribute oxygen to tissues.
Q.35 Which of the following pairs are correctly matched [AIPMT 2007]
Animals Morphological features
(A) Crocodile 4-chambered heart
(B) Sea Urchin Parapodia
(C) Obelia Metagenesis

41 ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH - 9844532971
(D) Lemur Thecodont
(1) Only A and B (2) A, C and D (3) B, C and D (4) Only A and D
Q.36 What is common between parrot, platypus and kangaroo [AIPMT 2007]
(1) Ovoaparity (2) Homoiothermy (3) Toothless jaws (4) Functional post-anal tail
Q.37 Axolotal larva is the name of larva of [AIIMS 1996]
(1) Amphioxns (2) Silkworm (3) Ambyostoma (4) Round worm
Q.38 Gambusia is a [AIIMS 1997]
(1) Parasitic fish (2) Pest of fish
(3) Fish predator of mosquitos larva (4) Mosquito spreading yellow fever
Q.39 Marsupials occur in [AIIMS 1999]
(1) Africa (2) America (3) Asia (4) Australia
Q.40 An egg laying mammal is [AIIMS 2001]
(1) Kangaroo (2) Platypus (3) Koala (4) Whale
Q.41 Which one of the following groups of structures/organs have similar function : [AIIMS 2005]
(1) Typholosle in earthworm, intestinal villi in rat and contractile vacuole in Amoeba.
(2) Nephridia in earthworm, Malpighian tubules in cockroach and urinary tubules in rat.
(3) Antennae of cockroach, tympanum of frog and clitellum of earthworm.
(4) Incisors of rat, gizzard (proventriculus) of cockroach and tube feet of startish.
Q.42 Vetebral column is derived from [BHU 1987]
(1) Dorsal nerve cord (2) Ventral nerve cord
(3) Outgrowth of cranium (4) Notochord
Q.43 Most favourable land adaptation in reptiles is [BHU 1989]
(1) Lungs (2) Scales (3) Moist skin (4) Pentadacty limbs
Q.44 Mammals giving rise to immature young ones and nursing them in a pouch are [BHU 1996]
(1) Monotremes (2) Marsupials (3) Primates (4) Carnivores
Q.45 Lateral line system occurs in [AIIMS 1996]
(1) Star fish (2) jelly fish (3) Dog fish (4) All the above
Q.46 Ichthyophis belongs to [AIIMS 1997]
(1) Amphibia (2) Mollusca (3) Annelida (4) Reptilia
Q.47 Rumimants belong to order [AIIMS 1997]
(1) Proboscida (2) Artiodactyla (3) Sirenia (4) Cetacea
Q.48 Carapace occurs in [AIIMS 1997]
(1) Toad (2) Frog (3) Bird (4) Tortoise
Q.49 Vetrebrates have [AFMC 1989]
(1) Dorsal tubular nerve cord (2) Ventrally situated heart
(3) Body cavity with alimentary canal (4) All the above
Q.50 The glands present in the skin of frog are [AFMC 1993]
(1) Sweat and mammary glands (2) Sweat and sebaceous glands
(3) Sweat and mucous glands (4) Mucous and poisonous glands
Q.51 Which is the smallest taxonomic group having cranium, vertebral column, ventral heart,
pulmonary respiration and two pairs of legs [AFMC 1998]
(1) Chordata (2) Gnathostomata (3) Vertebrata (4) Tetrapoda
Q.52 Eggs of placental mammals are [MP PMT 1999]
(1) Homolecithal (2) Alecithal (3) Microlecithal (4) Mesolecithal
Q.53 Urinary bladder is absent in [MP PMT 2000]
(1) Bird (2) Snakes (3) Crocodiles (4) All the above
Q.54 The greatest evolutionary change that enabled the land vertebrates to be completely free
from water, was the development of [MP PMT 2000]
(1) four appendages (2) lungs (3) cleidoic eggs (4) four chambered heart
Q.55 Which living connecting link is an evidence for organic evolution [MP PMT 2000]

42 ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH - 9844532971
(1) Archaeopteryx between reptiles and birds
(2) Lungs fishes between pisces and reptiles
(3) Coelacanth between pisces and amphibians
(4) Tachyglossus between reptiles and mammals
Q.56 Sonar system is found only [MPPMT 2000]
(1) Bats (2) Whales (3) Bats & Whales (4) Otter
Q.57 Cleidoic eggs are characteristic of [MPPMT 2002]
(1) Mammals (2) Reptiles and Birds (3) Insects (4) Fishes
Q.58 Archeopetryx, a transitional fossil between birds and reptiles was discovered from the rocks
of following period [MPPMT 2002]
(1) Jurassic (2) Archeozoic era (3) Cretaceous (4) Triassic
Q.59 The character of birds, without exception, is [UTTARANCHAL-2004]
(1) Omnivorous (2) Flying wings
(3) Beak without teeth (4) Lay eggs with
calcareous shell
Q.60 Which of the following is an exclusive character of class Mammalia
[UTTARANCHAL-2004]
(1) Homoiothermy (2) Internal fertilization
(3) Presence of a 4-chambered heart (4) Presence of a muscular diaphragm
Q.61 Poisonous Sea-snake possess a [UTTARANCHAL-2005]
(1) Compressed tail (2) Printed tail (3) Depressed tail (4) Conicl tail
Q.62 Oviparous mammals are [Bihar-2002]
(1) Kangaroo (2) Duck bill platypus (3) Whale (4) Rabbit
Q.63 Torpedo is commonly [Bihar-2006]
(1) Sucherfish (2) Electric ray (3) Globefish (4) Sea horse
Q.64 Which of the following snakes non-poisnous? [UPCPMT 2001]
(1) Cobra (2) Krait (3) Viper (4) Python
Q.65 Sea horse belongs to [UPCPMT 2003]
(1) Mammals (2) Amphibia (3) Aves (4) Pisces
Q.66 Which of the following has exoskeleton of scales and paired copulatory organ or penis
[UPCPMT 2006]
(1) Sharks (2) Lizards (3) Urodela (4) Urochordata
Q.67 All chordates at one or the other stage have [MPPMT 2004]
(1) Pharyngeal gill-slits (2) Vertebral column
(3) Two pairs of pentadactyte limbs (4) A moveable jaw
Q.68 Which of the following belongs to Phylum Arthropoda [MPPMT 2001]
(1) Star fish (2) Gold fish (3) Silver fish (4) Cuttle fish
Q.69 Which of the following does not belong to Phylum Coelentrata? [MPPMT 2002]
(1) Sea pen (2) Sea feather (3) Sea cucumber (4) Sea fan
Q.70 Nematocysts are found in [MPPMT 2002]
(1) Porifera (2) Coelenterata (3) Nematodes (4) Annelida
Q.71 Taxomically which of the following set is matched correctly? [MP PMT 2001]
(1) Cattle fish, Jelly fish, Silver fish (2) Bat, Pigeon, Kite
(3) Lobsters, spider, shrimps (4) Oyster, Otter, Octopus
Q.72 Sea horse is [CG PMT 2009]
(1) A bird (2) A Mammal (3) An Amphibion (4) A fish
Q.73 Which one of the following lays eggs yet the female secretes milk? [CG PMT 2009]
(1) Bat (2) Kangaroo (3) Platypus (4) Ostrich
Q.74 Which of the following does not make a nest of its own? [CG PMT 2009]
(1) Crow (2) Parrot (3) Cuckoo (4) Sparrow

43 ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH - 9844532971
Q.75 Which one of the following kinds of animals are triploblastic? [CPMT 2010]
(1) Flat worms (2) Sponges (3) Ctenophores (4) Corals
Q.76 Which one of the following animals is correctly matched with its particular named taxonomic
category? [AIPMT 2011]
(1) Housefly – Musca, an order (2) Tiger – tigris, the species
(3) Cuttlefish – Mollusca, a class (4) Humans – Primata, the family
Q.77 Which one of the following groups of animals is correctly matched with its one characteristic
feature without ieven a single exception? [AIPMT 2011]
(1) Mammalia : give birth to young ones.
(2) Reptilia : possess 3-chambered heat with one incompletely divided ventricle
(3) Chordata : possess a mouth provided with an upper and a lower jaw
(4) Chondrichthyes : possess catilaginous endoskeleton
Q.78 Which sound producing organ is found in birds? [RPMT 2011]
(1) Pharynx (2) Larynx (3) Syrinx (4) Trachea
Q.79 Match the name of the animal (column I), with one characteristics (column II). and the
phylum/class (column III) to which it belongs: [AIPMT 2013]
Column I Column II Column III
(1) Ichthyophis terrestrial Reptilia
(2) Limulus body covered by Pisces
chitinous exoskeleton
(3) Adamsia radially symmetrical Porifera
(4) Petromyzon ectoparasite Cyclostomata
Q.80 Which of the following are correctly matched with respect to their taxonomic classification?
[AIPMT 2013]
(1) Centipede, millipede, spider, scorpion-Insecta
(2) House fly, butterfly, tsetsefly, silverfish-Insecta
(3) Spiny anteater, sea urchin, sea cucumber Echinodermata
(4) Flying fish, cuttlefish, silverfish – Pisces
Q.81 One of the representatives of Phylum Arthropoda is : [AIPMT 2013]
(1) silverfish (2) pufferfish (3) flying fish (4) cuttlefish
Q.82 A marine cartilaginous fish that can produce electric current is : [AIPMT 2014]
(1) Trygon (2) Scoliodon (3) Pristis (4) Torpedo
Q.83 Which of the following animals is not viviparous? [AIPMT 2015]
(1) Elephant (2) Platypus (3) Whale (4) Flying fox (Bat)
Q.84 Which of the following represents the correct combination without any exception?
[AIPMT 2015]
Characteristics Class
(1) Mouth ventral; gills without operculum; skin with placoid scales;
persistent notochord
Chondrichthyes
(2) Sucking and circular mouth; jaws absent, integument without scales;
paired appendages
Cyclostomata
(3) Body covered with feathers; skin moist and glandular; fore-limbs
form wings; lungs with air sacs
Aves
(4) Mammary gland; hair on body; pinnae; two pairs of limbs Mammalia

44 ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH - 9844532971
Answer Key
Q.1 1 Q.2 2 Q.3 3 Q.4 4 Q.5 4 Q.6 3 Q.7 1
Q.8 1 Q.9 1 Q.10 2 Q.11 3 Q.12 4 Q.13 4 Q.14 3
Q.15 2 Q.16 1 Q.17 2 Q.18 4 Q.19 3 Q.20 1 Q.21 3
Q.22 2 Q.23 2 Q.24 1 Q.25 4 Q.26 1 Q.27 4 Q.28 2
Q.29 1 Q.30 4 Q.31 2 Q.32 1 Q.33 2 Q.34 4 Q.35 2
Q.36 1 Q.37 3 Q.38 3 Q.39 4 Q.40 2 Q.41 2 Q.42 4
Q.43 1 Q.44 2 Q.45 3 Q.46 1 Q.47 2 Q.48 4 Q.49 4
Q.50 4 Q.51 4 Q.52 3 Q.53 4 Q.54 3 Q.55 1 Q.56 3
Q.57 2 Q.58 1 Q.59 2 Q.60 4 Q.61 1 Q.62 2 Q.63 2
Q.64 4 Q.65 4 Q.66 1 Q.67 1 Q.68 3 Q.69 3 Q.70 2
Q.71 3 Q.72 4 Q.73 3 Q.74 3 Q.75 1 Q.76 2 Q.77 4
Q.78 3 Q.79 4 Q.80 2 Q.81 1 Q.82 4 Q.83 2 Q.84 1

45 ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH - 9844532971
Exercise – 3 AIIMS Special Questions
Assertion - Reason Type Questions
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R).
(1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion,
then mark. (1).
(2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion, then mark (2).
(3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3).
(4) If both Assertion and Reason are false statements, then mark (4).
Q.1 A: In metatherians, scrotum is present in front of penis.
R: In prototherians scrotum is present behind the penis.
Q.2 A ; In Balanoglossus, proboscis is involved in excretion.
R : Glomerulus is present in proboscis.
Q.3 A : Birds have metanephric kidney and no urinary bladder.
R: South American Ostrich has urinary bladder.
Q.4 A: All birds, except the one like Koel (Cuckoo) build nests for retiring and taking rest during
night time.
R : Koel lays eggs in the nests of tailor bird.
Q.5 A : The duct-billed Platypus and the spiny anteater, both are egg layeing animals yet are
grouped under mammals.
R: Both of them have seven crevical vertebrae and mammary glands without teats.
Q.6 A: Bats and whales are classified as mammals.
R: Bats and whales show echolocation and four chambered heart.
Q.7 A : Amphibians have evolved from fishes.
R : Take the example of the fossil Archaeopteryx.
Q.8 A : Snakes exposed to gamma rays become non poisonous.
R : Poisonous snakes have poison glands and a pair of poison fangs. They are affected by
gamma rays.
Q.9 A : Among the land animals, the Cheetah can run fastest over the ground.
R : The Cheetah uses its powerful forelimbs to push itself forward during running.
Q.10 A : Salamander, Sphenodon are classified as amphibian.
R : Their skin is naked, moist and glandular
Q.11 A : Lateral line system is found in fishes and aquatic larval amphibians.
R : Lateral line system has receptors which are the clusters of sensory cells derived from
ectoderm
Q.12 A : A bony fish can stay at a particular depth without expending energy in swimming contrary
to the cartilaginous fishes.
R : In bony fishes swim bladder is present which helps in buoyancy.
Q.13 A : Lycaenops is mammal like reptile.
R : Mammal like reptiles originated in the permian period.
Q.14 A : Reptiles can be termed as first true land animals.
R : These are completely independent of water due to development of internal fertilization
and the presence of a special membrane, amnion around the developing embryo.

Answer Key
Q.1 3 Q.2 1 Q.3 2 Q.4 3 Q.5 1 Q.6 2 Q.7 3
Q.8 1 Q.9 1 Q.10 4 Q.11 2 Q.12 1
Q.13 1 Q.14 2

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