Antioxidant.pptx

Advance pharmacology-II, Mpharm (Pharmacology) 1st year, 1st semester

1. Advance Pharmacology - II Topic:- Protective Activity Of Certain Important Antioxidant Name :- Chetana Pandurang Dakhare Roll No. :- 01 ( 2 nd Semester ) First year M.Pharm (Pharmacology)

2. Antioxidant An antioxidant is a substances that when present in low concentrations relative to the oxidizable substrate significantly delays or reduces oxidation of the substrate (Halliwell,1995). Antioxidants get their name because they combat oxidation. They are substance that protect other chemicals of the body from damaging oxidation reactions by reacting with free radicals and other reactive oxygen species.

3. Antioxidant Antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfer electrons or hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Eg : Hydroxyl radical, Superoxide anion radical, Singlet oxygen, Hydrogen peroxide, Nitric oxide.

4. Antioxidants can be categorized by several methods: 1) Types a) Mode of action b) Location c) Solubility 2) Structural dependents 3) Origin

5. 1) According to types

6. Mechanism of action: PREVENTIVE Enzymes: Superoxide dismutase, Catalase , Glutathione. Metal ion sequestrators : Carotenoids , Superoxide dismutase, Catalase , Glutathione, Uric acid, Flavonoids . SCAVENGING Ascorbate , Carotenoids , Uric acid, a- tocopherol , Flavonoids .

7. Location: Intracellular :- SOD 1 and 2, Catalase , Glutathione peroxidase , DNA repair enzymes. Extracellular :- SOD 3, reduced glutathione, Ascorbate , Carotenoids , Uric acid. Membrane associated :- a- Tocopherol .

8. 4) solubility Water soluble: Ascorbate , Uric acid, Thiols , Flavonoids , Cysteine , Transferrin Lipid soluble: Alpha tocopherols , Carotenoids , bilirubin . 5) structures they protect: DNA: SOD1&2, Glutathione peroxidase , DNA repair enzymes, reduced glutathione,cysteine . Protein: Sequestration of transition metals by preventive antioxidants. Lipid: Alpha tocopherols , Ascorbate , carotenoids , glutathione

9. 6) Origin: Exogenous: Carotenoids , Ascorbic acid, Tocopherols , Polyphenols Endogenous: Catalase , Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione

10. Functions of Antioxidant: Antioxidant such as Vitamin-C and E boost our immune system. Certain phytochemicals have beneficial effect on heart disease. Antioxidant lowers the level of LDL-Cholesterol, thus preventing plaque deposition in the blood vessel. Its beneficial in cancer prevention. Antioxidant neutralize substances that can damage the genetic material by oxidation.

11. Major Group of Antioxidant" Metabolite Important group of antioxidant activity are Phenol Phenolic acid Anthocyanin Flavones Flavonoids Flavonols Tannins Isoflavanoids These group of compound shows antioxidant activity and plant defence mechanism against microorganism

12. Major Antioxidant Compounds in Plants 1. Enzymes 1.1 Superoxide dismutase (SODs): SOD isoenzyme are present in chloroplasts, cytosol and in mitochondria It catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. 1.2 Glutathione: Participating directly in the neutralisation of free radicals and reactive oxygen compounds Maintaining of exogenous antioxidant such as vitamin C & E in their reduced forms. 1.3 Glutathione Peroxide: Glutathione peroxide uses glutathione as substrate and catalyses the reduction ofhydrogen peroxide and lipid hydro peroxide

13. 2. Mineral: Minerals are elements that originate in the soil and can't be created by living things. Selenium in the only mineral produced by plants. The richest plants sources of selenium is Brazil nut. 3. Low Molecular Weight & High Molecular Weight Compounds: HMW compounds includes albumin, cariplasmin and transferrin . LMW antioxidant are divided into Lipid soluble:- Polyphenols , Tocopherols & ascorbic acid. Water soluble:- Same Polyphenols . Both types of these compounds act as reducing agents, free radical scavengers quenchers of singlet oxygen formation.

14. 4. Vitamins: Carotenes: A carotene is one of four antioxidant that are vital our general health and wellbeing. a-carotene,y-carotenes,6-carotenes and B-carotenes types of carotenes a&B carotenes are the powerful antioxidant. B -carotene is an anti aging micronutrient and play a significant role in reducing the effects of certain illness such as heart disease, decreased immune function, cataracts, cancer.

15. Ascorbic acid ( Vit -C): Its an hydrophilic antioxidant Neutralisation of H2O2 Maintain healthy collagen in skin. Repair damaged tissue, healthy teeth and bones, immune system. As a free radical fights against cataracts, arthritis, heart disease, cancer & Oxidation. Vitamin C functions us anti-inflammatory and helps the body fight against inflammatory diseases including fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, angina, bronchitis, constipation and diabetes. Its also helpful in treating iron deficiency and anaemia .

16. Tocopherols ( Vit -E) Vitamin E is primary fat-soluble antioxidant nutrient. Vitamin E resides in fatty tissues, especially cell walls and membranes. It helps to protect the stability and integrity of cellular tissues membranes throughout the body bypreventing free radical (lipid peroxidation ) damage. It helps in Improving skin conditions Improving appearance of scars. Protecting the body's membrane. Maintaining healthy blood vessels. thinning blood in body

17. 5.Hormone as antioxidant: Melatonin: Its powerful antioxidant that can easily cross cell membrane and the blood brain barrier. It doesn't undergo redox cycling. Melatonin cant be reduced its former state as it forms stable compounds after reacting with free radical. It has been referred as a terminal or suicidal antioxidant

18. 6. Essential Oils as Antioxidant: These are the class of volatile oils obtained by steam distillation and these may be extracted from plants, flowers, barks and seeds. Advantages: Due to their small molecular size, they can easily penetrate the skin tissue. As essential oils are lipid soluble they are capable of penetrating the membrane easily even inn conditions when oxygen deficiency present. They serve as powerful antioxidant & they prevent mutants and oxidants in cells.

19. Biological role of Antioxidant: To counter the harmful effects of free radicals, antioxidants defence mechanism operates to detoxify or scavenge theses free radicals. Boost up immune system. Prevent the neurodegenerative disorder. Prevent DNA damage and there for have anticarcinogenic effects. Promotes the cardiovascular health. Antioxidants can decrease LDL and cholesterol, Increases HDL and blood pressure. Promotes the eye health and prevent macular degeneration, cataract and other degenerative disorder.

20. Therapeutic uses of antioxidants: Alzheimer's disorder Cataract Diabetes Thrombosis Asthma Prevent the skin aging Parkinson's disease

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