ANNA UNIVERSITY CS3352 MULTIMEDIA AND ANIMATION UNIT 3.pptx

CS3352

1. UNIT III - MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING Authoring metaphors, Tools Features, and Types: Card and Page Based Tools, Icon and Object-Based Tools, Time-Based Tools, Cross Platform Authoring Tools, Editing Tools, Painting and Drawing Tools, 3D Modeling and Animation Tools, Image Editing Tools, audio Editing Tools, Digital Movie Tools, Creating interactive presentations, virtual learning, simulations.

2. Authoring Metaphors, Tools Features and Types Definition Multimedia authoring is a process of assembling different types of media content like text, audio, image, animations, and video as a single stream of information with the help of various software tools available in the market. Multimedia authoring tools give an integrated environment for joining together the different elements of a multimedia production. It gives the framework for organizing and editing the components of a multimedia project. It enables the developer to create interactive presentations by combining text, audio, video, graphics, and animation. Multimedia authoring: the creation of multimedia productions, sometimes called “videos" or “presentations".

3. The types of multimedia authoring: Multimedia Authoring Metaphors 1. Scripting Language Metaphor. 2. Slide Show Metaphor. 3. Hierarchical Metaphor. 4. Iconic/Flow-control Metaphor. 5. Frames Metaphor. 6. Card/Scripting Metaphor. 7. Cast/Score/Scripting Metaphor. –Multimedia Production –Multimedia Presentation –Automatic Authoring

4. 1. Scripting Language Metaphor : use a special language to enable interactivity (buttons, mouse, etc.), and to allow conditionals, jumps, loops, functions/macros, etc. 2. Multimedia metaphor: a set of user interface visuals, actions, and procedures that exploit specific knowledge that users already have of other domains. The purpose of the interface metaphor is to give the user instantaneous knowledge about how to interact with the user interface. 3. Hierarchical Metaphor : User-controllable elements are organized into a tree structure often used in menu-driven applications. 4. Frames Metaphor : Like Iconic/ Flow-control Metaphor; however links between icons are more conceptual, rather than representing the actual flow of the program. 5. Iconic/Flow-control Metaphor : Graphical icons are available in a toolbox and authoring proceeds by creating a flow chart with icons attached.

5. 6. Card/Scripting Metaphor : Uses a simple index-card structure - easy route to producing applications that use hypertext or hypermedia; used in schools. Time is shown horizontally; like a spreadsheet: rows, or tracks, represent instantiations of characters in a multimedia production. Multimedia elements are drawn from a cast of characters, and scripts are event procedures or procedures that are triggered by timer events. Director, by Macromedia, is the chief example of this metaphor. The director uses the Lingo scripting language, an object-oriented event-driven language. 7. Slide Show Metaphor : A linear presentation by default, although tools exist to perform jumps in slide shows.

6. Features of Authoring Tools Editing Features- Most authoring environments and packages exhibit capabilities to create edit and transform different kinds of media that they support. For example, Macromedia Flash comes bundled with its own sound editor. This eliminates the need for buying dedicated software to edit sound data. So authoring systems include editing tools to create, edit, and convert multimedia components such as animation and video clips. Organizing Features- The process of organization, design, and production of multimedia involves navigation diagrams or storyboarding and flowcharting. Some of the authoring tools provide a system of visual flowcharting or overview facility to showcase your project's structure at a macro level. Navigation diagrams help to organize a project. Many web-authoring programs like Dreamweaver include tools that create helpful diagrams and links among the pages of a website.

7. Visual programming with icons or objects- It is the simplest and easiest authoring process. For example, if you want to play a sound then just click on its icon. Programming with a scripting language- Authoring software offers the ability to write scripts for software to build features that are not supported by the software itself. With a script, you can perform computational tasks - sense user input and respond, character creation, animation, launch other applications, and control external multimedia devices. Document Development tools- Some authoring tools offer direct importing of pre-formatted text, and index facilities, to use complex text search mechanisms and hypertext linking tools. Interactivity Features- Interactivity empowers the end users to control the content and flow of information of the project. Authoring tools may provide one or more levels of interactivity.

8. Simple branching- Offers the ability to go to another section of the multimedia production. Conditional branching- Supports a go-to base on the result of IF-THEN decisions or events. Playback Features- When you are developing a multimedia project, you will continuously assemble elements and test to see how the assembly looks and performs. Therefore, the authoring system should have a playback facility. Supporting CD-ROM or Laser Disc Sources- This software allows overall control of CD drives and Laser discs to integrate audio, video, and computer files. CD-ROM drives, video, and laserdisc sources are directly controlled by authoring programs. Supporting Video for Windows- Videos are the right media for your project which are stored on the hard disk. Authoring software can support more multimedia elements like video for Windows.

9. Hypertext- Hypertext capabilities can be used to link graphics, some animation, and other text. The help system of Windows is an example of hypertext. Such systems are very useful when a large amount of textual information is to be represented or referenced. Cross-Platform Capability- Some authoring programs are available on several platforms and provide tools for transforming and converting files and programs from one to the other. Run-time Player for Distribution- Run time software is often included in authoring software to explain the distribution of your final product by packaging playback software with content. Some advanced authoring programs provide special packaging and run-time distribution for use with devices such as CD-ROM. Internet Playability- Due to the Web has become a significant delivery medium for multimedia, authoring systems typically provide a means to convert their output so that it can be delivered within the context of HTML or DHTML.

10. Authoring Tools Classification or Types Card or Page based authoring tools In these authoring systems, elements are organized as pages of a book or a stack of cards. In the book or stack, there are thousands of pages or cards available. These tools are best used when the bulk of your content consists of elements that can be viewed individually, for example, the pages of a book or file cards in a card file. You can jump from page to page because all pages can be interrelated. In the authoring system, you can organize pages or cards in a sequenced manner. Every page of the book may contain many media elements like sounds, videos, and animations. One page may have a hyperlink to another page that comes at a much later stage and by clicking on the same you might have effectively skipped several pages in between. Some examples of card or page tools are: HyperCard (Mac) Tool book (Windows) PowerPoint (Windows) SuperCard (Mac)

11. Advantages The following are the advantages of card-based authoring tools. Easy to understand. One screen is equal to 1 card or 1 page. Easy to use as these tools provide templates. Short development time. Disadvantages The following are the disadvantages of card-based authoring to Some run only on one platform. Tools not as powerful as equivalent stand-alone.ols.

12. ❖ Icon-based or Event-driven authoring tools Icon-based tools give a visual programming approach to organizing and presenting multimedia. First, you build a structure or flowchart of events, tasks, and decisions by dragging appropriate icons from a library. Each icon does a specific task, for example- plays a sound, opens an image, etc. The flowchart graphically displays the project's logic. When the structure is built you can add your content text, graphics, animation, video movies, and sounds. A non-technical multimedia author can also build sophisticated applications without scripting using icon-based authoring tools. Some examples of icon-based tools are: Author ware Professional (Mac/Windows) Icon Author (Windows)

13. Advantages: Following are the advantages of icon/event-based authoring tools. Clear Structure. Easy editing and updating Disadvantages: Following are the disadvantages of icon/event-based authoring tools. Difficult to learn. Expensive.

14. ❖ Time-based authoring tools Time-based authoring tools allow the designer to arrange various elements and events of the multimedia project along a well-defined timeline. By timeline, we simply mean the passage of time. As time advances from the starting point of the project, the events begin to occur, one after another. The events may include media file playback as well as the transition from one portion of the project to another. The speed at which these transitions occur can also be accurately controlled. These tools are best to use for those projects, wherein the information flow can be directed from beginning to end much like the movies. Some examples of Time-based tools are: • Macromedia's Director • Macromedia Flash

15. Advantages Following are the advantages of time-based authoring tools. Good for creating animation. Branching, user control, and interactivity facilities. Disadvantages The following are the disadvantages of time-based authoring tools. Expensive Large file size Steep learning curve to understand various features.

16. ❖ Object-oriented authoring tools: Object-oriented authoring tools support environments based on objects. Each object has the following two characteristics: 1. State or Attributes - The state or attributes refer to the built-in characteristics of an object. For example, a color T.V has the following attributes: Color receiver Volume Control Picture Control 128 channels Remote control unit 2. Behavior or Operations - The behavior or operations of an object refers to its action. For example, a T.V can behave in any of the following manner at a given point of time: Switched on Switched off Displays pictures and sounds from A TV cable connection A TV transmitter A DVD A VCR

17. In these systems, multimedia elements and events are often treated as objects that live in a hierarchical order of parent and child relationships. These objects use messages passed among them to do things according to the properties assigned to them. For example, a video object will likely have a duration property i.e. how long the video plays, and a source property that is the location of the video file. This video object will likely accept commands from the system such as play and stop. Some examples of the object-oriented tools are: o mTropolis (Mac/Windows) o Apple Media Tool (Mac/Windows) o Media Forge (Windows)

18. Editing Tools

19. 1) Painting and Drawing Tools

20. Painting software is offered to produce crafted bitmapped images. The main features or criteria for selection are as: o Intuitive graphical interface along with pull down menus, palette control, status bars and dialog boxes for rapid logical selection. o Scalable dimensions for resizing, distorting and stretching. o Paint tools to make geometric shapes. o Capability to pour a colour, gradient or pattern. o Capability to paint along with patterns and clip arts. o Customizable pen and brush sizes and shape. o For colour sampling, eyedropper tools. o Auto trace tool for converting bitmapped images into vector-based outlines. o Multiple undoes abilities. o Support for scalable text fonts. o Painting features along with anti-aliasing, masking, color washing, air brushing, blending etc. o Support for third party particular effects. o Object and layering abilities. o Zooming for magnified pixel editing. o All general colour depths. o Good file importing and exporting abilities.

21. 2) 3D Modeling and Animation Tools 3D MODELING : 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object (inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software. The product is called a 3D model. 3-D modeling is used in many different industries, including virtual reality, video games, 3D printing, marketing,TV and motion pictures, scientific and medical imaging and computer-aided design and manufacturing CAD/CAM. 3-D modeling software generates a model through a variety of tools and approaches including: simple polygons. 3-D primitives -- simple polygon-based shapes, such as pyramids, cubes, spheres, cylinders, and cones. spline curves. NURBS (non-uniform rational b- spline ) -- smooth shapes defined by bezel curves, which are relatively computationally complex.

22. 3D ANIMATION TOOL 3D animation uses computer graphics to make objects look like they are moving in 3-dimensional space. Artists use 3D modeling software to build the objects. Next comes rigging, a virtual representation of an object or character's skeleton. Animators pose the rig at strategic points so it appears to move. Newer methods of animation involve motion capture, which records an actor's live movements for digital animation. Here is a list of tools and software that are used extensively in the field of animation. Adobe Illustrator. Adobe Photoshop. Adobe Flash. Adobe After Effects. Autodesk Maya. Autodesk 3ds Max. ... AutoDesk Mudbox . Autodesk MotionBuilder

23. 3) Image Editing Tools: Image editing tools are used to edit existing bitmap images and pictures. These tools are similar to painting and drawing tools as they can also create images from scratch. They are capable of converting any image data type file format. Image editing tools are primarily used for reinventing and recreating the image, which make them an important tool for designing a multimedia project. Example for image editing tools: Adobe Photoshop & Paint Shop pro. Adobe Photoshop is a cutting-edge image-processing software package that enables you to create and edit images on computers. Paint Shop pro is also an exceptional drawing and painting utility that yields professional-quality effects. Photo Publisher is a professional photo retouching or image-editing package designed to enable retouching and enhancing photos faster.

24. 4) Sound Edition Tools: Sound editing tools let the programmer hear a sound as well as visualize it. One can cut/copy and paste sound and edit it with great accuracy. Integrating sound into multimedia project is very easy by using sound editing tools like Cool edit. Cool edit can be used to record ones own music, voice, or any other audio. One can edit, mix the sound with any other audio and add effects to it. One can record sound from a CD, keyboard, or any other sound played through the sound card. Once the recording is complete, the sound file can be converted into any desired format . Sound Forge is another professional quality sound editing tool that is used in multimedia work.

25. 5) Animation, Video and Digital Movies Tools: Video editing tools enable us to edit and assemble video clips captured from camera, animations and other sources. Shop Pro are two good examples of these tools. Adobe Premiere is a powerful tool for professional digital video editing. It is primarily used to produce broadcast quality movies . It has excellent editing tools that enable the programmer to work with complete flexibility. It can edit video and multimedia movies in AVI as well as MPEG format. It can create titles and graphics and then add to the multimedia project. It uses digital filtering to incorporate special effects. This software has applications in film editing and movie making. Final Cut Pro is a sophisticated video editing program made by Apple. It is the editing software of choice for multimedia journalists using Apple computers, and is comparable to Adobe's Premiere video editing program. Media Studio Pro also gives the most complete set of advanced video editing tools. It can capture video from a VCR , TV, or camcorder. It is capable of capturing a batch of scenes.

26. Examples: PHOTO EDITING: Photoshop,Splashup WEB DESIGN: Dreamweaver,KompoZer VIDEO: Final Cut, Adobe Premiere,iMovie , JayCut AUDIO: ProTools , Adobe Auditio Audacity, GarageBand SLIDESHOWS: Soundslides,PhotoPeach

27. Creating Interactive Presentations An interactive presentation is a dynamic and engaging communication format that involves active participation and collaboration between the presenter and the audience. Unlike traditional presentations where information is delivered in a one-way manner, interactive presentations invite the audience to interact, respond, and contribute throughout the session. To make a good presentation, you can utilize various tools and techniques such as clickable buttons, polls, quizzes, discussions , and multimedia elements to transform your slides into an interactive presentation. Whether you’re presenting in person or giving a virtual presentation — when people are actively participating, they’re more likely to remember the content you’re talking about. Interactive presentations leave a lasting impression on the audience. By encouraging active participation and feedback, interactive presentations facilitate better understanding and knowledge retention. Here are 15 innovative 5-minute interactive presentation ideas to captivate your audience from start to finish:

28. 1. Ice-breaker questions Start your presentation with intriguing and thought-provoking questions or a fun icebreaker game. These questions should be designed to pique the audience’s curiosity and encourage them to think about the topic you’ll be covering. By doing so,you create an immediate connection with your audience and set the stage for a more engaged and attentive audience. For example , if you’re giving a business presentation about management and leadership training, you could ask audience questions such as “What’s the best business advice you’ve ever received, and how has it impacted your career?”

29. 2. Live polling Incorporate live polls during your presentation using audience response systems or polling apps. This allows you to collect real-time feedback, opinions and insights from active participants. Live polling encourages active participation and involvement , making your presentation feel like a collaborative and interactive experience. 3. Q&A sessions Encourage the audience to ask questions throughout your presentation, especially for pitch deck presentations. Address these questions in real-time, which fosters a more interactive and dynamic atmosphere. This approach shows that you value the audience’s input and promotes a two-way communication flow.

30. 4. Clickable buttons Add clickable buttons to your slides, allowing the audience to navigate to specific sections or external resources at their own pace. For example, you could include links to your social media accounts or extra reading materials in your education presentation to give further information about the topic and get your students engaged. By providing this autonomy, you empower the audience to explore areas of particular interest, creating a more personalized and engaging experience through your interactive slideshow.

31. 5. Storytelling Incorporate anecdotes or personal stories related to your topic. Storytelling is a powerful way to emotionally connect with your audience, making your presentation more relatable and memorable. A little storytelling along with a set of creative slides draws the audience in and keeps them engaged as they follow the narrative. 6. Interactive charts and graphs Use interactive charts and graphs that respond to user input to make your presentation interactive. For instance, allow the audience to click on data points to view more detailed information or to change the displayed data series. Creating charts with interactive visuals help the audience interact with the data, fostering better understanding and engagement.

32. 7. Animated infographics Add animations to your infographics , making them visually dynamic and progressive. Animated infographics reveal information gradually, keeping the audience curious and attentive. This transforms complex data into an easily digestible and engaging format. Venngage’s extensive library of infographic templates is a powerful tool to visualize data and elevate the interactivity of your presentations. Personalizing the visuals ensures a cohesive and professional look throughout your interactive presentation . The templates are highly customizable, allowing you to adjust colors , fonts, and styles to match your presentation’s theme and branding.

33. 8. Gamification Introduce an interactive quiz, puzzles, or challenges related to your presentation content . Gamification adds an element of fun and competition, motivating the audience to participate actively and boosting their learning experience. Here are some gaming presentation templates you could use . 9. Virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) If applicable, leverage VR or AR technologies to provide immersive experiences. These interactive presentation tools transport the audience into a virtual or augmented environment, making your presentation more captivating and memorable. 10. Collaborative whiteboarding Get your audience involved in your presentation by utilizing digital whiteboards or collaborative tools to brainstorm ideas collectively. This fosters teamwork and creativity, enabling the audience to actively contribute and feel a sense of involvement in the presentation.

34. 11. Hyperlinked text Keep the information in your slides minimal with a simple presentation and incorporate hyperlinks to direct viewers to relevant websites, resources, or additional information. This encourages self-exploration and gives the audience the opportunity to delve deeper into topics of interest. 12. Role-playing Engage the audience in role-playing scenarios to explore different perspectives. Role-playing promotes active learning and helps the audience relate the content to real-life situations, enhancing their understanding and retention. 13. Embedded videos Include video clips in your slides to provide visual explanations, demonstrations, or interviews. Videos add a dynamic element to your presentation, enriching the content and keeping the audience engaged.

35. 14. Audience-generated content Encourage the audience to contribute ideas, stories or examples related to your professional presentation. Audiencegenerated content fosters a sense of ownership and involvement, making the presentation more interactive and personalized. 15. Slide transitions Use slide transitions to create smooth animations between slides. Well-planned transitions maintain the audience’s interest and keep the presentation slides flowing seamlessly.

36. What are some common mistakes to avoid when creating interactive presentations? Creating interactive presentations can be a game-changer for engaging your audience and enhancing your presentation skills, but steering clear of common pitfalls is essential. Here are some key mistakes to avoid when crafting your interactive presentations : 1. Overloading with interactivity While interactivity is fantastic, bombarding your audience with too many interactive elements can backfire. Strive for a balanced approach that enhances engagement without overwhelming your listeners. 2. Ignoring audience relevance Failing to tailor interactive elements to your audience’s interests and preferences can lead to disconnection. Make sure your interactions resonate with your specific audience for a more meaningful experience. 3. Not testing interactive elements Skipping thorough testing of interactive features before showtime can spell disaster. Avoid technical glitches by diligently testing all interactive components in advance.

37. 4. Poor timing and pace Timing is everything, especially with interactive activities. Ensure seamless integration by planning your key points and the timing of your interactive elements carefully. 5. Lack of clear purpose Every interactive element should serve a purpose and contribute to your presentation’s objectives. Don’t add interactions just for the sake of it — ensure they add value and align with your message. 6. Failing to engage beyond interactivity While interactive elements are powerful tools, remember that content is king. Combine your interactive features with storytelling and valuable insights to create an immersive and impactful presentation

38. Virtual Learning Virtual learning is usually associated with online courses or online environments. Virtual Learning – meaning Virtual learning is a learning experience that is enhanced through utilizing computers and/or the internet both outside and inside the facilities of the educational organization. The instruction most commonly takes place in an online environment. The teaching activities are carried out online whereby the teacher and learners are physically separated (in terms of place, time , or both). We can define virtual learning as : Distance learning conducted in a virtual learning environment with electronic study content designed for self-paced (asynchronous) or live web-conferencing (synchronous) online teaching and tutoring

39. Virtual Learning – basic characteristics and benefits Remote access to an unlimited array of educational services (topics and tutors) offered worldwide Individualized learning process that takes into consideration the personal level of competence, individual needs, and different learning styles Safe and secure learning environment Flexible learning in terms of time, location, and pace Cost-effectiveness , time-effective, easily scalable… and much more Virtual Learning – a list of related terms Virtual learning has many forms and related terms. These seem very similar but represent different aspects of learning and teaching and can help us understand the essence of “virtual learning.”

40. Here are the most commonly used ones: E-learning E-learning in its broadest sense refers to: Using electronic technologies for learning and teaching. The learning activities take place either entirely or partially online. They can be conducted employing electronic media without the use of the Internet . Web-based learning Web-based learning refers to the use of a web browser for learning. Online learning Online learning is associated with the provision of electronic content available on a computer/mobile device. It might involve the use of the internet, but the use of a web browser is optional. Online learning can be done through programs or apps installed on your personal device, which can also be used offline.

41. Distance learning Distance learning does not have to use electronic and web-based technologies. It means learning from a distance; in other words , the participants are physically separated. Distance learning is related to: Providing instruction to a person who is learning in a place and at a time different from that of the teachers and the other learners Nowadays , with the development of digital technologies, distance learning is increasingly associated with online learning. The use of virtual classrooms for live online teaching brings distance learning closer to the traditional form of learning by reproducing its main characteristics in the online environment. Blended learning This type of learning combines virtual and traditional forms of teaching. The learning content should be digitalized and made available online. Thus, learners can control the learning process in terms of time, place, tempo, and method of learning.

42. Simulation A simulation imitates the operation of real-world processes or systems with the use of models. The model represents the key behaviours and characteristics of the selected process or system while the simulation represents how the model evolves under different conditions over time. Simulations are usually computer-based, using a software-generated model to provide support for the decisions of managers and engineers as well as for training purposes. Simulation techniques aid understanding and experimentation, as the models are both visual and interactive. Simulation systems include discrete eventsimulation , process simulation, and dynamic simulation. Businesses may use all of these systems across different levels ofthe organization.

43. What Does it Mean? A simulation is a model that mimics the operation of an existing or proposed system, providing evidence for decisionmaking by being able to test different scenarios or process changes. This can be coupled with virtual reality technologies for a more immersive experience. Simulations can be used to tune up performance, optimize a process, improve safety, test theories , train staff, and even for entertainment in video games! Scientifically modeling systems allow a user to gain an insight into the effects of different conditions and courses of action. Simulation can also be used when the real system isinaccessible or too dangerous to assess or when a system is still in the design or theory stages. Key to any simulation is the information that is used to build the simulation model and protocols for the verification and validation of models are still being researched and refined, particularly concerning computer simulation.

44. How Simulation Works? Simulation works through the use of intuitive simulation software to create a visual mock-up of a process. This visual simulation should include details of timings, rules, resources, and constraints, to accurately reflect the real-world process. This can be applied to a range of scenarios, for example, you can model a supermarket and the likely behaviors of customers as they move around the shop as it becomes busier. This can inform decisions including staffing requirements, shop floor layout , and supply chain needs. Another example would be a manufacturing environment where different parts of the line can be simulated to assess how their processes interact with those of others. This can provide an overview of how the entire system will perform to devise innovative methods to improve performance.

45. Advantages There are a range of advantages to be gained through the use of simulation, including: 1. Less Financial Risk Simulation is less expensive than real life experimentation. The potential costs of testing theories of real world systems can include those associated with changing to an untested process, hiring staff or even buying new equipment. Simulation allows you to test theories and avoid costly mistakes in real life. 2. Exact Repeated Testing A simulation allows you to test different theories and innovations time after time against the exact same circumstances. This means you can thoroughly test and compare different ideas without deviation . 3. Examine Long-Term Impacts A simulation can be created to let you see into the future by accurately modelling the impact of years of use in just a few seconds . This lets you see both short and long-term impacts so you can confidently make informed investment decisions now that can provide benefits years into the future. 4. Gain Insights for Process Improvement The benefits of simulation are not only realised at the end of a project. Improvements can be integrated throughout an entire process by testing different theories.

46. 5. Assess Random Events A simulation can also be used to assess random events such as an unexpected staff absence or supply chain issues. 6. Test Non-Standard Distributions A simulation can take account of changing and non-standard distributions, rather than having to repeat only set parameters. For example, when simulating a supermarket you can input different types of customer who will move through the shop at different speeds . A young businesswoman who is picking up a sandwich will move through the shop differently from an old couple or a mother doing a weekly shop with two children in tow. By taking such changing parameters into account, a simulation can more accurately mimic the real world. 7. Encourages In-Depth Thinking Even the process of designing a simulation and determining the different parameters can offer solutions. By thinking indepth about a process or procedure it is possible to come up with solutions or innovations without even using the final simulation . 8. Improve Stakeholder Buy-In A visual simulation can also help improve buy-in from partners, associates, and stakeholders. You can visually demonstrate the results of any process changes and how they were achieved, improving engagement with interested parties or even enabling a simulation-based sales pitch.

47. Limitations While there are a great many advantages to using simulation, there are still some limitations when compared to other similar techniques and technologies, such as digital twins. A digital twin expands on simulation to incorporate real-time feedback and a flow of information between the virtual simulation and a real-life asset or assets. The difference is that while a simulation is theoretical, a digital twin is actual. Due to this, simulations have limitations when it comes to assessing actual real-world situations as they occur.

48. Why is Simulation Used? Simulation is used to evaluate the effect of process changes, new procedures, and capital investment in equipment. Engineers can use simulation to assess the performance of an existing system or predict the performance of a planned system, comparing alternative solutions and designs. Simulation is used as an alternative to testing theories and changes in the real world , which can be costly. Simulation can measure factors including system cycle times, throughput under different loads, resource utilization, bottlenecks and choke points, storage needs, staffing requirements, and effectiveness of scheduling and control systems. What can be Simulated? Any system or process that has a flow of events can be simulated. As a general rule, if you can draw a flowchart of the process , you can simulate it. However , simulation is most effective when applied to processes or equipment that change over time and have variable factors or random inputs. For example, our supermarket from earlier has variable and random factors due to customer use times, requirements, and stocks. Using simulation to model complex and changeable dynamic systems can offer insights that are difficult to gain using other methods.

49. Types of Simulation Simulation can be broken down into three overarching types, as follows: 1. Discrete Event Simulation Modeling a system as it progresses through time, for example; • factory operations (stamping, turning, milling) • traffic analysis (roads, networks, queues) 2. Dynamic Simulation Modeling a system as it progresses through space, for example; • machine kinematics • human ergonomics • aerodynamic testing • virtual prototyping 3. Process Simulation Modeling physical interactions between two or more systems, for example; • in-service product modeling • in-manufacture product modeling • weather forecasting

50. There are many examples of simulation across industry, entertainment, education, and more. Here are a few notable examples : Automotive Simulation allows the characteristics of a real vehicle to be replicated in a virtual environment so that the driver feels as if they are sitting in a real car. Different scenarios can be mimicked so that the driver has a fully immersive experience. These types of simulators can help train both new and experienced drivers, offering a route to teach driving skills that can reduce maintenance and fuel costs and ensure the safety of the drivers themselves. Biomechanics Simulation can be applied to biomechanics to create models of human or animal anatomical structures to study their function and design medical treatments and devices. Biomechanics simulation can also be used to study sports performance, simulate surgical procedures, and assess joint loads. An additional example is a neuromechanical simulation that unites neural network simulation with biomechanics to test hypotheses in a virtual environment. City and Urban Planning Simulation can be used to design new cities and urban environments as well as to test how existing urban areas can evolve as a result of policy decisions. This includes city infrastructure and traffic flow among other potential models. Digital Lifecycle Design Simulations can assist with product design, allowing digital prototyping and testing to create better-performing products with a shorter time-to-market, while also assessing the lifecycle of the finished product.

51. Disaster Preparation Simulations can replicate emergencies, to help with disaster preparedness. This includes training and designing responses to events such as natural disasters, pandemics or terrorist attacks. Responses can be tracked and assessed through the simulation, highlighting potential problems and areas where more training may be required for responders, as well as ensuring any mistakes are made in a safe environment ahead of any real life event. Economics and Finance Economics, macroeconomics, and finance also benefit from simulations. A mathematical model of the economy can, for example , be tested using historical data as a proxy for the actual economy. This can be used to assess inflation, unemployment , balance of trade, and budgets. Elsewhere, simulations can replicate the stock exchange or be used to test financial models . Banks also use simulations to replicate payment and securities settlement systems.

52. Network Systems Simulations have been applied to network and distributed systems to test new algorithms and protocols before they are implemented in live systems. These can be applied to applications including content delivery networks, smart cities, and the Internet of Things. Project Management Simulation can be used for project management analysis and training purposes. Whether training managers or analyzing the of different decisions, simulation is frequently conducted with software tools. Robotics Robotics simulations are used to mimic situations that may not be possible to recreate and test in real life due to time , cost or other factors. The results of these tests can then be assessed and transferred to real life robots. Production Systems Production systems can be simulated using methods such as discrete event simulation to assess manufacturing processes, assembly times, machine set-up, and more.