Antimicrobial agents

Viewers can acquire a maximum knowledge about the Inorganic compounds used as a antimicrobial agents.

1. Antimicrobial Agents
Presented by,
G.Revathi, M.Pharm.,
Assistant professor
Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry
SVCP

2. Introduction
AntimicrobialAgents–Aredrugswhichdestroythe
microorganisms.
Specificterminologygivesexactmodeofaction
1.Antiseptics
2.Disinfectant
3.Germicide
4.Bacteriostatics
5.SanitizersandSterilization.
Sample footer text 2

3. 1.Antisepticssubstancesthatkillorpreventthegrowthofmicroorganism,specificforpreparationintended
tobeusedforlivingtissues.
2.Disinfectantpreventinfectionbythedestructionofpathogenicmicroorganismusedtoinanimateobjects.
3.Germicideanagentwhichkillsmicroorganisms.Morespecificterminologieslike‘bactericide’(against
bacteria),‘fungicide’(againstfungi),virucide(againstvirus)denotesexactaction.
4.Bacteriostaticsanagentwhichfunctionbyinhibitingthegrowthofbacteria-donotkillbutstopsthe
growthofbacteria.
5.Sterilizationprocessofcompletedestructionofalllivingmicroorganisms,includingsporesbyphysical
andchemicalmethods.
6.Sanitizerdisinfectantusedtomaintainpublichealthstandard,mainlyconcernedwithwashoutmicrobes.
3

4. Mechanism of Antimicrobial agents
4

5. How Antimicrobials Works?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1GT2bKgci8 3/1/20XX 5

6. Mechanism of Action
Inorganic compounds generally exhibit antimicrobial action by three different mechanism.
They are
1) Oxidation mechanism
2) Halogenation mechanism
3) Protein precipitation
1.OxidationMechanism:Thisbelongstoclassofperoxides,peroxyacids,oxygenliberatinglikepermangante.Theyacton
proteinscontainingsulphhydrylgroupandoxidisesfreesulphydryltodisulphidebridgeandinactivateitsfunction.
2.HalogenationMechanisms:Compoundswhichliberateschlorineorhypochloriteoriodineactbythismechanism.Theyacton
peptidelinkagesandalterit’sproperty.Thedestructionofspecificfunctionofproteinresultsindeathofmicroorganism.
3.ProteinPrecipitation:Manycationsexhibitproteinbindingorproteinprecipitation.Theinteractionwithproteinoccursthrough
polargroupofproteinwhichactsasligandsandmetalcationaslewisacid.Thecomplexformedmaybestrongchelateleadingto
inactivationofproteins.
6

7. Drugs used for Antimicrobials
1.Hydrogen peroxide
2.Potassium permanganate
3.Chlorinated lime
4.Iodine
5.Solutions of iodine
6.Povidone-iodine
7.Boric acid
8.Borax
9.Silver nitrate
10.Mild silver protein
11.Mercury
7

8. 1. Hydrogen peroxide
+Category: Anti-infective, antiseptic
+Molecular formula: H
2O
2
+Molecular weight: 34 gm
+Standard: Itcontains 29 –31% w/w of H
2O
2
+Preparation:
It is prepared by adding a paste of barium peroxide in ice cold water to a calculated quantity of ice cold dilute
sulphuricacid. The insoluble barium sulphate is filtered off.
1. Oxidation BaO
2 + H
2SO
4→ BaSO
4 + H
2O
2
2H
2SO
4H
2S
2O
8+ H
2
2. Hydrolysis
H
2S
2O
8 H
2SO
5 + H
2SO
4
Peroxysulphuric acid
H
2SO
5+ H
2O H
2O
2+ H
2SO
4
8

9. +Physical & Chemical Properties:
+colourlessliquidwithslightlyacidictaste.
+Isdecomposedincontactwithoxidisablematter,reducingagent,whenmadealkalineorevenon
standing.
+stabilizedbytheadditionofsmallamountofacidandadjustingthepHbetween2and3.Polyvalentmetal
ionscatalysedecompositionofhydrogenperoxideandcomplexingagentpreventitbyactingasstabilizer.
2H
2O
2 → 2H
2O + O
2
Official test for Identity:
Small quantity decolourisesacidified KMnO
4with evolution of gas
Test for Purity:
Acidity
Organic stabilizers
Non-volatile matter
9

10. +Assay:
Oxidation –reduction titration
+Storage:
It should be stored in light resistant container in a cool place.
Incompatibilities:
Reducing agents, oxidizing agents, alkalies, organic matter, heavy metal ions, permanganate,
copper, calcium and salts
+Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Uses:
1.Used as an Antiseptic and topical Anti-infective.
2.It arrests the bleeding of wounds.
3.It is used to clean the wounds and ears, when pus is present also can be treated.
10

11. 2.Potassium permanganate
+Category:Anti-infective,antiseptic
+Molecularformula:KMnO
4
+Molecularweight:158gm
+Standard:NLT99%&NMT100.5%ofKMnO
4
+Preparation:
1.Manganesedioxidefusedwithsolidpotassiumhydroxide+potassium
chlorategreenmasspotassiummanganateisobtainedcooled&extractedwith
waterandfiltered.
3MnO
2+6KOH+KClO
3→3K
2MnO
4+KCl+3H
2O
11
Manganese dioxide potassium chlorate

12. 12
2. The filtrate is treated with carbon dioxide followed by chlorine. By this potassium
manganate is converted into potassium permanganate.
3K
2MnO
4+ 2 CO
2 → 2KMnO
4 + MnO
2 + 2K
2CO
3
2K
2MnO
4+ Cl
2→ 2KMnO
4 + 2KCl
+Physical properties:
Occurs in the form of slender
Dark purple in colour
Monoclinic prisms
Blue metllaiclustreby reflected light.
Reduced by alcohol
Soluble in 1 in 15 in water
The taste is sweet and astringent

13. +Chemical properties:
•It is very powerful oxidizing agent both in dry state and in solution. Explosions may occur when it comes in
contact with organic or other readily oxidisablematerials.
•It act as an oxidizing agent because it produces nascent oxygen in solution.
2KMnO
4+ 3H
2SO
4→ K
2SO
4+ 2MnSO
4+ 3H
2O + 5(O) (acid solution)
2KMnO
4+ H
2O → 2MnO
2+ 2KOH + 3(O) (Alkaline (or) neutral solution)
Potassium permanganteoxidizes iodides, bromides, chlorides, ferrous salts, nitrites, sulphites, thio
sulphates peroxides and oxalates. Organic materials such as ethyl alcohol and charcoal are readily oxidized.
Official Test for Identity:
Solution in water acidified with sulphuric acid and heated at 70
0
C decolourised by the solution of
hydrogen peroxide.
13

14. +Test for Purity:
Chloride
Sulphate
Water insoluble matter
Colourof solution
+Assay:
Oxidation –reduction titration
+Incompatibilities:
Iodides, bromides, alcohol, HCl, peroxides, ferrous and mercurial salts, oxalates and
sulphites
+Storage:
It should be stored well closed container.
14

15. +Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Uses:
1.Used as an Antiseptic and topical Anti-infective.
2.It is used in mouth wash and gargle
3.Used as Disinfectant agents
4.Action occurs due to liberation of oxygen which oxidises protein of bacteria and
kills them.
5.It is also used as stomach wash in the treatment of Narcotic drug poisoning.
15

16. 3. Chlorinated lime
+Synonym:Bleachingpowder
+Category:Disinfectant
+Molecularformula:Ca(OCl)Cl
+Molecularweight:143gm
+Standard:NLT30%w/wofavailablechlorine
+Preparation:
ItispreparedbytreatingCa(OH)
2(lime)withchlorinegas
Ca(OH)
2 + Cl
2Ca(OCl)Cl + H
2O
16

17. +Physical properties:
Dull white colourpowder
Strong odourof chlorine
Partly soluble in water and alcohol
+Chemical properties:
Reacts with CO
2and release dichlorinemonoxide
Ca(ClO)Cl + CO
2CaCO
3+ Cl
2
Reacts with HCl form calcium chloride, water and chlorine
Ca(ClO)
2 + 4HCl CaCl
2+ 2H
2O + 2Cl
2
17

18. +Official test for Identity
When HCl + Bleaching powder chlorine is copiously evolved
+Assay:
Iodimetrictitration
+Storage:
It is stored only in tightly stoppered containers, when exposed to air –gets
slowly decomposed.
18

19. +PharmaceuticalandMedicinalUses:
1.UsedasanDisinfectant.
2.ActsasanBleachingpowderusedintoiletsandlatrines.
3.Hasarapidbactericidalaction.
4.Usedforthechlorinationtreatmentofwaterinswimmingpoolsdisinfectantfaeces,urine
andotherorganicmaterial
5.Asacleansingagentfordrains,effluents,lavatories
6.Surgicalchlorinatedsodasolution(Dakin’ssolution)employedforwounddisinfectant.
7.Mixtureofchlorinatedlimeandboricacidsolution(EUSOL)usedasadisinfectantlotions
andwetdressing–killsmostofbacteria,fungi,viruses.
19

20. 4. Boric acid
+Synonym:Boracicacid
+Category:Anti-infectiveandgermicide
+Molecularformula:H
3BO
3
+Molecularweight:62gm
+Standard:containsbetween99.5%and100.5%ofH
3BO
3
+Preparation:
Boraxorsodiumtetraboratemayalsodecomposedwithmineralacid(HClorH
2SO
4)
Na
2B
4O
7+ H
2SO
4+ 5H
2O = Na
2SO
4+ 4H
3BO
3
20

21. Boric acid occurs in volcanic jets of steam condensed and cooled.
Crude boric acid crystallizes out
Purified by recrystallization
Allow to crystallize after filtration
Collected by filtration, washed free from soluble sulphate
Get a dried residue
21

22. +Physical properties:
Odourless
White crystals or powder
Slight bitter taste
Greasy to touch
+Chemical properties:
When heated at 100
0
C metaboricacid is produced
H
3BO
3 HBO
2+ H
2O
Boron trioxide dissolves in water form orthoboric acid
3H
2O + B
2O
3 2H
3BO
3
22

23. Preparation & properties of Boric acid
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3L4YeOUvOcw 23

24. +Official test for Identity
Dissolve sample in a mixture of methanol + conc. H
2SO
4ignite the solution
Flame burns with a Green border
Due to the formation of methyl borate
+Test for purity:
Sulphate
Arsenic
Heavy metals
Clarity and colour of solution
pH
+Assay:
Iodimetrictitration
24

25. +Assay:
By titrimetric analysis
+Storage:
It is stored in a well-closed container
+PharmaceuticalandMedicinalUses:
1.UsedasanPharmaceuticalaidandlocalanti-infective.
2.Isaweakgerimicide
3.Usedinsolutions,ointments,dustingpowdersasanantiseptic.
4.Itisaweakbacteriostaticagent.
5.Alsousedinophthalmicpreparaionsasbuffersandinsaturated(⸞4.5%)solutionasbacteriostaticeye
wash.
25

26. 4. Iodine
+Category:Anti-infectiveandlocalgermicide
+Distribution:widelydistributedintheformofiodidesinseawaterandseaweeds.
+Molecularformula:I
2
+Molecularweight:127gm
+Standard:NLT99.5%w/wofI
+Preparation:
1.Itispreparedfromseaweedsoflaminariaspecies
26

27. Solutionistreatedwithchlorinetoprecipitateiodinewhichiscollectedandpurifiedby
sublimationcontainsiodinechlorideandiodinebromide
WhenitissublimedwithasmallamountofKI,KClandKBrwiththeproductionofiodine.
ICl+ KI → KCl+ I
2
IBr+ KI → KBr+ I
2
2.FromCaliche:
Themotherliquorleftafterthecrystallizationofsodiumnitratefromthesolutionof
calichecontainssomeiodineassodiumiodateandtreatedwithsodiumbisulphiteto
precipitateiodineliberatedduetoreductionofsodiumiodide
2NaI + 3H
2SO
4+ MnO
2→ MnSO
4+ 2 NaHSO
4+ I
2+ 2H
2O
27

28. +Iodine is manufactured by extracting kelp (sea weed ash) with water and the solution is
concentrated.
+The sulphate and chloride of sodium and potassium are crystallized out, leaving soluble
sodium and potassium iodides in the mother liquor.
+Sulphuricacid is added to the mother liquor and sulphurwhich is liberated from small
amount of thiosulphate and sulphideis allowed to settle.
+The mother liquor is decanted and to this MnO2 is then added
+Iodine is distilledout.
28

29. +Physical Properties :
It occurs as heavy, bluish-black rhombic plates with metallic luster.
peculiar odourand volatilizes at ordinary temperature
It melts at higher temperature.
It is practically insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol.
It is freely soluble in chloroform and ether
Chemical Properties :
1.It combines directly with some non-metals and with many metals.
2P + 3 I
2→ 2PI
3Fe + I
2→ FeI
2
2. Reducing agent reacts with aqueous iodine solution and gets oxidized.
H
2S + I
2→ 2HI + S
3. Iodine reacts with alkali to form an iodide and iodate when heated.
3I
2+ 6NaOH → 2NaI + NaIO
3+ 3H
2O
29

30. Potassium iodide dissolves large quantity of iodine in water, because of the formation of
poly iodide. (I
3−
KI + I
2→ KI
3
+Incompatiability:
 It oxidizes hypophosphite, sulphite, some metals and reducing agents and iodine
itself gets reduced to iodide.
 It reacts with ammonia or ammoniated mercury to form explosive iodide or nitrogen.
+Storage:
 It is volatile at room temperature and reacts with rubber and corks.
 So it should be stored in amber colourbottles with tight glass stopper and kept in a
cool place.
30

31. +Test for Purity:
Chloride
Bromide
Cyanogen
Non-volatile matter
+Test for Identification:
1. With a solution + KI + starch deep blue colourproduced which disappears on boiling and reappears on
cooling
2. when heated gently gives violet colouredvapourscondensed forms bluish-blackcrystalline
sublimate
+Assay:
Iodometrictitration
31

32. +Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Uses:
1.Isaneffectivedisinfectantactsbyoxidizingthe
protoplasmoforganisms–inpresenceoforganic
matteritsactionisverymuchreduced.
2.Iodineadministeredorallywillbeconvertedto
inorganiciodideionintheGItractproduces
systemiceffect
3.Externallyusedasantisepticsorinternallyasa
sourceofiodineforthethyroidgland.
32

33. 33

34. 5. SOLUTIONS OF IODINE
+Iodine is insoluble in water but it is soluble in water in presence of potassium or sodium
iodide due to the formation of poly iodides.
The following are the solution preparations containing iodine.
1. Strong iodine solution (10% W/V solution of iodine)
2. Weak iodine solution (2% W/V solution of iodine)
3. Aqueous iodine solution (5% W/V solution of iodine)
4. Iodine tincture USP.
5. Mandl’spaint.
34

35. +1. Strong Iodine Solution (strong tincture of iodine): Contains 10% W/V solution of iodine and
6% W/V solution of potassium iodide in alcohol.
+2. Weak solution of Iodine (weak tincture of iodine): Contains 2.5% W/V solution of Iodine and
2.5% W/V solution of potassium iodide in alcohol.
+3. Aqueous solution of Iodine (Lugal’sSolution): Contains 5% W/V solution of iodine and 10%
W/V solution of potassium iodide in water.
+4. Iodine Tincture USP: Contains 2% W/V solution of iodine and 2.4% W/V solution of potassium
iodide and alcohol 50 ml and water up to 100 ml. It is used for external use only.
+5. Mandl’sPaint: Contains 1.25% W/V solution of iodine in glycerin. Glycerin is used to hold the
iodine in the applied area (throat).
+Use: All the above solutions are used as antiseptics and disinfectants.
35

36. 6. POVIDONE –IODINE (PVP –IODINE)
(Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone–Iodine Complex)
+Description:
Povidone-iodine belongs to the class of iodophores
Large organic molecules which carry loosely bound iodine
Iodine is liberated slowly at the site of application
Complex produced by interaction of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone–Iodine
Contains 9-10% of available iodine
36

37. +Properties:
+yellowish brown amorphous powder
+has slight characteristic odour
+Its aqueous solution is acid to litmus.
+Soluble in alcohol, but insoluble in organic solvents.
+Available as Aerosol and solution. The solution is a transparent liquid having reddish
brown or faint colourand a pH of not more than 6.0.
+As solution is diluted more and more free iodine content increases and become more
powerful disinfectant.
37

38. +Test for Identity:
Iodine solution + diluted solution of starch deep blue colour is produced.
+Test for purity:
Heavy metals
Nitrogen
Iodide
Sulphated ash
Loss on drying
+Storage:
Since it is highly hygroscopic in nature because it contains volatile free iodine, store in a tightly closed,
light resistant containers.
+Assay:
Potentiometric titration
38

39. +Pharmaceutical and medicinal Uses:
1.Majoradvantagesoverotheriodinepreparationislackoftissueirritation.
2.Solutionsareusedforsurgicalscrubs,disinfectionofinstrumentsandendoscopeforpre
operativeantisepsisfortheskin.
3.Itisalsousedingarglesandmouthwashesforthetreatmentofinfectionsintheoralcavity.
4.Non-toxicandnon-stainingandalsoexertsprolongedgermicidalaction
5.Usedagainstbacteriaandfungimainlyindiseaseslikeboils,burns,furunculosis,otitis
externa,tineaandvaginitis.
6.Disinfectantforskin,mouthandthroatalsousedasasolution,cream,ointment,vaginal
pessaryandalsoasanaerosolspray.
39

40. 5. Borax
+Synonym:Sodiumborate,sodiumtetraborate,Colemaniteborax
+Category:Astringent
+Molecularformula:Na
2B
4O
7
+Molecularweight:201gm
+Standard:containsNLT99.0%ofNa
2B
4O
7
+Preparation:
MineralColemaniteboratereactswithsodiumcarbonatesolutionisfiltered,concentratedand
cooledtocrystallizeborax
+Ca
2B
6O
11+ 2Na
2CO
32CaCO
3+ Na
2B
4O
7 + 2NaBO
2
Current CO
2passed through mother liquor convert the metaborate into borax
4NaBO
2 + CO
2Na
2CO
3+ Na
2B
4O
7 40

41. How to prepare Borax?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bR291P28M1M 41

42. +Physical properties:
Transparent, colorless or White crystalline powder
Odourless
It efflorescence in dry air, crystal often being coated with white powder
Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol
+Chemical properties:
+On heating it losses part of water of hydration. It is hydrolyzed partially to sodium metaborate and boric acid.
Na
2B
4O
7+ 3H
2O 2NaBO
2+ 2H
3BO
3
+The metaborate is largely hydrolysedon dilution with water.
NaBO
2+ 2H
2O NaOH + H3BO3
42

43. +Official test for Identity:
Turmeric paper is dipped in a solution of borate containing HCl or H
2SO
4
On drying the paper
Turns brownish red
When paper treated with dil. Ammonia or NaOH or KOH
Colour changes blue, green or greenish black
43

44. +Test for purity:
Arsenic
Lead
Heavy metals
Clarity and colour of solution
Chloride
+Assay:
Acidimetry –alkalimetry titration
+ Incompatibility:
Gums, alkaloidal salts, zinc sulphate, mineral acids with metallic salts.
44

45. +Storage:
It is stored in a cooled place in air-tight container
+PharmaceuticalandMedicinalUses:
1.UsedasanPharmaceuticalaid(alkalizingagent)andantiseptic.
2.Isusedasdetergent,andastringentformucousmembrane.
3.Usedexternallyin1to2%solutionsasaneyewashandaswetdressingforwounds.
4.usedasbacteriostaticandgermicide
5.Itisusedasmouthwashandgargles.
6.Boraxisusedasfoodpreservative.Itisusedincosmeticpreparationsasemulsifierandalsoin
lotions.
45

46. 46

47. 6. Silver nitrate
+Category:LocalAnti-infective
+Molecularformula:AgNO
3
+Molecularweight:170gm
+Standard:containsNLT99.5%ofAgNO
3
+Preparation:
Preparedbydissolvingthemetallicsilverinhotconcentratednitricacid
Ag + 2HNO
3AgNO
3+ NO
2+ H
2O
47

48. +Physical properties:
Colourlessor white crystalline powder
Odourless
Bitter and metallic taste Soluble in water & alcohol
Not photosensitive when pure; presence of trace elements promotes photoreduction
becomes greyish black
Melting point –212
o
c forms yellowish liquid
+ Chemical properties:
Is reduced by hydrogen sulphidein the dark and decomposed at 440
0
C into metallic
silver, nitrogen, oxygen.
2AgNO
3 2Ag + 2NO
2+ O
2
48

49. +When comes in contact with skin or cloth gives black stain due to reduction to metallic
silver.
2AgNO
3+ H
2O 2Ag + 2HNO
3+ O
+Test for Purity:
Test for;
Aluminium
Bismuth
Copper
Lead
Acidity or alkalinity
Clarity and colourof solution
49

50. +Silver Mirror Test :
Ammonium hydroxide + silver nitrate forms silver-ammonium complex solution reducing
agent like glucose is added the silver ions reduced to metallic silver silver mirror is formed.
+Incompatibilities:
It is incompatible with reducing agents, tartrates, sugars and tannins. In neutral and alkaline
conditions precipitation results with halides, borax, hydroxide, phosphate sulphate etc.
+Assay:
Based on Modified Volhard’s method.
+Storage:
It is stored in air-tight non-metallic containers and protected from light.
50

51. +Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Uses:
Itpossessesdisinfectant,astringentandastringentproperties.
Usedintheformofeyedropsforinstillationineyesfornewbornbabiestoguard
againstophthalmianeonaratum.
Toughenedsilvernitrate(lunarcaustic)-95%AgNO
3todestroywartsand
otheskingrowths.
10%ofAgNO
3solutionsusedforthetreatmentofmouthulcers.
Usedincosmeticstodyeeyebrows,eyelashesandhairdye.
51

52. 7.MILD SILVER PROTEIN
+Itisapreparationwithsilveravailableincolloidalformbythepresenceofproteinsorin
combinationwithit.
+Standard:
+Itcontainsnotlessthan19%andnotmorethan23.0%ofsilver.
+Preparation:Itispreparedbyusingsilversaltwithanexcessofdenaturedprotein
(serumalbumin,casein,orgelatin).Theproductisdriedinvacuumandstoredinamber
colouredbottles.
+Properties:
+Itisadarkbrown–blackishshiningscalesorgranules,
+odourlessandishygroscopic,
+itissolubleinwaterbutinsolubleinalcohol,etherandchloroform. 52

53. +Assay:ModifiedVolhard’smethod
+Storage:Itisstoredintightlyclosedamber-colouredglasscontainers,indry
anddarkplace.Disodiumedetate(EDTA)in10mg/mlisusedasstabilizerfor
aqueoussolution.
+Uses:
1.Aqueoussolutionof1-2%areusedasantibacterial.
2.Forrhinitis,tonsilitiesitisusedin0.5–10%ofconcentration.
3.Onlyfreshlypreparedsolutionsaretobeused.
4.Sinceithaslessfreesilverions,itiseffectiveantimicrobialandshowless
irritationandastringenteffect.
53

54. 8.MERCURY (Hg)
+Category:Cathartic
+Molecularformula:Hg
+Molecularweight:201gm
+Standard:containsNLT99.5%ofHg
+Preparation:
Itoccursnaturallyasasulphidecalledcinnabar.
Itisobtainedbyroastingcinnabarinacurrentofair.
HgS+ O
2→ Hg + SO
2
Mercury vaporizes and vapoursare condensed
2HgO 2Hg + O
54

55. +Physical Properties:
It is shining silvery white heavy liquid and extremely mobile.
Easily divisible into globules
Practically insoluble in water, alcohol and hydrochloric acid but completely soluble in nitric
acid and boiling sulphuricacid.
It boils at 350
o
C gets volatilized at heating
Ducitle, malleable mass which may be cut with knife.
On exposure to air tarnishes occurred.
+Chemical Properties:
Mercury tarnishes slowly in air (auto-oxidation) forms mercuric oxide on heating at
300
o
C which decomposes mercury again at higher temperature.
2Hg + O
22HgO
55

56. +Combines directly with halogens and sulphur
Hg + Cl
2HgCl
2
Hg + S HgS
+Test for Purity:
Non-volatile matter
+Tests for Mercury:
Mercuric compound + soluble iodides forms Reddish iodide
Mercuric compound + NaOH solution forms Mercuric oxide HgO
+ Assay:
Modified Volhard’s method
56

57. +Storage:
Sinceitisvolatile,itshouldbestoredintightlyclosedcontainerinacoolplace.
+Uses:
Ingeneralmercurybeingtoxic,isnotusedmedicinally.
Usedascatharticaction
Apreparationknownasmercurywithchalkactsaspurgativebecauseofirritantactionof
mercuryion.
Ionisablemercuryusedasdisinfectants,parasiticidesandpreservatives.
Therearenumberofotherpharmaceuticalusesofmercurylikepreparationofmercury
compounds,amalgamsetc.
Nitratedoxideofmercuryusedinhomeopathymedicine.
57

58. +Category:Antiseptic
+Molecularformula:HgO
+Molecularweight:217gm
+Standard:containsNLT99%ofHgO
+Preparation:
Prepared by pouring concentrated solution of mercuric chloride into a dilute
solution of sodium hydroxide with constant agitation.
HgCl
2 + 2NaOH → Hg (OH)
2+ 2NaCl
Hg(OH)
2→ HgO+ H
2O
58
9. YELLOW MERCURIC OXIDE (HgO)

59. Allowed to stand at room temperature for about an hour.
supernatedliquid is decanted off
precipitate is washed with water until the washings are free from alkali.
The yellow precipitate is collected
dried on absorbent paper at 30
o
C.
above steps are carried out in dark place
to get bright orange-yellow product.
59

60. +PhysicalProperties:
Itisanorange-yellowheavyamorphouspowder
odourlessandgetsdecolourizedonexposuretolight.
Itispracticallyinsolubleinwaterandalcoholbutreadilysolublein
dilutehydrochloricacidanddilutenitricacid.
Chemicalproperties:
Onheatingtoredhotitdecomposesintooxygenandvapourof
metallicmercury.
2HgO → O2 + 2Hg
60

61. + Test for Purity:
Mercuroussalts
Chloride
Loss on drying
Sulphated ash
Acidity or alkalinity
+Assay:
Volumetric Volhard’smethod
+Storage:
It should be stored in tightly closed containers and protected from light.
61

62. PharmaceuticalandMedicinalUses:
1.Itisusedasmildantiseptic.
2.Itisusedas1%solutionforophthalmicpurposetotreatinflammation
andconjunctivitis.
3.Usedasatopicalfungicideandbacteriostaticinchronicskinconditions
suchascornealulcers.
4.Usedasanoxidisingagent.
5.Alsousedineyeointmentsforlocaltreatmentofminorinfections.
62

63. +Category:Antiseptic
+Molecularformula:NH
2HgCl
+Molecularweight:252gm
+Standard:containsNLT98%ofNH
2HgCl
+Preparation:
Itispreparedbyadding5%mercuricchloridesolutiontodiluteammoniasolutionwithconstant
stirring.Theprecipitateiscollected,washedwithcoldwateranddriedbelow30
o
C.
HgCl
2+ 2NH
3 NH
2 HgCl+ NH
4Cl
63
10. AMMONIATED MERCURY (NH
2HgCl)

64. +PhysicalProperties:
Whiteheavyamorphouspowder
odourlessandgetsdarkensonexposuretolight.
Stableinair
Itispracticallyinsolubleinwaterandalcoholbutreadilysolublein
dilutehydrochloricacidanddilutenitricacid.
Chemicalproperties:
WhenboiledwithNaOHdecomposedintoammonia,HgOand
NaCl.
NH
2.HgCl + NaOH→ NH
3+ HgO+ NaCl
64

65. +Test for Purity:
Mercuroussalts
Carbonates
Sulphated ash
+Assay:
Acidimetry-alkalimetrytitration
+ Test for Identity:
1. when heated with NaOHbecome yellow coloursolution and
ammonia evolved.
2. solution + acetic acid + KI yields red precipitate + AgNO
3white
precipitate
+ Storage:
It is preserved in a well-closed containers and protected from the light
65

66. +Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Uses:
1. It is acting as mild antiseptic.
2. It is used in various skin infections caused by fungi, lice and other infestation.
3. It is used as an ointment and dusting powder in the strength of 5%.
Pharmaceutical Preparations of Mercuric Compound
1. Mercuric oxide eye ointment. Preparation contains 0.9 to 1.1% of HgOin simple
ointment. Ointment is used to reduce inflammation and as antiseptic in
conjuctivitis.
2. Ammoniated mercuric ointment It contains 2.25 to 2.75% of NH
2HgCl. The
preparation is used as mild antiseptics
66

67. The way to get
started is to quit
talking and begin
doing……..
THANK YOU……!!!!
67