Antimicrobial plants

Antimicrobial plants, their uses and pharmacognosy.

1. PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS USED AS ANTIMICROBIALS BY : ASHISH R. AGRAWAL (B.PHARM 4TH YEAR ) GUIDED BY : Dr. SHARDA DEORE (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,GCOPA.) 1

2. INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are defined as a group of plants that possess some special properties that qualify them as articles of drugs and therapeutic agents . PHYTOCHEMICALS “Phyto” - plant. Naturally occurring, biologically active chemical compounds in plants. Phytochemicals are beneficial to human health as responsible for the disease protection through various modes of action . More than 4000 of these compounds have been discovered to date and it is expected that scientists will discover many more. 2

3. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites such as tannins, terpenoids , alkaloids, and flavonoids. These compounds from herbs, spices, and plant extracts have been shown to possess antimicrobial properties against a wide range of harmful microorganisms. Thus, there has been increased interest in the antimicrobial properties of plant-derived products for their potential uses as alternatives to synthetic preservatives. Plant antimicrobials have proven to be relatively safe and could be used to extend the shelf life of foods in order to overcome food safety issues. Useful antimicrobial phytochemicals can be divided into several categories , described below. 3

4. Types of phytochemicals Alkaloids Glycosides Flavonoids Phenolic Tannins Terpene Essential Oils Phyto-estrogens S terols 4

5. ALKALOIDS Largest group of secondary chemical constituents Made from ammonia compounds Basically of nitrogen bases synthesized from amino acid Condensation products of sugars Colorless, crystalline carbon, hydrogen and oxygen- containing water-soluble phytochemicals Found in cell 5 Morphine GLYCOSIDES

6. Flavonoids Important group of polyphenols Widely distributed among the plant flora Found in almost all plant based food and beverages Level depending in degree of ripeness, variety and processing >4000 distinct flavonoids identified Nearly present in 70% of plants. Quercetin , Kaempferol and Quercitrin Other group include Flavans Flavonoids Anthocyanidins Catechin Anthocyanidins 6

7. Phenolics Chemical compounds occur as natural color pigments Responsible for the color of fruits of plants Have multiple functions Caffeic acid is regarded as most common phenolic compound distributed in plant flora . Odorous and volatile products Major plant derived are- Eugenol Thymol Carvacol Caffeic acid 7 Essential oils Eugenol

8. Tannins Widely distributed in plant flora Phenolic compounds of high molecular weight Found in root, bark, stem and outer layers of plant tissues Gallic acid- plant derived Terpenes Most widespread Chemically diverse group of natural products Major plant derived- Linalool Pinene Terpinolone 8

9. Mechanism of action of phytochemicals Inhibit microorganisms Interfere with metabolic processes Modulate gene expression Modulate signal transduction pathways Chemotherapeutic with chemo-prevention referring to the use of agents to inhibit, reverse or retard tumourgensis . 9

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12. Antimicrobial Activity Protect against pathogenic insects, bacteria, fungi or protozoa. Phenolics helping in the reduction of particular adherence of organisms to the cells lining the bladder which reduces UTIs. Exert bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity on microbes. Volatile gas combinations of cinnamon and clove oil inhibit growth of spoilage fungi, yeast and bacteria. Antimicrobial activity varies for the same plant part tested due to geographical location, nutrient content and extraction methods. 12

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14. 1. CLOVE Scientific Name:   Eugenia caryophyllus Family : Myrtaceae Plant part used : Bud and flower Common Name:   Clove flower ,clove bud , caryophyllus Geographical source: The clove plant grows in warm climates and is cultivated in Tanzania, Sumatra and South America, India.   14

15.   Chemical Constituents 15 % to 20% of a volatile oil Tannins, gum and resin, and sterols . The principal constituent of distilled clove bud oil (60% to 90%) is eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol). The oil also contains about 10% acetyleugenol and small quantities of gallic acid, sesquiterpenes , etc. Other constituents - Flavonoids , carbohydrates, lipids and vitamins. Uses of Clove A ntiseptic and Analgesic effects treatment of toothaches healing stomach ulcers.  has anthelminthic properties.  E ffective in treating topical fungal, ringworm infections. Eugenol 15

16. MOA It is react with the phospho lipid of the cell membrane and mitochondria . 16

17. 2. GARLIC Scientific Name:   Allium sativum Family : Liliaceae Plant part used : Bulb Common Name:  Garlic, allium, stinking rose,   Geographical source: Central Asia, Europe , Asia , USA, INDIA 17

18. Chemistry Carbohydrates- 29%. Garlic contains about 0.5% of a volatile oil composed of sulfur-containing compounds (diallyldisulfide, diallyltrisulfide , methylallyltrisulfide ). Allicin gives the pungent characteristic odor to crushed garlic and is believed to be responsible for some of the pharmacologic activity of the plant .   18

19. Uses of Garlic affect cholesterol and lipids (atherosclerosis). antiseptic and antibacterial properties. Other potential areas of use include GI disorders. Two trace elements, germanium and selenium, are found in detectable quantities and have been postulated to play a role in the herb's antitumor effect . Carminative Expectorant As a condiment 19

20. MOA Antimicrobial effect of garlic is possible because of Organosulfur compounds . Allicin react with enzyme containing thiol . so it is inhibit the Acetyl co A forming system DNA synthesis & protein synthesis Other Antimicrobial compounds in garlic : Ajoene DATS 20

21. 3.GINGER Scientific Name:   Zingiber officinale   Family : Zingiberaceae Plant part used : whole or cut , dried scrapped or unscraped rhizome Common Name:   Ginger , ginger root, Sunthi , zingiberis rhizoma Geographical Source: A native of tropical Asia, this perennial is cultivated in tropical climates such as Australia, Brazil, China, India, Jamaica, West Africa, and parts of the US.   21

22. Chemical Constituents Pungent principles -responsible for its activity. Aroma of ginger - due to the zingiberol .   Carbohydrates - 50 to 70 %, which are present as starch . Oleoresin provides 4 to 7.5% of pungent substances as gingerol , shagaol , zingerone , and volatile oils . Volatile oils -1 to 3% consist mainly of the sesquiterpenes and zingiberene ; other sesquiterpenes include zingiberol and zingiberenol ; numerous monoterpenes are also found.   6-gingerol and 6-shogaol are the main components 22

23. Uses of Ginger Antiemetic, cardio tonic, antibacterial, antitussive, antihepatotoxic , anti-inflammatory, stimulant, immunostimulant , carminative actions . Promote gastric secretions , increase intestinal peristalsis , lower cholesterol levels, raise blood glucose, and stimulate peripheral circulation. As a flavoring or spice .   MOA 23

24. 4 . CINNAMON Scientific Name:   Cinnamomum verum ,   C. zeylanicum . Family: Lauraceae Plant part used : dried inner bark of shoots. Common Name:   Cinnamon bark, Kalmi-Dalchini , Ceylon cinnamon. Geographical source: The plant is native to Sri Lanka, southeastern India, Indonesia, South America, and the West Indies. Chemistry E ssential oil - 65 % to 80% cinnamaldehyde and lesser amounts of other phenols and terpenes , including eugenol , trans- cinnamic acid, hydroxycinnamaldehyde , o- methoxycinnamaldehyde , cinnamyl alcohol, limonene, α- terpineol , tannins , mucilage , and trace amounts of coumarin . 24 Eugenol

25. Uses of Cinnamon As a spice and an aromatic. The bark or oil has been used to combat microorganisms, diarrhoea and other GI disorders, and dysmenorrhea. An anti-inflammatory agent, an antioxidant, and an antimicrobial substance . Carminative Mild astringent Antiseptic 25

26. MOA Cinnamaldehyde has electro- negative characteristic These characteristic is cause for antimicrobial activity . E lectro-negative compounds interfere in biological processes involving electron transfer and react with nitrogen-containing components . They deform amino acid after then protein Cause damages to enzymes They destroy nucleic acid 26

27. 5.ONION Scientific Name(s): Allium cepa Family : Liliaceae Plant part used : Bulb Common Name: Onion, wild onion, garden onion Chemical Constituents: 89 % water, 1.5% protein, and vitamins, including B1 , B2 , and C, along with potassium. Polysaccharides such as fructosans , saccharose peptides , flavonoids, and essential oil. Quercitin is aslo predominantly present. Onion contains allicin and similar sulfur compounds, including allylalliin and methyl and propyl compounds of cysteine sulfoxide . Prostaglandins. Antimicrobial effects The antibacterial, antiparasitic , and antifungal actions of onion is believed to be due to a number of sulfur containing compounds such as allicin , allylalliin , diallyl disulfide and the methyl and propyl compounds of cysteine sulfoxide . 27

28. Uses Onion is used as an antimicrobial, cardiovascular-supportive, hypoglycemic, antioxidant/anticancer, and asthma-protective agent. Antibacterial, antiparasitic , and antifungal actions. Other uses include the treatment of stingray wounds, warts, acne, appetite loss, urinary tract disorders , and indigestion. MOA 28

29. 6. NUTMEG Scientific Name: Myristica fragrans Family : Myristicaceae Plant part used: Dried Kernels of the seeds Common Name: Nutmeg, mace, Nux Moschata , myristica oil , Geographical Source: India , Ceylon, Malaysia , and Canada, Indonesia, etc. Chemical constituents: 20 % to 40% of a fixed oil known as nutmeg butter. This oil contains myristic acid , trymiristin , and glycerides of lauric ,, stearic, and palmitic acids. 8 % to 15% of an essential oil . The essential oil contains myristicin , elimicin , eugenol , and safrole . Geraniol , terpineol etc. 29

30. Uses of Nutmeg A phrodisiac and psychoactive properties . Aromatic. Stimulant. Carminative. Flavouring agent. In treatment of rheumatism. Eugenol is used in perfumeries, essential oils and in medicine as a local antiseptic and anaesthetic . Combining zinc oxide and eugenol forms zinc oxide eugenol which can be used as a filling or cement material used in dentistry . 30 Eugenol

31. MOA 31

32. 7. TURMERIC Scientific Name: C urcuma longa Family : Zingiberaceae Plant part used: Fresh rhizomes Common Name: Indian Saffron, Curcuma, Haridra, Haldi . Geographical Source: India, China, Thailand, Italy, Malaysia, etc. Chemical constituents: 5%-Volatile oils, Resin, Zingiberaceous starch grains , curcuminoids . Curcumin - 50-60%. Demethoxy curcumin , bisdemethoxy curcumin . Uses: Condiment or spice. Colouring agent . Antiseptic. Anti inflammatory. Anti-oxidant. HIV-1 and HIV-2 protease inhibitory activity. 32

33. MOA 33

34. 8. AMLA Scientific Name: Emblica officinalis Family : Euphorbiaceae Plant part used: dried & fresh fuits Common Name: Emblica , Indian goose berry, Amalki . Ge ographical Source: India, Srilanka , Myanmar . Chemical constituents: Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Phyllembin 5% tannins Uses: Acrid , In Hemorrhage , Anti inflammatory , Diuretic , laxative Anti-viral Antioxidant, Slows Ageing process 34

35. MOA 35

36. 9. NEEM Scientific Name: Azadirachta indica Family : Meliaceae Plant part used: Aerial parts Common Name: Margosa Ge ographical Source: India, Srilanka , Malaysia, Pakistan , Bangladesh etc. Chemical constituents: Diterpenes ( sugiol , nimbiol ) Triterpenes : beta- sitosterol , stigmasterol Nimbidine Nimbendiol Azadiractin Flavonol glycosides- Quercetin , Myrercetin etc. 36

37. MOA 37

38. USES Azadirachtin – Insect repellant Nimbin - Antiviral Nimbidin - Antiviral Azadirachtin – Insect repellant 38

39. Structures of common antimicrobial plant chemicals. 39

40. References Plants as potential source of antimicrobial agents, Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine www.iiste.org , ISSN 2222-5668 (Paper) ISSN 2222-4807 ( Online) ,Vol . 2, No. 3, 2013 Khadabadi , Doere , Baviskar A handbook of pharmacognosy , Nirali Prakashan , 2011 Kokate , Purohit , Gokhale Pharmacognosy , Nirali Prakashan , 47 th edition, jan 2012 40

41. THANK YOU! 41