_Anshika_Das_Human_Computer_Interaction.pdf

organisational issue and stack holder

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Name- Anshika Das
Roll No.-14400121029
Subject- Human Computer
Interaction
Subject Code- PEC-IT602C

2. Exploring Cognitive Models and
Collaborative Technologies

3. 01
Introduction
➢Cognitive Models
➢Introduction to Cognitive Models
➢Types of Cognitive Models
➢Applications of Cognitive Models
03
Communication and Collaboration
Models
➢Introduction to Communication Models
➢Collaboration Models.
02
Socio-Organizational Issues and
Stakeholder Requirements
➢Socio-Organizational Issues
➢Stakeholder Requirements.
04
Hypertext, Multimedia, and WWW.
➢Hypertext and Multimedia
➢World Wide Web (WWW).

4. Introduction to Cognitive Models
cognitive models serve as conceptual frameworks that
help us comprehend and represent the intricate
processes that occur within the human mind. At their
core, these models aim to decode how individuals
acquire, process, store, and utilize information. By
examining cognitive models, we gain valuable insights
into the mechanisms underlying human learning,
problem-solving, and decision-making.
These models are essential bridges between the realms
of psychology and technology. They enable researchers,
educators, and practitioners to explore the complexities
of mental processes in a systematic manner. Cognitive
models are not only theoretical constructs but also
practical tools that find applications in diverse fields.

5. Cognitive models
Physical and deviceGoal and task hierarchies
ArchitecturalLinguistic
intentions what
you would like to
be true.
Goals-
Tasks - actions
how to achieve it
Understanding the user's
behaviour and cognitive difficulty
based on analysis of language
between user and system.
Based on empirical
knowledge of human
motor system
All of these cognitive models make
assumptions about the architecture
the human mind.

6. Applicationof Cognitive Models
Cognitive models inspire AI
algorithms.
Mimicking human cognition
enhances AI's ability to
learn, reason, and adapt.
UX designers utilize cognitive
models to enhance product
usability.
Aligning interfaces with users'
cognitive abilities improves
overall satisfaction.
Cognitive models are
applied to assess and
mitigate risks.
Understanding decision-
making processes helps
enhance security measures.

7. Socio-organizational issues and stakeholder requirements
conflict & power,
who benefits,
encouraging use
identify their
requirements in
organizational context
.
human and
technical
requirements
broader view of
human and
organizational
issues
includes the user
directly in the
design process
study users in
context, unbiased
perspective
Stakeholders
Socio-
technical
models
Soft systems
methodology
Participatory
design
Ethnographic
methods
Organizationa
l issues affect
acceptance

8. Organisational factors can make or break a
system
Studying the work group is not sufficient
•any system is used within a wider context
•and the crucial people need not be direct
users
Before installing a new system must understand:
•who benefits
•who puts in effort
the balance of power in the organisation
… and how it will be affected
Even when a system is successful
… it may be difficult to measure that success
Organisational issues

9. Conflict and power
CSCW = computer supported cooperative
work
people and groups have conflicting goals
systems assuming cooperation will fail!
e.g. computerise stock control
stockman looses control of information
subverts the system
identify stakeholders – not just the users

10. Organisationalstructures
Groupware affects
organisational
structures
communication
structures reflect
line management
email – cross-
organisational
communication
Disenfranchis
es lower
management
disaffected
staff and
‘sabotage’
Technology can be
used to change
management style and
power structures
but need to know that is
what we are doing
and more often an
accident !
Employees want to understand their job
responsibilities, whom they report to, what
decisions they can and should make and how they
interact with other people and teams within the
company. An organizational structure creates this
framework. Organizational structures can be
centralized or decentralized, hierarchical or
circular, flat or vertical.

11. Centralized vs. Decentralized
Many companies use the traditional model of a centralized organizational
structure. With centralized leadership, there is a transparent chain of
command and each role has well-defined responsibilities.
Conversely, with a decentralized organizational structure, teams have more
autonomy to make decisions and there may be cross-collaboration between
groups. Decentralized leadership can help companies remain agile and
adapt to changing needs..
Hierarchical vs. Circular
Example Text : Get a modern PowerPoint Presentation that is beautifully designed. A
hierarchical organization structure is the pyramid-shaped organization chart many
people are used to seeing. There is one role at the top of the pyramid and the chain of
command moves down, with each level decreasing in responsibilities and authority.
On the other hand, a circular organization chart looks like concentric circles with
company leadership in the center circle. Instead of information flowing down to the
next “level,” information flows out to the next ring of management.
Vertical vs. Flat
A vertical organizational chart has a clear chain of command with a small
group of leaders at the top—or in the center, in the case of a circular
structure—and each subsequent tier has less authority and responsibility.

12. 4 Common Types of Organizational Structures
A functional—or role-based—
structure is one of the most
common organizational
structures. This structure has
centralized leadership and the
vertical, hierarchical structure
has clearly defined roles, job
functions, chains of command
and decision-making authority.
Functional/Role-
Based Structure
01
The geographical
structure is a good option
for companies with a
broad geographic
footprint in an industry
where it is essential to be
close to their customers
and suppliers.
Geographical Structure
03
Along with the functional
structure, the product- or
market-based structure is
hierarchical, vertical and
centralized. However, instead
of being structured around
typical roles and job functions,
it is structured around the
company’s products or markets.
Product- or Market-
Based Structure
02
Similar to the
functional structure,
the process-based
structure is
structured in a way
that follows a
product’s or service’s
life cycle. .
Process-Based Structure
04

13. who are the stakeholders?
•system will have many
stakeholders with
potentially conflicting
interests
•stakeholder is anyone
effected by success or
failure of system
•designers need to
meet as many
stakeholder needs as
possible
Stakeholder
InternalExternal
Internal Stakeholders:
Employees:
Role: Actively contribute to the
organization's success.
Interest: Job security, career
growth, and a positive work
environment.
Management:
Role: Sets strategic direction,
makes decisions, and oversees
operations.
Interest: Profitability,
organizational growth, and
effective leadership.
Shareholders/Owners:
Role: Invest financial resources,
own a portion of the company.
Interest: Return on investment,
company value, and long-term
sustainability.
External Stakeholders:
Customers:
Role: Purchase goods or
services from the
organization.
Interest: Quality products,
fair prices, and excellent
customer service.
Suppliers:
Role: Provide necessary
inputs for the
organization's operations.
Interest: Timely payments,
long-term partnerships,
and fair business
practices
.
Media:
Role: Reports on the
organization's activities.
Interest: Accuracy in
reporting, corporate
transparency, and public
image

14. Benefits of Effective Stakeholder Management
Suppliers
Communities
Investors
Governments
Employees
Customers
Building positive relationships
with stakeholders enhances the
organization's reputation..
Improved Organizational Reputation
Anticipating and addressing
stakeholder concerns helps prevent
potential issues and risks..
Risk Mitigation
Satisfied stakeholders are more
likely to support the
organization's initiatives..
Increased Stakeholder Support
Informed decisions considering a
broad range of perspectives lead to
more robust outcomes..
Enhanced Decision-Making
Understanding and meeting
stakeholder expectations aids
in compliance with laws and
regulations.
.
Legal and Regulatory Compliance
Collaboration with stakeholders
can lead to new ideas,
innovation, and sustainable
growth..
Innovation and Growth
take Holders

15. Balancing Conflicting Stakeholder Needs
Identify Conflicts:
Recognize areas where
stakeholder interests
may clash or compete.
Prioritize and Negotiate:
Prioritize stakeholder needs based
on their importance to the
organization.
Engage in negotiations to find
common ground and acceptable
compromises.
Effective Communication:
Clearly communicate the
organization's goals,
constraints, and the rationale
behind decisions.
Mediation and Resolution:
If conflicts persist, consider
third-party mediation or
resolution mechanisms.

16. Communication Models
Communication models are conceptual frameworks
that help us understand and describe the process of
communication. These models depict the elements
and dynamics involved in the exchange of information
between a sender and a receiver. They serve as
simplified representations of real-world communication,
aiding in the analysis and improvement of
communication processes.

17. Model of Communication Type of Model Brief Description
Aristotle’s Model Linear Aristotlearguesthatweshouldlookatfive
elementsofacommunicationeventtoanalyzehow
besttocommunicate:speaker,speech,occasion,
targetaudienceandeffect.
Lasswell’sModel
Linear Lasswell’smodel is a basic framework for
analyzing one-way communication by asking five
questions: Who, said what, through which channel,
to whom, with what effects?
Shannon-Weaver Model
Linear The Shannon-Weaver model is the first to highlight
the role of ‘noise’ in communication, which can
disrupt or alter a message between sender and
receiver.
Berlo’sS-M-C-R Model Linear Berlo’sS-M-C-R model explains communication in
four steps: Source, Message, Channel, and
Receiver.
Osgood-Schramm Model Interactive The Osgood-Schramm model looks at reciprocal
communication, showing how we have to encode,
decode, and interpret information in real-time
during a conversation.
Westley and Maclean Model Interactive The Westley and Maclean model shows that our
communication is influenced by environmental,
cultural and personal factors.
Barnlund’sTransactional Model Transactional Barnlund’sTransactional Model of Communication
highlights the role of private and public cues that
impact our messages.
Communication Models

18. With the advent of technology, collaboration models
often incorporate the role of digital tools and
platforms. Virtual collaboration, cloud-based
communication, and collaborative software play a
significant role in modern collaboration models.
Technology Integration
05
Collaboration models address decision-making
processes within a team. This includes methods
for reaching consensus, resolving conflicts, and
ensuring that decisions align with the collective
goals..
Decision-Making Processes
04
Many collaboration models involve interdisciplinary
cooperation, where individuals from different
backgrounds, expertise, and disciplines come
together to contribute their unique perspectives
and skills..
Interdisciplinary Cooperation
03
Communication is a cornerstone of collaboration.
Models highlight the need for transparent and
open communication channels, ensuring that
information flows seamlessly between
collaborators..
Effective Communication
02
Collaboration models emphasize the importance of
establishing clear and shared goals. All collaborators
should be aligned with the overarching objectives to
work towards a common purpose..
Shared Goals and Objectives
01
Collaboration models are
conceptual frameworks that
illustrate how individuals,
teams, or organizations work
together to achieve common
goals. These models
emphasize the dynamics of
cooperation,
communication, and
coordination in a
collaborative environment.
Collaboration is increasingly
crucial in today's
interconnected and
globalized world, where
teams often span
geographical locations and
diverse expertise.
Collaboration Model

Key features

19. Hypertext and Multimedia
Flexi
bility
Multimedia
Integration
Web-Based
Implementation
Hyperlinks
Non-Linear Navigation
Hypertext allows for a flexible and user-
driven exploration of content, catering to
individual preferences and interests..
Flexibility
Hypertext often incorporates multimedia
elements like images, videos, and audio to
enhance the overall user experience.
Multimedia Integration
World Wide Web is a prominent example of a
hypertext system, where web pages are
interconnected through hyperlinks.
Text or graphical elements that, when clicked,
direct users to another location within the
same document or to a different document..
Hyperlinks
Users can choose their path through the
information, clicking on hyperlinks to access
related content.
Non-Linear Navigation
Hypertext is a system that allows users to navigate and interact with
text-based information in a non-linear way. It enables the creation of
interconnected documents where users can jump from one piece of
information to another through hyperlinks. These hyperlinks connect
related content, providing a flexible and dynamic structure to information.
Web-Based Implementation

20. KZ
Educational & Entertainment Application
Multimedia finds applications in both educational contexts,
such as e-learning modules, and entertainment, including
video games and interactive presentations..
Cross-Platform Compatibility
Multimedia content can be delivered across different
platforms, including websites, presentations, and mobile
applications.
Dynamic & Engaging
Multimedia enhances the overall appeal and
engagement of content, making it more interesting
and memorable.
Text, Graphics, Audio, Video
Multimedia encompasses a variety of content types,
allowing for a comprehensive presentation of information..
Interactivity
Users often have the ability to interact with multimedia
content, such as clicking on buttons, playing videos, or
navigating through interactive interfaces.
Multimedia refers to the integration of different forms of media,
such as text, graphics, audio, video, and animations, to convey
information. It aims to provide a rich and engaging user
experience by combining various elements that appeal to different
senses.
Interactivity
Dynamic and Engaging
Key features
Multimedia

21. Interactive Learning Modules
Educational Websites
Virtual Classrooms
Hypertext and multimedia are used to
create interactive learning materials,
allowing students to engage with content
in a dynamic and personalized way..
Multimedia elements facilitate the creation
of virtual classrooms, enhancing the online
learning experience with visual aids and
interactive features.
Educational platforms often incorporate
hypertext and multimedia to present
information in an engaging and
accessible manner..
Applications in
E d u c a t i o n

22. Application in Business
Interactive Presentations: Businesses use multimedia
presentations to deliver engaging and impactful messages
during meetings, conferences, or client presentations.
E-Learning for Employee Training: Multimedia is
employed in e-learning modules for employee training,
offering interactive and visually rich content.
Marketing and Advertising: Hypertext is extensively
used on websites, and multimedia content such as videos
and interactive advertisements play a vital role in
marketing campaigns.
Product Demonstrations: Businesses utilize multimedia to
create product demonstrations, enhancing customers'
understanding of their products or services

23. World Wide Web
(WWW) Evolution
and History
1980s
1989: Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer
scientist working at CERN, proposed the
concept of a global hypertext system to
facilitate information sharing among
researchers.
1990: The first web browser, WorldWideWeb
(later renamed Nexus), and the first web
server were created by Tim Berners-Lee.
1990s
1991: The first website, info.cern.ch, went
live.
1993: The Mosaic web browser, developed
by the National Center for Supercomputing
Applications (NCSA), popularized the
graphical user interface for the web.
1994: Netscape Navigator, the first
commercial web browser, was released,
leading to the explosive growth of the
internet.
2000s
2004: Web 2.0 emerged, emphasizing user-
generated content, social media, and collaborative
platforms.
2005: YouTube was founded, revolutionizing online
video sharing.
2009: Tim Berners-Lee introduced the concept of the
Semantic Web, envisioning a more intelligent and
connected web.
2010s-Present
Advancements in Mobile
Technology: The proliferation of
smartphones and tablets further
expanded access to the web.
Rise of Social Media: Platforms like
Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram
became integral to online
communication and collaboration.
Emergence of Web 3.0: Ongoing
developments in artificial
intelligence, blockchain, and
enhanced interconnectivity are
shaping the future of the web.

24. Global Information Access:
The WWW has democratized access to information,
allowing users worldwide to access, share, and contribute
to a vast array of content
Real-Time Communication:
Instant messaging, email, and video conferencing
have transformed how people communicate,
enabling real-time interaction across the globe.
Social Media Revolution:
Social media platforms have redefined communication,
enabling users to connect, share information, and
collaborate on a global scale.
E-commerce and Online Business:
The WWW has revolutionized commerce, allowing
businesses to reach global markets, conduct transactions
online, and collaborate with partners worldwide.
Impact on Communication and Collaboration

25. In summary, the evolution of hypertext, multimedia, and the World
Wide Web has fundamentally reshaped communication and
collaboration. These technologies have democratized access to
information, revolutionized learning, transformed business
practices, and fostered global connectivity. As we navigate the
digital era, the ongoing innovation in technology promises to
further influence the way we communicate, collaborate, and
engage with information, marking a dynamic and continuously
evolving landscape.
Conclusion

26. THANK YOU