Anthropogenesis

Anthropogenesis is the genesis or development of the human race, especially as a subject of scientific study.
Hominization, also called anthropogenesis, refers to the process of becoming human and is used in somewhat different contexts in the fields of paleontology and paleoanthropology, archeology, philosophy, and theology.

1. Anthropogenesis Student : Armenag Seropian Teacher : Mrs. Mariam Ohanyan School : Anania Shirakatsy Lyceum Group : 1191 Date : 02/14/20

2. What is anthropogenesis ? Anthropogenesis is the origin and development of humans (Figure1) Figure 1A : “Phylogenetic Tree of Hominid Evolution - Google Search: Human Evolution, Phylogenetic Tree, Evolution.” Pinterest , www.pinterest.com/pin/397583473337157467/?lp=true.

3. Stages of human development Figure 1B :“The Story of Creation (17-C): Evolution and Spreading of Early Humans after Adam...” The Story of Creation (17-C): Evolution and Spreading of Early Humans after Adam... , debatewithatheist.blogspot.com/2012/05/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html.

4. Australopithecine stage The Australopithecine stage is the first stage of human development, it occurred about 5 million years ago, in Africa Characteristics and facts : - Bipedal (walked on 2 feet) - Small brains like apes - Canine teeth - Large cheeks - a low forehead  - bony ridge over the eyes - a flat nose and no chin  - Females were smaller than males. History, Ancient. “FIRST HUMANS: OLD STONE AGE.” FIRST HUMANS: OLD STONE AGE , 1 Jan. 1970, ancient-history-to-1800.blogspot.com/2010/10/first-humans-old-stone-age.html.

5. Homo Habilis stage The homo habilis stage is the 2 nd stage of human development, occurred 2 million years ago, in Africa Characteristics and facts Large head Flat nose Narrow but canine teeth Small jaw “S 2 Reconstruction of the Skull of Homo Erectus.” Biomedical Models , biomedicalmodels.com/product/s-2-reconstruction-of-the-skull-of-homo-erectus/.

6. Homo Erectus stage Homo erectus stage is the third stage of human development, occurred about 1 million year ago, in Africa and Eurasia Characteristics and facts Stone tools and broken animal bones were found Walked upright Wide jaw Wide nose Small head Large teeth Funkhouser, David. “Did Climate Change Shape Human Evolution?” State of the Planet , 27 Apr. 2012, blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/04/20/did-climate-change-shape-human-evolution-2/.

7. Neanderthal Stage The Neanderthal stage is the fourth stage of human development, occurred in Eurasia, Atlantic regions and central Asia 1-2 Hundred thousand years ago. Characteristics and facts Complex stone tool technology Culture started to form Plant collection Big jaw bones Medium sized head Curvy chin and forehead Large brain space

8. Homo sapiens stage The homo sapiens stage is the final stage of the human development Characteristics and facts Growth in intelligence Ability to create 3d_molier, and 13484 products. “Neanderthal Skull.” Max Neanderthal Skull Anatomy , 25 May 2013, www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/max-neanderthal-skull-anatomy/761916.

9. How did we get here First let’s talk about earth Earth was formed nearly 4.5 billion years ago , it went through a couple of stages Stage 1 : Black earth Volcanoes erupted which cooled the earth Stage 2 : Gray earth The increase in clay and granite Stage 3 : Blue earth Presence of water and gold containing heavy zircon crystals

10. Earth and life formation Timeline (Figure2) Figure 2 : “Earth Artifact.” Graphic Design Reserch , gerardas94.wordpress.com/tag/earth-artifact/.

11. What is evolution Evolution is a cumulative change in the genetically controlled characteristics of a population (Figure3) Figure 3 : “r/Evolution - Evolution Question Concerning Apes?” Reddit , www.reddit.com/r/evolution/comments/666q25/evolution_question_concerning_apes/.

12. Types of evolution Macroevolution : Refers to large scale changes that occur over extended periods (new species) Microevolution : Refers to small scale changes that affect just one or a few genes (skin color, fur color, eye color)

13. Proof of evolution Fossils Homologous structures (Pentadactyl limb) Biogeography Antibiotic resistance Adaptive radiation Artificial selection Molecular evidence

14. Proof of evolution by fossils Fossils are preserved remains of traces of an organism in the past includes footprints, toothmarks Fossils show changes in life over time. Animals and plants that lived in the past leave some sort of trace like a footprint or a shell or a bone when they die. Using fossils we can compare them with what he have now to see the differences that occurred with time

15. Proof of evolution by homologous structures Homologous structures are a certain skeletal structure or organ that is related in different animals for example the flipper of a whale and the wing of a bat Homologous structures are evidence of evolution because they are proof that different organisms evolved from a common ancestor (Figure4) Figure 4 : Cerezo , John. “Homologous Structures: Evidence for Evolution.” BetterLesson , BetterLesson , 29 July 2015, betterlesson.com/lesson/637263/homologous-structures-evidence-for-evolution.

16. Proof of evolution by Biogeography Biogeography is the study of the distribution of life forms over geographical areas. During the distribution of species different species with different features mate and by genetics the offspring will have the characteristics of the parents , this shows that with time species evolve from one another (Figure5) Figure 5 : mrtangextrahelp Follow. “02 Evidence of Evolution Biogeography.” LinkedIn SlideShare , 12 Dec. 2013, www.slideshare.net/mrtangextrahelp/02-evidence-of-evolution-biogeography .

17. Proof of evolution by antibiotic resistance Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria or other microbes to resist the effects of an antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other agents designed to cure or prevent infections. The bacteria survive and continue to multiply causing more harm Antibiotic resistance in bacteria remains among the strongest bits of evidence for evolution and proof that mutation can increase information in the genome. (Figure6) Figure 6 : Williams, Margaret. “Antibiotic-Resistant Superbugs May Be Closer to Home than We Think.” Mountain Xpress , 11 Feb. 2016, mountainx.com/living/antibiotic-resistant-superbugs-may-be-closer-to-home-than-we-think/.

18. Proof of evolution by adaptive radiation Adaptive radiation describes the evolutionary diversification of a single ancestral line According to Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, living organisms change their physical and anatomical structures over a long period of time for better adaptations to the changing environment. (Figure7) Figure 7 : “r/ ApexOutlands - Some LC OC That Some People Need to Hear.” Reddit , www.reddit.com/r/ApexOutlands/comments/b3cg94/some_lc_oc_that_some_people_need_to_hear/.

19. Proof of evolution by artificial selection Artificial selection allows rapid changes in a species , artificial selection happens when man decides which species should mate with each other These rapid changes give us the ability to see how far evolution can go in just a few thousand years.(Figure8) Figure 8 : Bio1110 , bio1110.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch12/artificial_selection.html.

20. Proof of evolution by molecular evidence Molecular biology investigates life at the molecular level. This includes genetics and most of biochemistry. Molecular biology shows us the same thing that all other disciplines in biology and paleontology show: a prevalence of strongly convergent phylogenies from independent assays of features of organisms, a fact that can only be explained by common descent

21. Sources Cline, Austin. “The Science of Biogeography Provides Evidence of Evolution.” Learn Religions , Learn Religions, 3 Jan. 2019, www.learnreligions.com/how-biogeography-supports-evolution-249883 . “Antibiotic Resistance: Questions & Answers.” RxList , RxList , 12 May 2017, www.rxlist.com/antibiotic_resistance/drugs-condition.htm . “Antibiotic Resistance and Evolution.” Proof of Evolution , www.proof-of-evolution.com/antibiotic-resistance-and-evolution.html . Admin. “What Is Adaptive Radiation? - Definition and Examples.” BYJUS , Byju's , 31 Dec. 2019, byjus.com/biology/adaptive-radiation-evolution/. “Artificial Selection.” Proof of Evolution , www.proof-of-evolution.com/artificial-selection.html . “What Is Molecular Biology and How Does It Support the Theory of Evolution.” Answers , Answers Corporation, www.answers.com/Q/What_is_molecular_biology_and_how_does_it_support_the_theory_of_evolution . Johanson , Donald C., and Henry McHenry. “Australopithecus.” Encyclopædia Britannica , Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 15 Nov. 2018, www.britannica.com/topic/Australopithecus . Rightmire , G. Philip. “Body Structure.” Encyclopædia Britannica , Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2 Dec. 2019, www.britannica.com/topic/Homo-habilis/Body-structure . Tobias, Phillip Vallentine , and G. Philip Rightmire . “Homo Erectus.” Encyclopædia Britannica , Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 6 Jan. 2020, www.britannica.com/topic/Homo-erectus . Trinkaus , Erik, et al. “Neanderthal.” Encyclopædia Britannica , Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 6 Feb. 2020, www.britannica.com/topic/Neanderthal .