Ante mortem inspection of meat animals ppt

antemortem inspection

1. ANTE MORTEM INSPECTION

2. Ante-mortem inspection (AMI) Ante-mortem inspection (AMI) is the examination of food animals in holding pens ( lairage ) within 24 hours prior to slaughter by qualified veterinarians to decide their fitness to slaughter and to provide wholesome meat to the consumers.  Ante-mortem examination of meat animals is necessary to produce wholesome meat and thus safeguard the health of meat consumers.

3. AMI should be conducted 12-24 hrs before slaughter in lairage pens. May be repeated before slaughter if the delay in slaughter is more than 2-3 days after unloading. AMI should be ensured that animals are not subjected to any kind of cruelty . All animals meant for slaughter should be rested at least for 24 hours and should not be fed for at least 12 hours before slaughter but they should be provided with plenty of water

4. 2. OBJECTIVES (PURPOSE) 1 . To make postmortem examination more efficient, accurate and less laborious. Ante-mortem examination represents 50% of meat inspection 2. Detection of animals suffering from scheduled infectious diseases which are communicable to man. 3. To detect certain diseases which are toxic or contagious and whose identification is either difficult or impossible during post-mortem, e.g. tetanus, rabies, listeriosis , sturdy in sheep etc. 4. To implement disease control programme with more precision by tracing back the source of diseases.

5. 3. MAIN CONCERNS 1 . Public Health: i. Segregating normal animals from those suffering from potentially zoonotic disease (e.g. Ringworm, Brucellosis, Tuberculosis) ii. To take appropriate protective measures iii. To protect the health of butchers and slaughter house personnel. iv. To prevent unnecessary contamination of building and equipment of the abattoir. v. To prevent a hygienic risk to the slaughter hall environment owing to their dirty state vi. Animals which may contain residues of drugs must be detained for testing post-mortem vii. To prevent food poisoning outbreaks e.g. in salmonellosis carcass or organs show little noticeable change on post mortem .

6. 2. Animal Health  Certain diseases ( Notifiable diseases), which are likely to cause serious epizootic, may be detected at the slaughterhouse and these have to be intimated to state veterinary services for protection of other animals (e.g. Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Swine Fever)

7. 3. Animal Welfare  Assessing the welfare implications in the farm, transport and lairage

8. 4. FACILITIES REQUIRED FOR CONDUCTING ANTE MORTEM INSPECTION 1 . Properly designed holding pens and detention pens 2. Proper light 3. Enough space 4. Trevis for clinical examination of individual animals 5. Assisting staff 6. A well designed “ante mortem inspection code” giving a detailed account of inspection procedures, judgment principles, disposal methods and documentation of findings.

9. 5. ANTE-MORTEM EXAMINATION PROCEDURE 1 . Identification of the animal 1. Identification can be done either by Ear Notching, hair clipping, branding or by application of Tags (usual practice in abattoir). 2. Collection of the details regarding the place of purchase or origin. 3. The main objectives are to: Identify the animal because of its varying source and to maintain the identity of the carcass during PMI, and in case of outbreaks/ Notifiable disease it becomes easy to trace back to the location from which the animal were procured.

10. 2. Examination of the animal The animals are placed in properly lighted holding pens where they can be moved about freely so that the inspector can view them at rest and motion. Ante mortem inspection should be carried out in two stages: Stage I - General examination:  Meat animals should be observed in the lairage pens during rest as well as in motion.  Observed for cleanliness  The general behavior , reflexes, fatigue, excitement, gait, posture, evidence of cruelty, level of nutrition, symptoms of diseases or any other abnormalities should be closely observed.  Both sides of the animals are observed so that the condition of face, skin and presence of wounds can be detected.  While animals are in motion, it is observed for lameness.  In case of female animals, they are observed for mastitis, metritis and retained placenta.  In case of calves they are mainly observed whether they have matured enough to produce quality beef.

11. Stage II - Detailed examination:  Suspected or diseased animals should he segregated for detailed examination.  Their temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate should be recorded. Animals showing elevated temperature and systemic disturbance should be detained for further inspection and treatment in the isolation pen.

12. Conditions to Be Recorded 1 . Temperature: Normal temperature is sign of health. An increase in temperature may indicate a systemic disturbance. If the temperature is high, it usually indicates the possibility of a septicaemia. 2. Pulse Rate: Pulse rate reflects the condition of the heart. In a healthy animal the pulse rate is fairly constant. It is often faster in young animals. 3. Respiration: Healthy animals take regular and easy breaths and the process of respiration is effortless and noiseless. To measure the respiratory rate, observation should be made at the flank region of the animal (Type of respiration - abdominal and occasionally costo -abdominal). If the breathing pattern differs from normal, the animal should be segregated as a 'suspect'.

13. 4. Appearance / General condition:  Bodily condition: Emaciation, cachexia, weakness, injuries.  Healthy animals generally have bright eyes. Unhealthy animal may show reeling, dull and anxious expression in the eyes and aggressiveness  Alert and responsive ears in healthy animals.  Glossy skin - Skin gives a good indication on the general appearance and level of hydration of the animal. In healthy animals, it’s glossy with smooth hair coat.  Moist muzzle in healthy animals; otherwise dry or scaly.

14. 5. Behaviour:  "Response to stimuli" is judged  Normal animal reacts and responds very promptly, with the movement of its head, tail, eye, ears etc.  Animals with abnormalities tend to separate out from the flock and are not responsive to stimulus.  Changes in behaviour may either be expressed as depression or anxiety.  Abnormalities in behaviour may be manifested by one/more of the following signs:  Walking in circles  Pushing its head against wall  Charging at various objects and acting aggressively (Rabies, Heavy metal poisoning)

15. 6. Posture: This condition is usually observed when the animal is in standing and lying positions.  Abnormality in posture is observed as tucked up abdomen.  The animal may stand with an extended head and stretched out feet.  The animal may be lying and have its head turned along its side. It is called as “Downer Syndrome”. These animals should be handled with caution in order to prevent further suffering. 7. Gait: This condition is generally observed when the animal moves/walks. This helps to detect conditions like pain in the legs, chest and abdomen. Changes in gait are generally associated with pain in the legs, chest or abdomen or are an indication of nervous disease.

16. 8. Structure (Conformation):  It requires close observation of the animal from both front and rear side i.e. the abdominal contour.  Abnormalities in structure is manifested as:  Swelling (abscesses) seen commonly in pigs  Enlarged joints  Hernia  Umbilical swelling  Enlarged jaw (Lumpy jaw - Actimomyces )  Bloated abdomen  Mastitis, etc.

17. 9. Discharges and Protrusions: Secretions and excretions from natural orifices (nose, mouth, bloody diarrhoea etc ).  Protrusions like prolapsed uterus and prolapsed rectum are indicative of bodily abnormalities. 10. Abnormal colour: Such as  Black areas in swine  Red areas on light colored skin (inflammation),  Dark blue areas on the skin and udder (Gangrene).

18. 11. Abnormal odor : It is very difficult to detect on routine AMI. The foul odor may be due to discharges or due to some abnormality in the animal digestive physiology.  Acetone odor – ketosis  Purulent exudates with medicinal odor - abscess  Putrefactive exudates- putrid rhinitis, putrid bronchitis

19. 12. Physical exhaustion: The condition usually observed in animals travelled for long distances under unfavourable conditions. The most consistent clinical finding is dehydration reflected as loss of skin elasticity, sunken eyeballs and dry mucous membranes. The other conditions usually associated with this are fatigue, weakness, stiffness and pain. TEMP- 39, PULSE- 50/MIN RESPIRA- 12- 16/MIN

20. 6. Categories of the animals at AM inspection 1. Recumbent Animals The nature and extent of the disease will determine whether  Immediate condemnation  Passing of immediate slaughter  Holding for further examination. 2. Dead Animals and uneviscerated Anthrax must be borne in mind, so check natural orifices and blood smear for anthrax bacilli.

21. 3. Moribund animals (Just before death condition) Those cases classified as condemned e.g. animals affected with tetanus should be identified as condemned, slaughtered and sent to the inedible by products department. A detailed PM examination should be carried out. 4. Sick Animals Temperature should be taken, as it is an indication of the systemic disorders. And after thorough AM & PM examination and the laboratory investigations, the decision is taken. 5. Suspect Are those suspected of being diseased or affected with certain conditions that might result in condemnation of the carcasses as per inspection. These animals are tagged as “Suspect” as they are the carcasses from such animals, until a final PM inspection is carried out.

22. 6. Condemned Include dead, dying and disabled livestock; Those affected with any condition that would entail condemnation of carcass at PM inspection e.g. Animals having very high temperature above 105°F , Animals in comatose or semi comatose condition, Animals showing symptoms of certain metabolic toxic, nervous or circulatory disturbances, nutritional imbalances or infectious or parasitic diseases – anaplasmosis , ketosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis , rabies, tetanus, BSE, scrapie etc.,

23. 7. JUDGMENT IN ANTE MORTEM EXAMINATION (AMI DECISIONS) 1 . Fit for slaughter : Animals which are normal and free from any symptoms of disease should be sent for sacrifice. 2. Unfit for slaughter : Dead, Moribund Highly emaciated, skin bound animals and those affected with tetanus or communicable diseases like rabies etc. or diseases which cannot be treated should be declared unfit for slaughter. 3. Suspects: All suspected animals need further attention. Some animals with localized condition such as injuries, fractures, abscesses, tumours etc. and recovered cases should be passed for slaughter as suspect with instructions for careful postmortem examination. Such animals are passed for slaughter as a part of regular kill if the condition proves to be a minor one or slaughtered at the end of the day and given a thorough postmortem examination. Animals marked “suspect” that are sent for slaughter must be accompanied by a full veterinary report including ante-mortem signs, post-mortem lesions and laboratory tests if any based on which the final judgment on carcass and offal are given.

24. 4. Slaughter authorised under special conditions: Stock should be segregated for slaughter under special conditions e.g. Dirty stock at a slow line speed. 5. Delayed Slaughter: Fatigued, excited and inadequately rested animals and animals affected with transit sickness are given rest and treatment for a period of time before slaughter. 6. Detained animals : Some animals need to be detained for specified period of time for treatment of disease or excretion of known toxic residues. 7. Emergency slaughter : It is recommended in cases where the animal is in acute pain or is suffering from a condition where any delay in slaughter would be contrary to the welfare of animal. It is done under strict super vision so that there is no hazard to the consumer health. E.g. Fractures, severe injury, uterine prolapse and post – partum uterine hemorrhage in Bovines.

25. 8. Casualty Slaughter: Casualty slaughter refers to the situation where an animal is not in acute pain and in no immediate danger of death but is affected with a chronic condition. e.g. obturator paralysis and post-partum paraplegia following milk fever or Benign superficial tumors . 8. ON FARM EMERGENCY SLAUGHTER  Slaughter in farm may be done in untoward situation such as accidents or a serious physiological or functional disorder.  Proper AMI should have been done  Animal should have been completely bled  The body of the animal should be accompanied to the slaughterhouse by a " veterinary certificate "  The carcass/body of the animal is to be transported to the slaughterhouse in a container or vehicle under hygienic conditions  If more than one hour of transport after slaughter, then under hygienic conditions at 0 to 4°C

26. 9. CATEGORIES OF ANIMALS ARRIVE FOR EMERGENCY SLAUGHTER: 1 . The animals may arrive alive but in moribund (just before death) state - Examination of blood smear for Anthrax, Total Condemnation if positive 2. The animals may arrive dead and uneviscerated - Examine blood smear for Anthrax; total condemnation & proper disposal, if positive - Coldness of extremities indicates that death has not been recent. - The carcasses of dead animals are unwholesome hence fit only for inedible rendering. 3. The animals may arrive in the form of a dressed carcass (On-farm slaughtered carcass) – it presents difficulty in Judgment, especially if not accompanied by internal organs.

27. 9. CATEGORIES OF ANIMALS ARRIVE FOR EMERGENCY SLAUGHTER: 1 . The animals may arrive alive but in moribund (just before death) state - Examination of blood smear for Anthrax, Total Condemnation if positive 2. The animals may arrive dead and uneviscerated - Examine blood smear for Anthrax; total condemnation & proper disposal, if positive - Coldness of extremities indicates that death has not been recent. - The carcasses of dead animals are unwholesome hence fit only for inedible rendering. 3 . The animals may arrive in the form of a dressed carcass (On-farm slaughtered carcass) – it presents difficulty in Judgment, especially if not accompanied by internal organs.

28. 10. JUDGMENT FOR CARCASS OF EMERGENCY ANIMAL: Carcass of an emergency slaughtered animal can be considered for passing it for food provided: - It doesn’t show any evidence of disease - Has a negative bacteriological test - The carcass sets and looks normal in everyway - If there is any sign of PM discoloration, contamination or decomposition, the carcass should be unhesitantly condemned.

29. 10. JUDGMENT FOR CARCASS OF EMERGENCY ANIMAL: i. Terminology used to identify the results of Ante-Mortem Inspection : U - Unfit for slaughter D - Destroy and dispose CU - Conditionally unfit P - Postpone slaughter S - Suspect ii. Judgement Symbols (Codex) T - Totally Condemned S - Suspect R - Retain for rest and treatment

30. iii. Condition that warrants condemnation / rejection 1. Severe emaciation 2. Rabies 3. Anthrax 4. FMD 5. Black Quarter 6. Tetanus 7. Generalized TB 8. Generalized Caseous lymphadenitis (Sheep & Goat) 10. White scour (calves) 11. Calf diphtheria 12. Salmonellosis 13. Acute Listeriosis 14. Fluorine poisoning 15. Selenium poisoning

31. iv. Diseases and Abnormalities Encountered in Ante Mortem Inspection 1 . General conditions 1. Moribund and exhausted status 2. Emaciation 3. Anasarca 4. Poorness 5. External injuries 6. Localized swellings – tumors , abscesses, oedema, haematoma, hernia 7. Inflammatory conditions of skin – urticaria , eczema 8. Pregnancy 9. Fractures 10. Dystocia 11. Discharges from natural orifices

32. GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Fever (pyrexia) Inflammation in viral diseases Septicaemia Toxaemia Bruises Abscesses Emaciation Oedema Immaturity Plant poisoning Chemical poisoning

33. DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) Rinderpest (RP) Vesicular stomatitis (VS) Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) Rabies Lumpy skin disease Bovine herpes dermophatic disease (BHD) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) Bovine leukosis

34. DISEASE CAUSED BY PRIONS Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow disease )

35. DISEASES CAUSED BY RICKETTSIA AND MYCOPLASMA SPP. Heartwater ( hydropericardium ) Q fever (Queensland fever, Nine mile fever, American Q fever, Australian Q fever) Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP )

36. DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA Blackquarter (blackleg) Botulism Malignant oedema Tuberculosis Johne’s disease (bovine paratuberculosis ) Leptospirosis Brucellosis (contagious abortion, Bang’s disease) Anthrax

37. DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA Salmonellosis in bovines Haemorrhagic septicaemia Calf diphtheria Actinobacillosis ( wooden tongue ) Actinomycosis ( lumpy jaw ) Pyelonephritis (contagious bovine pyelonephritis) Metritis Mastitis Endocarditis Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP, hardware disease, traumatic gastritis, traumatic reticulitis )

38. PARASITIC DISEASES iii . Diseases caused by helminths Lungworms Fascioliasis Dicrocelium dendriticum infestation Oesophagostomiasis (pimply gut, nodular worms) Cysticercosis Hydatid disease ( hydatidosis , echinococcosis ) Onchocercosis

39. Diseases caused by protozoa Trypanosomiasis Theileriosis (East Coast fever) Besnoitiosis Anaplasmosis (gall sickness) Babesiosis ( piroplasmosis , Texas fever, red water fever, tick fever) Sarcocystosis ( sarcosporidiosis )

40. Diseases caused by arthropod parasites Hypoderma bovis infestation Screwworm myiasis

41. THANKS