Anomalies of descent of testis

anomalies

1. ANOMALIES OF DESCENT OF TESTIS NUR FARRA NAJWA BINTI ABDUL AZIM 082015100035

2. OBJECTIVES By the end of seminar, students should be able to Understand the abnormalities in descent of testis Explain the cause of cryptorchidism Know the symptoms of undescent testis List the diagnose to undescent testis Treatments of cryptordism Know some complications to cryptorchidism

3. INTRODUCTIONS The testicles hang scrotum below the penis. Normal testicles form early in a baby boy's growth. They form in the lower belly (abdomen), but descend, or "drop," into the scrotum toward the end of pregnancy. Normal testicles attach themselves with stretchable tissue in the bottom of the scrotum. This is controlled by the baby's normal hormones.

4. CRYPTORCHIDISM Testis fails to drop into the normal place in the scrotum. This issue is found in about 3 or 4 out of  100 These testicles will drop on their own during the first 3 months of life . But testicles won't drop on their own after 3 months of age. Not to confuse undescended testicles with "retractile" testicles. The testicles need to be 2 to 3 degrees cooler than normal body temperature to make sperm. The scrotum is many degrees cooler than body temperature, and so is the ideal place for the testicle. Testicles that don't drop into the scrotum won't work normally.

5. CAUSES It's not known why the testicles fail to drop. No studies have shown that the problem is caused by something the mother did or ate during pregnancy. About 1 of every 5 cases of undescended testicles are found once the boy is no longer a baby. A combination of genetics, maternal health and other environmental factors might disrupt the hormones , physical changes and nerve activity that influence the development of the testicles .

6. SYMPTOMS Most of the time there are no symptoms other than the absence of the testicle in the scrotum. (This is called an empty scrotum.) Not seeing or feeling a testicle where would expect it to be in the scrotum is the main sign of an undescended testicle.

7. DIAGNOSIS Nonpalpable testicle. May be in the abdomen ( undescended ), absent, or very small ("atrophic"). An undescended testicle left inside the abdomen could form a tumor later in life. Surgery is the only way to find out for sure. Open and laparoscopic surgery. Ultrasound CT scan

8. TREATMENTS ORCHIOPEXY Hormone injections (B-HCG or testosterone) to try to bring the testicle into the scrotum . Saline testicular prostheses for the scrotum that can be implanted during late childhood or adolescence. These prostheses give the scrotum a normal appearance . Refer to hormone specialist (endocrinologist) to discuss future hormone treatments that would be necessary to bring about puberty and physical maturity.

9. CORRELATED PROBLEMS Undescended testicles are also linked to a higher risk of: Testicular cancer in adulthood (though the risk is still less than 1 in 100) Testicular torsion (twisting of the chord that brings blood to the scrotum) Developing a hernia near the groin Damage to the testicle from surgery Infertility later in life

10. REFERENCES Clinical anatomy by regions, richard s. snell , md , phd . 8 th edition Langman’s medical embryology, 11 th edition https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000973.htm http://medifitbiologicals.com/cryptorchidism/ http://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/cryptorchidism/more-information

11. ANY DOUBT ??