Antibiotics and it's Classification Penicillin

Antibiotics and it's classification

1. K.K.Wagh College of Pharmacy,Nashik Antibiotics Mrs. V. S. Lokhande HOD

2. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by certain species of microorganisms during their growth on suitable culture media and having the property of inhibiting the growth of or destroying other microorganisms in high dilutions or low concentration Sir Alexander Flemming discover first antibiotic called penicillin in 1927.

3. Classification of antibiotic- Depending on range of their action 01) Narrow spectrum antibiotic -Antibiotic having high degree of specificity i.e.they are effective either on gram positive or gram negative bacteria or certain fungi or yeast are called narrow spectrum antibiotic eg ,-benzyl penicillin, Bacitracin,nyastatin . 02)- Broad spectrum antibiotic- The antibiotic which are effective on large number pathogen, not only gram positive and gram negative bacteria but also affect the intracellular organism like viruses and rickettsia, are called broad spectrum antibiotic eg-tetracyclin , streptomycin ,chloramphenicol etc

4. Classify Antibiotics according to chemical structure with examples Classification: I. β-Lactam antibiotics : e.g. Benzyl Penicillin, Phenoxymethyl penicillin, Cephaloridine , cephalothin , ampicillin, carbenicillin , cloxacillin , cephalexin II. Non-β-Lactam antibiotics : 1. Tetracyclines : e.g chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline . 2. Aminoglycoside antibiotics : e.g : Streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin 3. Macrolide antibiotics : e.g : Erythromicin 4. Ansamycins : e.g : Rifamycin

5. 5. Polyene macrolide antibiotics : e.g : Nystatin, Hamycin 6. Anthracycline antibiotics : e.g :actinomycin, daunorubicin 7. Peptide antibiotics : e.g : Bacitracin. 8. Steroidal antibiotics : e.g : Fusidic acid 9. Nucleoside anitibiotics : e.g : Puromycin 10. Non- classifiable antibiotics : e.g : Chloramphenicol, Griseofulvin II. Non-β-Lactam antibiotics

6. BETA –LACTUM ANTIBIOTICS- ( beta lactum or azetidin-2-one hetrocycle ) PENICILLINS - Penicillin is the first antibiotic to be discovered. The various penicillins are obtained by fermentation using various strains of mold penicillium. The penicillins are strong monobasic acids. They readily form salts and esters. The penicillins are derivatives of 6-amino penicillanic acid. Penicillin contains β- lactum ring, a 4-membered cyclic amide,which is fused with thiazolidine ring. This bicyclic heterocyclic system is called penam .–COOH functional group is present at C3 and amide group at C6.

7. Penam

8. Basic structure of penicillin 6-AMINO PENICILLANIC ACID Various antibiotic from this group includes- 1-Benzyl penicillin(G) 2- Phenoxy methyl penicillin(V) 3-Ampicillin 4-Amoxcillin 5-Cloxacillin 6-Carbenicillin 7-Benzathin penicillin.

9. BENZYL PENICILLIN (Penicillin G ) Chemical name : 6-(2-phenyl acetamido ) penicillanic acid. OR 6-(2-phenyl ethanoylamino ) 2,2-dimethyl penam-3-carboxylic acid.

10. Properties : • White, finely crystalline powder with faint characteristic odour,test is bitter. • Hygroscopic, Dextrorotatory • Very soluble in water • Degraded rapidly in strong acidic and basic media • Inactivated by enzyme penicillinase and gastric juice Storage -stored in air tight ,light resistant container and keep in cool and dry place.  

11. Uses: It is used in the treatment of following diseases 1) Respiratory tract infection 2) Urinary tract infection 3) Gonorrhea 4) Syphilis 5) Meningitis 6) Enteric infection 7) Septicemia. 8) Abscesses Prophylactically used before dental and surgical procedures to prevent from developing endocarditis and re-occurrence of rheumatic fever. Preparation : 1. Benzyl penicillin injection 2. Benzyl penicillin sodium injection 3-eye drop, eye ointment,tablet .

12. PHENOXY METHYL PENICILLIN(V) Chemical name : (6R)-6-(2-phenoxy acetamido ) penicillanic acid .

13. PP -white crystalline powder, odourless,bitter test, soluble in ether and chloroform, Strage -store in air tight closed container keep in cool(below 25 centigreat ) place. Uses : It is used in the treatment of following diseases: 1) Respiratory tract infection 2) Urinary tract infection 3) Gonorrhea 4) Meningitis 5) Enteric infection 6) Septicemia Formulation - Capsule, oral suspension, tablet, elixir  

14. AMPICILLIN - CHEMICAL NAME- 6(2-Amino,2—phenyl acetamido ) penicillinic acid

15. PP -it is white crystalline powder, odourless , bittertest . insoluble in water and other solvent like ether and chloroform. It is officially trihydrate salt soluble in water. Store in air tight closed container, keep in cool place below 25 C. USES - It is used in the treatment of following diseases: 1) Respiratory tract infection 2) Urinary tract infection 3) Gonorrhea 4) Meningitis 5) Enteric infection 6) Septicemia FORMULATION -Capsule, tablet, oral suspension, sterile solution, injection

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