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medical terminologies

1. Medication/ Medication Administration Nursing Foundation Mr. Prasann Roy

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES On completion of this chapter, the students will be able to do the following : Define the key terms used. Discuss the important concepts related to the safe and effective administration of medication . Describe various factors that affect the action of drugs in individual clients. Discuss the legal implications connected with medication administration . List the common abbreviation used in relation to administration of medication. Understand the calculation of drug. Develop knowledge regarding medication assessment

3. INTRODUCTION Administration of medication is a basic nursing function that involves knowledge and skill. The safe and accurate administration is the most important responsibility of nurse. Improper administration can cause harmful effects. Some basic points regarding drugs: Name of the drug Classification Route and time of administration Principles of drug action Dosage Medication standards Types and forms of drugs

4. Sources of information about medication System of medication distribution Medication order Prescription and non prescription medication Weights and measures used Preparation of solution and calculation Storing of medication Factors affecting safety Abbreviation and symbols used Rules of administration Legal aspects, nurse practice acts, clients rights Institutional policies Nurses role.

5. Medication A Drug is Any substance that alters physiologic function, with the potential of affecting health. A Medication is A substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, cure, relief, or prevention of health alteration.

6. Names of the Drugs Drugs may be known as several name. Chemical Name :Which is known to chemist; it indicates the ingredient of the drug. Identify the molecular structure. E.g. ibuprofen (anti-inflammatory)2-4(isobutyl phenyl)Propionic acid. Generic Name: It is assigned by the manufacturer who first developed the drug and is assigned by the United States Adopted Names Council. It is derived form chemical name. E.g. Morphine Sulphate, ibuprofen etc.

7. 3. Official Name: It is assigned by the food and drug administration after approval. It is often same as generic name. 4. Trade Name : it is assigned by the manufacturer and is copyrighted. One drug may be manufactured by several companies. For E.g. Paracetamol such as Crocin, Calpol, Ifimol, Metacin etc.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS According to action: Analgesics: Drugs used to relieve pain Anesthetics: Drugs which causes loss of sensation Anthelmintic : Drugs which destroy and expel worms Antipyretics : Drugs which reduce fever Antidotes: Used to Counteract t he effect of poison. Anti-infective : Act either to inhibit, kill the micro organism. Anti-inflammator y: To reduce Inflammation Anti-coagulants : Inhibit or decrease the blood clotting process. Anti-histamine s: used to prevent of relieve allergy Antacids: react with HCL to decrease activity of stomach secretions. Anti convulsants : used to prevent of treat convulsions

9. Antibiotics: Ability to destroy or inhibit the growth of micro organism Anti-diarrhetics: used to treat diarrhea Antitussives: drugs inhibit the cough reflex (CNS) Anti-asthmatics: Drugs which provides relief for asthmatic attack by relaxing the smooth muscles of bronchioles. Antiseptic : Inhibits the growth of bacteria Antifungal : drugs which prevent the growth of fungi Antispasmodic : relieves the spasmodic pains or spasm of muscles Antiemetics: relieves or prevents nausea and vomiting. Anti-tubercular : used to treat tuberculosis Coagulants : helps in the coagulation of blood. Carminatives : Drugs which cause expulsion of gas from stomach and intestines.

10. Diaphoresis: Increase the action of sweat glands. Diuretics: Which increase the flow of urine Detergents: A cleansing agent Digestants: An agent that promotes digestion Emetics: drug that produce vomiting Ecbolics or oxytocics: Drugs that stimulates uterine contractions Expectorants : Increase the bronchial secretions and aid in the expulsion of the mucus Emollient: Substances that smoothen, soften and protect the skin Galactogogue: Substance that increase the flow of milk Hypnotics : Drugs that produce sleep Hemostatics: An agent to check hemorrhage Hypotensive: any substance capable of lowering BP Hypoglycemic: Drugs that lower the blood sugar level Haematinics: an agent which tends to increase H b content of blood

11. Mydriatics: Dilate the pupils of eye Nasal decongestant: Drugs which relieve the nasal congestion Narcotics: Drugs that produces stupor or complete insensibility Scabicides: Used in the treatment of scabies Sedatives: Substances which lessen the body activity Stimulants: Increase functional activity of an organ or system Vesicants: A blistering agent Vasodilators: Drugs which dilate the blood vessels and lowering BP Vasoconstrictors: Drugs which constrict the blood vessels and raising the BP

12. Classification of drugs (To promote the client’s functional health pattern) Health Pattern Class of Drugs Activity and Exercise Antihypertensive Antiarrythmatics Antianginal Anticoagulants Bronchodilators Nutrition and Metabolism Antibiotics Antiemetics Antacids Insulin corticosteroids

13. Elimination Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals Diuretics Sleep, Rest, Cognition and Perception Sedatives Hypnotics Analgesics Antipsychotics Coping and stress tolerance Anti-anxiety agent Anti-depressant agent Sexuality and reproduction Ovarian hormones

14. Sources of Information about medications A fundamental rule of safe administration of a drug is “Never administer an unfamiliar medication” Printed Material: Books are written and published. Detailed sources available from sources such as American Hospital Formulary Service Drug information, physician desk reference, pharmacopoeia. People: Physician who prescribe the particular drugs and other experienced nurses, pharmacists and pharmaceutical sales representatives Computer Based Resources: Resources which are based on computers are also available for drug reference.

15. SYSTEM OF MEDICATION DISTRIBUTION Four types of system are used: The stock supply: large quantity medication are stored in locked cupboard in a storage room. The unit dose supply: Packing of the individual clients dose and gives on time of administration. The automated medication dispensing system: B y this method nurses obtain desired medication from menu. This system helps to keep and account of all medication used for billing and controlled substance for record keeping

16. 4. The self administered supply : Each medication is supplied in a separate container and is used only for one client medication. It can be stored at the client’s bedside, so as to enable self administration. Prescription medication: A Prescription is a legal order for the preparation and administration of medication. Medication require medical supervision because of dangerous side effects. Non Prescription Medication: Many medication are available without specific written orders from a health care provider. They are considered safe when used as directed and it is dangerous if it is misused, since it may cause, serious side effects.

17. Medication order The prescription of a medication conveys an order which has the following components: Clients name Identification or medical number Medication’s name Amount and dosage Routes of administration Signature of Health care provider Use of abbreviations

18. Some important abbreviations Abbreviations Derivation Meaning a.c. Ante cibum Before meal p.c. Post cibum After meal a.m. Ante meridiem Before noon p.m. Post meridiem After noon Alt. die Alternis diebus Alternate day o.m. Omni name Each morning o.d . Omni die Daily (once a day) H.S Hora somni Bed time p.r.n Pro re nata When required s.o.s . Si opus sit When necessary in emergency b.D ( B.i.d ) Bis in die Twice a day t.i.d ( t.d.s ) Ter in the die Three times in a day Stat Statim At once o.n . Omni note Each night

19. Types of order Standing orders PRN orders E.g. Pain killers One time or single order E.g. preoperative medications Stat order E.g. Inj. L asix 40 mg iv stat Telephone, verbal and Fax orders

20. PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ACTION Pharmacokinetics: It is defined as what body does to the drug. It has four steps- Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion Pharmacodynamics: It  is defined as what a drug does in the body

21. EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE BODY Therapeutic Effects: It is the effect which is desired or the reason of drug is prescribed. Therapeutic effects are the medication’s desired and intentional effects. The drugs are administered for the following purposes: To promote health E.g. Vitamins To prevent diseases E.g. Vaccines or anti toxins To diagnose diseases E.g. Barium x-ray To alleviate diseases E.g. Analgesics To treat or cure a disease E.g. malaria, T.b etc 2. Local or systemic Effects: Local effects of a drug are expected when they are applied topically to the skin. A drugs used for systemic effect must be absorbed into the blood stream to produce the desired effect in the various systems and parts of the body.

22. 3. Adverse effect: Adverse effect is any effect other than the therapeutic effect. Some adverse effects are minor, whereas some other may cause very serious health problems. 4. Side effects: Side effects are the minor adverse effects. Side effects can be harmful or harmless. Some side effects are like allergic reactions. Skin rashes, nausea, vomiting, Hypotension, hypertension, anorexia, abdominal pain, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity etc.

23. Routes of Administration Drugs are administered according to the preparation of the drug administered and the effect desired. The different routes of administration of medication are described as follows: Oral administration E.g. tablets Sublingual administration Tab. NTG Inhalation Eg . Chlorofom , ether to for anesthetic effects Topical application E.g. Ointments Instillation E.g. Eye, ear drops Insertion E.g. Suppository Insufflation E.g. Powder, vapour Implantation: Putting solid drugs in to the bod tissues.

24. i. Parenteral administration: Parenteral Means giving of therapeutic agents outside the alimentary canal. It is accomplished by a needle. Intramuscular: In to muscle Subcutaneous: In to sc tissues Intradermal: under the epidermis and in to dermis Intravenous: In to vein Intra Arterial: In to arteries Intrathoracic : Into Cardiac muscles Intrathecal or intra spinal : In to spinal cavity Intraosseous : In to the bone marrow Intraperitoneal : In to the peritoneal cavity

25. Medication assessment Medication assessment is important in order to: Administer medication safely. Determine effectiveness of the medication. Identify any adverse effects of the medication . Plan appropriate teaching plan to patient. Promote compliance with therapy. The important information to be obtained during initial assessment: History of medication: Name, dosage, time and purpose. Allergies: name of medication and associate signs and symptoms. Medical History: renal, cardiac, respiratory dysfunction. Pregnancy and lactation status: avoid using teratogenic drugs

26. Assessment before medication administration Medication Record medication sheet and order Diet or fluid order (IF NBM) Laboratory values Physical assessment: Ability to swallow Gastrointestinal motility Adequate muscular mass for sc or im injections Adequate venous access Vital signs Body system assessment

27. MEDICATION ERROR It is the administration of drug: Which is not given according to the order. Is administered as per the order, but is unsafe or inappropriate for the client. When documentation in a client’s chart does not reflect that a medication was administered as ordered. Medication was given, but not charted. Administration of I.V. medication at wrong rate. Administering medication at wrong dose. Administering medication at wrong time. Administering the wrong medication. Charting medication was not given.

28. Administering substitution medication. Failure to give a medication within the prescribed time interval Giving a medication by wrong route. Incorrect preparation of a drug by an incorrect route. Administering medication to a client with known allergy to that medication. Improper technique when administering a drug. Administering medication to the wrong client. When a medication error occurs, it must be documented exactly as it has occurred

29. DRUG CALCULATION

30. Practice Question: The physician orders Ampicillin 500mg q6h orally (po). Ampicillin is available: 250mg capsule (cap). How many capsules would you administer q6h? *check answer : ?

31. Practice Question: The physician orders Lanoxin 0.25mg IM every day. Lanoxin is available: 0.5mg per 2 ml. How much Lanoxin would you administer IM ? *check answer : ?

32. SAFETY MEASURES The rights ensures safety of giving drugs : Right client Right drug Right dose Right route Right time Right Documentation Right to refusal