ANTIBIOTICS.2.pptx in pharmacological uses

Antibiotic classification in pharmacology

1. - ANTI - BIOTICS DRUGS )2(

2. Penicillin: a first antibiotic introduced for clinical use. Penicillinase -resistant Antibiotics: are drugs developed to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. Therapeutic Action: - Exert bactericidal effect ( interfere with the ability of the bacteria to build their cell walls). - Prevent the bacteria from bio-synthesizing the framework of the cell wall (swell, burst and dies). Indications: - Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ( Pharyngitis , tonsillitis , Siniusitis ) - Others ( endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, anthrax).

3. Pharmacokinetics: No Route Onset Peak Duration 1. Oral Varies 1 h 6-8 h 2. Metabolism: N/A 3. Excretion: kidney (urine)

4. Contraindications: - Allergy to penicillins and cephalosporins . - Renal disease. - Pregnancy and lactation. Adverse Effects: - GI : ( NVD, AP, glossitis , stomatitis, gastritis, sore mouth). - Pain and inflammation at the injection site. - Hypersensitivity reactions: ( rash , fever, wheezing ) Interactions: - Tetracyclines (potentiate penicillins ) - Parenteral aminoglycosides (inactivate it)

5. Penicillins and Penicillinase - Resistant Antibiotics: No. Class Generic Name BN 1. Penicillins P enicillin G benzathine - Bicillin , Permapen 2. Penicillin G  potassium - Pfizerpen 3. P enicillin G  procaine - Wycillin 4. P enicillin V - Veetids 1. ES.P enicillins Amoxicillin - Amoxil , Trimox 2. Ampicillin - Principen 1. Penicillinase -resistant Nafcillin 2. Oxacillin

6. Sulfonamides: are drugs that inhibit folic acid bacterial synthesis. Therapeutic Action: - Inhibit folic acid synthesis (precursors of RNA and DNA). Indications: - UTIs , URTIs , GIT infection, Typhoid * (No longer used much but they remain an inexpensive and effective treatment for UTIs especially in developing countries). No Route Onset Peak Duration 1. Oral Rapid 1-4 h N/A 2. Metabolism ( N/A) 3. Excretion ( kidney (urine))

7. Contraindications: - allergy to sulfonamides, sulfonylureas or thiazide diuretics. - Renal disease. - Pregnancy and l actation . Adverse Effects: - GI : (NVD, AP, anorexia, stomatitis and hepatic injury). - Renal : (hematuria , proteinuria and toxic nephrosis ). - CNS : (HD, vertigo, ataxia, convulsions and depression) - Bone marrow depression - Dermatological: (photosensitivity , rash).

8. Interactions: - Tolbutamide , tolazamide , glyburide, glipizide , chlorpropamide (increased risk of hypoglycemia). - Cyclosporine: (increased risk of nephrotoxicity).

9. S ulfonamides No. Generic Name Brand Name 1. Sulfadiazine Generic 2. Sulfasalazine - Azulfidine 3. Cotrimoxazole - Septra , Bactrim

10. Tetracyclines : are semisynthetic antibiotics. Therapeutic Action: - Inhibit protein synthesis (restrict bacteria multiply). * (The affected protein is similar to protein found in human cells (can be toxic at high concentrations)). Indications: - Treatment of Chlamydia, Brucella , Bacillary, Acne, dysentery , wounds, Eye infections , cholera . - Adjunct in treatment of protozoal infections .

11. Pharmacokinetics: No Route Onset Peak Duration 1. Oral Varies 2-4 h N/A 2. Topical Minimal absorption - - 3. Metabolism (-) 4. Excretion: kidney (urine)

12. Contraindications: - Known allergies to tetracyclines or to tartrazine . - Pregnancy and lactation. - Hepatic or renal dysfunction. Caution: - Children below age of 8 (potential bones and teeth damage). - Ophthalmic preparations (can kill both undesired bacteria and normal flora). Adverse Effects: - GI : (NVD, AP, glossitis , dysphagia, fatal hepatotoxicity). - Skeletal And Bones: (cause staining and pitting of teeth and bones).

13. Interactions: - Decreased effectiveness of penicillin G. - Decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptives. - Increased digoxin toxicity. - Calcium salts, magnesium slats, zinc salts, aluminum salts, bismuth salts, iron, urinary alkalinizers , and charcoal: (decreased absorption of tetracyclines ). No. Generic Name Brand Name 1. Demeclo-cycline - Declomycin 2. Doxy- cycline - Doryx , Periostat 3. Mino- cycline - Minocin 4. Tetra- cycline - Sumycin

14. Antimycobacterials : are antibiotics use to treat infections caused by pathogens responsible for tuberculosis and leprosy . Susceptible M icroorganisms: - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Mycobacterium leprae Dynamic: - Act on the DNA or RNA of the bacteria leading to lack of growth and eventually to bacterial death. Indications: - Treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy .

15. Pharmacokinetics: No Route Onset Peak Duration 1. Oral Varies 1-2 h 24 h 2. Metabolism (liver) 3. Excretion: kidney (urine)

16. Contraindications: - allergy. - Pregnancy . - Severe CNS dysfunction. - Hepatic or renal dysfunction. Safest Anti-tuberculosis In Pregnancy: - Isoniazid - E thambutol - R ifampin Adverse Effects: - CNS : (HD, neuritis, malaise and hallucinations). - GI : (NV, AP, anorexia, stomach upset).

17. - Rifampin , rifabutin , and rifapentine can cause discoloration of body fluids (urine, sweat and tears). Interactions: - Rifampin and rifabutin with beta blockers, corticosteroids, OCPs, oral anticoagulants, methadone, phenytoin, verapamil, ketoconazole, and cyclosporine (increased metabolism).

18. No. Classification Generic Name Brand Name Antituberculosis 1. 1st-Line Etham-butol - Myambutol 2. Pyra-zinamide - Nydrazid 3. Rifampin - Generic 4. Rifapentine - Rifadin , Rimactane 5. Streptomycin - Generic 6. 2nd-Line Capreomycin - Capastat 7. Cycloserine - Seromycin 8. Ethionamide - Trecator -SC 9. Rifabutin Mycobutin 10. Leprostatic Dapsone - Generic

19. O ther antibiotics: no. Classification Generic Name Brand Name 1. Ketolide Teli-thromycin - Ketek 2. Lincosamides Clinda-mycin - Cleocin 3. Linco-mycin - Lincocin 4. Lipoglycopeptides Telavan-cin - Vibativ 5. Macrolides Azithromycin - Zithromax 6. Clarithromycin - Biaxin 7. Erythromycin - Ery -Tab , Eryc 8. Monobactam Aztreo-nam - Azactam

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