APA 7th Edition: Essential Rules for Formatting, Citation, and References

This PDF presentation provides a clear, practical guide to APA 7th Edition referencing and citation. It includes formatting rules, in-text citations, reference lists, and a short comparison with APA 6th Edition to highlight the updates. Ideal for students, researchers, and educators looking for a quick, visual learning resource.
Archived with DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16956916

1. APA 7
th
Edition: Essential Rules for Formatting,
Citation, and References
Nawaraj Pandey
Graduate Research Student-Master in Applied Science
Forest Biomaterials Science and Engineering
Madan Bhandari University of Science and Technology
Email : [email protected]
August 12, 2025
1

2. Presentation outline
•Introduction 3
•Basic concept 4-5
•General Formatting 6-8
•Detailed elements 9-19
•Title page 9-10
•Abstract 11
•Body text 11-36
•Table Formatting 14-15
•Figure Formatting 16-17
•Appendix 16 & 18
•Supplementary Materials 19
•In-Text Citation 20-23
•Reference List Formatting 24-36
•Comparison with APA 6
th
edition 37
•Reference Examples 38-42
•Word Processing document layout 43-44
• Acknowledgement and Declaration 45
2

3. Introduction
•American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is common for
social science
•Most of the Nepalese university follow APA style
•APA regulate,
•Uniformity and consistency
•Academic standardization
•Reader clarity
•Publication manual is applied for early career to scholarly
3

4. Basic Concept
Academic Publications
Articles
Empirical
Qualitative
Quantitative
Mixed Methods
Non-Empirical
Theoretical
Methodological
Review
Literature Meta analysis
Qualitative
Quantitative
Thesis and Dissertations
Figure 1
Classification of the Various Article Types Published in Scientific Journals
4

5. Basic Concept
•Primary source: Original content that is not published elsewhere
•Secondary source: Content first reported in another source, we must
acknowledge original author after cited his work
•Researcher get information from,
•Published interview
•Published article
•Newspaper, Magazine..
•Personal interview and others interview
•Lab experiment, and many others source
•Title case: First letter of each word capital except in articles, pronouns,
prepositions e.g., Comprehensive Guide to Formatting, and Citations
•Sentence case: First letter capital and others are small e.g. Comprehensive
guide to formatting, and citations
5

6. General APA 7
th
Formatting
•Line Spacing
•Double spacing throughout the paper
•Title page
•One blank line in between Title and byline,
•Affiliation
•At least one double space blank in between affiliation and author note
•Table and Figure: Within optional (single to double space)
•Equation: Can apply up to triple quadruple spacing
•Font
•Text (Body)
•Sans serif font: (Calibri and Arial)-11, Lucida Sans Unicode-10
•Serif font: Times New Roman-12 point, Georgia-11 point
•Figure and Table
•Sans serif font: 8 to 14
61
abbreviated version of the paper title

7. •Footnote: default in word processing
•Margin: 1 inch in all side
•Paragraph Alignment:
•Align text to the left
•Leave the right margin uneven (“ragged”)
•Do not use full justification
•Indentation: 0.5 inch
•Heading
•Introduction: “Introduction” is not required,
•Title itself act as Level 1
1
•For subsections within the introduction, use Level 2
•After Introduction, we can include Level 1 (e.g., Materials and Methods)
7
1
Level 1: Title case, bold, and Centre
General APA 7
th
Formatting

8. Level Format Remarks Example
1 Centred, Bold, Title Case
Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph Materials and Methods
2 Flush Left, Bold, Title Case
Heading
Text begins as a new paragraphStudy Area
3 Flush Left, Bold Italic, Title
Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraphExtraction Methods
4 0.5 in. Indented, Bold, Title
Case Heading, Ending With
a Period.
Text begins on the same line and
continues as a regular
paragraph.
Hydro Distillation. Text..
5 0.5 in. Indented, Bold Italic,
Title Case Heading, Ending
With a Period
Text begins on the same line and
continues as a regular
paragraph.
Temperature Control. Text..
8
Table 1
Format for the Five Levels of Heading in APA Style
General APA 7
th
Formatting

9. Detailed APA 7
th
Formatting
Table 2
Details of Professionals and Students Paper Elements
9
Elements
Paper Type
Formatting and position
Remarks
StudentProfessional
Title Page
Page
number
only
Running head
1

and page no.
RUNNING HEAD: LEFT ALIFN ALL
CAPITAL, WORD LIMIT 50
Page no top right part
In subsequent page
directly add,
Page no top right
aligned
Title
Title case, Bold, Centered, after 2-3
lines in title page
Summarize main idea,
Concise and clear
Author name
Name, Name, and Name*
2
Kept in Byline
1
, Centered, after title and
double space from title
Omit Professional title
Author first name, Middle, and last name
*
Corresponding Author
1
abbreviated version of the paper title
1
abbreviated version of the paper title,
2
Byline: Author name list line kept in between title and body text

10. Paper Elements
Elements
Paper Formatting and position Remarks
Student Professional
Title Page
AffiliationAffiliationAuthors institution, centered
Author note
Separate paragraph, Bold, Centered
Text Left align, regular in a sequence
ORCHID ID: Indented https://orcid.org/ format
Changes of Affiliation [Author’s name] is now
at [affiliation]
Disclosures and Acknowledgments Grant/ support and
declare
Contact Information
*
Email
Course ID Course ID and Name FB-CR-550: Name
Instructor
name
Professional title, Author first name,
Middle, and last name
Dr./ Er. Name
Due date Months Date, Year August 9, 2025
10

11. Paper Elements
Elements
Paper Formatting Remarks
StudentProfessional
RUNNING
HEAD Yes
In header, Left align, direct textAbbreviation of title
Abstract Yes
<250, Regular, single paragraph
without indentation,
Objective, Method,
Results, Conclusions
Keywords Yes Intended 0.5 inch, 3-5, italic,
Words are regular, small case (not in
Scientific name and proper name)
blew the abstract, no period,
Keywords: fruit fly,
Citrullus lanatus,
watermelon, Tephritidae
11

12. Paper Elements
Sub
Elements
Paper
1
Formatting Remarks
StdProf
Text ( Body)
Yes
First line: Title include (Bold and
centered)
Text : left aligned, double space
0.5 inch intended: first line of each
paragraph
Heading and sub-heading (level1 to 5)
Superscript Arabic numbers (
1, 2, 3
..)
Unique in all case for foot note
Footnotes Yes Superscript Arabic numbers (
1, 2, 3
..)
0.5 inch indented in first sentence
Optional in spacing
bottom of each page

1
Byline: Author name list line kept in
between title and body text
Reference
List
Yes
First line flush left and subsequent
lines
other intended 0.5 inch
Double spacing (within and between)
Reference title: level1
List are alphabetically ascending order
meta-analysis, put an asterisk before
the author name and
not in the intext
12
1
In all case; Std: Student, Prof: Professional, and If meta analysis: *Author (2018). Title. Source

13. Paper Elements
Sub
Elements
Paper Formatting Remarks
StdProf
Footnotes
(separate
page)
Yes
One space in between number and text
First lines 0.5 inch indented & left aligned and
subsequent
Title: Level 1
(see Footnote 1)
Table Yes
Align in left margin
Table no: above, bold without period
Table title: blew table no. and above than table, Title
Text: Title case, Italic
After Footnote
Placement depends on
Journal and institution
13
(Same page) Footnotes
1
This is the second footnote. The hanging indent keeps the number separate and the rest of the text
aligned neatly. If the footnote extends beyond one line, all lines except the first are indented equally.

14. Paper Elements
Elements
Paper
Formatting
Remarks
StdProf
Table
(Each table in
separate page) Yes
Title: Double space
Body: Optional (single, 1.5 or 2 line
spacing), sentence case
Notes: Below, Sentence case start with
Note. General note start one space after
period
Table 1
Table Title (Italic and Title case)
Placement in separate page is more
common for journal submission
Three types of notes
General first ( explain more that
cannot done by body and title)
Specific (explain particular column,
row or cell) and start from super or
sub script
Probability (for p value)
14

15. Table Sample
15
Aa AA
a
CC
b p value
Population 15
a 12
ab *
Table 1
Sample Demographic Characteristics Table
Note. The table sample (N=230) having subscript differ at the p = .05 level by DMRT test.
a
Specific comment ,
b
Specific comment
*
p < .01 [p Italic, one space, operator, one space, value .01, “p < .01”]

16. Paper Elements
Elements
Paper
Formatting
Remarks
Same as Table formatting
StdProf
Figure
(Each figure in
separate
page)
Yes
Figure 1
Figure Title (Italic and Title case)
Note. General first (One space after
period).
Specific (in separate paragraph)
Probability (in separate paragraph),
p < .001 (p one space < one space value
.001) not 0.01 or 0.000234)
probability symbol in italic
Appendices
(level 1)
Appendices
list
Yes
(Appendix A, B, C)-level 1
Title : Title case, bold and centered
paragraph indented 0.5 inch, left
aligned
(Appendix A
TableA1 or FigureA1)
In text called out by (see Appendix A)

See Table A1 in Appendix A, if Table A1
inside Appendix A
16

17. Figure Sample
17
Figure 1
Relative Activity of the lac Operon Promoter Under Antibiotic Treatments
Antibiotics
Note. The relative activity, measured in Miller units, is shown for various antibiotics compared with a control
treatment. Chloroform served as the positive control and was set to 100%. NART, NGF45, NRCS, and
polymyxin represent different antibiotics.
Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean.

18. Appendix
Appendix A
Full Survey Instrument
The following questions were used in the study:
1. How often do you study?
2. How do you rate your motivation?
TableA1
Descriptive Statistics of Survey Responses
Note. SD = standard deviation
18
Question Mean SD
Q1 4.5 0.8
Q2 3.9 0.7

19. Supplementary Materials
Elements
Paper Formatting Remarks
StdProf
Supplementary
Materials List Yes
Left aligned
Label: Plain text.
Title: italic and sentence case
Description: plain text, sentence format
Access information: URL or DOI
Level 1: especially for large data, not for
print or hard copy, only for online journal
In text, See Dataset S1 in the
Supplementary Materials
Video 1
Dataset 1
19
Supplementary Materials
Video 1. Demonstration of experiment setup. This video shows instrument placement in the laboratory.
Available from the authors upon reasonable request.
Dataset S1. Raw participant data. Contains anonymized survey results in CSV format. This dataset will be
made publicly available upon publication.

20. In-Text Citation
•Way of acknowledging to the original author
•Short reference in the text indicates full information in the reference list
•APA citation also called Author-Date citation system
•Two type
20
In-Text Citation Type Parenthetical citation Narrative citation
Definition
•Citation information is placed inside
parentheses
•Placed at the end of sentence
•author’s name is part of the
sentence itself
Parenthesis
in
Paraphrase(Author, Year) Author (year)
Direct quote(Author, Year, p.
1
/para.
2
) Author (year, p./para)
Secondary
Sources
(original author, date, as cited in latest
author, date)
Original author (date, as cited in
latest author, date)
Note. Only secondary source listed in reference list
1
page and
2
paragraph, in text citation we used shortform

21. In-Text Citation
Scenario Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation
1 author (Smith, 2020) Smith (2020)
2 authors (Smith & Jones, 2020) Smith and Jones (2020)
3 & 3+ authors (Smith et al., 2020) Smith et al. (2020)
Organization as author
(American Psychological
Association [APA], 2020)
American Psychological
Association [APA] (2020)
Multiple works by different
authors
(citations in alphabetical order)
(Smith, 2020; Johnson, 2019)
Smith (2020) and Johnson
(2019)
Multiple works by same author,
different years
(year chronological order
1
)
(Smith, 2018, 2020) Smith (2018, 2020)
Multiple works by same author,
same year
(Smith, 2020a, 2020b) Smith (2020a, 2020b)
21
1
year chronological order: no date (n.d.), 2024a, 2024b, 2025, accepted but not published yet (in press)

22. In-Text Citation
Scenario Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation
Direct quote (page number) (Smith, 2020, p. 15) Smith (2020, p. 15)
Direct quote (paragraph number) (Smith, 2020, para. 4) Smith (2020, para. 4)
Secondary source
(Johnson, 2019, as cited in
Smith, 2020)
Johnson (2019, as cited in Smith,
2020)
Reprinted, Republished, Translated,
and Reissued
(two date in citation,
original/republished date)
(Piaget, 1966/2000) Piaget (1966/2000)
To avoid ambiguity
Kapoor, Bloom, Montez, Warner, and
Hill (2017)
Kapoor, Bloom, Zucker, Tang, Köroğlu,
L’Enfant, Kim, and Daly (2017)
(Kapoor, Bloom, Montez, et al.,
2017)
Kapoor, Bloom, Zucker, et al.,
2017)
Kapoor, Bloom, Montez, et al.
(2017)
Kapoor, Bloom, Zucker, et al. (2017)
Author with same surname
(J. M. Taylor & Neimeyer, 2015;
T. Taylor, 2014)
J. M. Taylor & Niemeyer (2015); T.
Taylor (2014)
22

23. In-Text Citation
Scenario Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation
Website
(World Health Organization [WHO],
2023)
World Health Organization [WHO]
(2023)
Periodical Article (Anderson, 2020) Anderson (2020)
Software (R Core Team, 2023) R Core Team (2023)
Communication
(not included in
reference)
Personal
(N. Pandey, personal
communication, February 24, 2020)
N. Pandey (personal
communication, August 8, 2019)
AI
(OpenAI, personal communication,
August 9, 2025)
OpenAI(personalcommunication,
August 9, 2025)
Major relevant and minor relevant
First (major relevant ; see also Other
author in alphabetical order)
e.g.(Pandey et al., 2025; see also
Sharma, 2021; Dhungel et al., 2012)
Pandey et al. (2025), see also
Sharma (2021) and Dhungel et al.
(2012)
Omitting the Year in RepeatedNot in parenthesis
First Pandey et al. (2025)
Later only Pandey et al. only
23

24. Reference Structure Hierarchy
24
Structure Hierarchy
Textual work
Periodicals
Journal article
Magazine article
Newspaper
Blog post
Books
Edited Book
Chapters
Dissertation
& Thesis
Software &
Dataset
Software
Test
Data sets
AI Tools
Audiovisual
Media
Film &Tv
series
Podcast
Interview
Music
Online
Media
Social
media
Tweets
Facebook,
Instagram, ..
Webpage
& Website
Reference groups Categories within group Type within categories

25. References: General information
•APA style follow Reference list not Bibliographic
•Reference list: Unique number of cited article=number of reference list , except
for personal communication and general website)
•Bibliography: May be cross the number mentioned than actual cited in the text
•Common for all groups
•Alphabetical order by surname
•Double space (within and in-between)
•Hanging indent-0.5 inch
•Title: Sentence case (Title case for periodical name)
•Stand alone work: Italicize
•URL and DOI: https:// format
•Do not abbreviate The New England Journal of Medicine to N Engl J Med)
25

26. Four Major elements of a Reference
Major
responsible for
this work
Published date
Actual work
author
conduced
We can retrieve
this work from
Author/ Authors Date Title Source
Pandey,N.,Karna,P.,&Bhusal,N.(2025).Bio-efficacyofdifferenttrapsandbaitsunderfieldconditiontocontrol
fruitflies(Diptera:Tephritidae)inwatermelon(Citrulluslanatus(Thnub.)Matsum&Nakai).TurkishJournalof
Agriculture-FoodScienceandTechnology,13(2),312–320.https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v13i2.312-320.7128
Parenthetical citation ( Author, Year): (Pandey et al., 2025)
Narrative citation Author as the part of sentence (year only): Pandey et al. (2025)
in-text citations
References: General information
26

27. Author
•Surname first, followed by comma and the initials (First letter only)
•Use a comma to separate an author’s initials from additional author names
•Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author, C.C
•Mentioned all author name list up to 20
•Beyond 20, list up to 19 author, …Last author name
•Do not include title, position
•Surname exact in paper, two part sur name : e.g., Santos-García
•Ed. For one editor, Eds. For multiple editors
•For group author: (American Psychological Association ) instead of APA
Pandey, N., (2025)
Pandey, N., Karna, P., &
1
Bhusal, N. (2025)
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G.,
Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C.,
Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., . . . Joseph, D. (1996).
27
1
&: Onlyin reference list not in body text (write and)

28. Date
•Date of publication
•Inside the parenthesis
•For books, use the copyright date not publication date
•For journal, use year of volume not copyright date
•Newspaper and website: Publication date not copyright date
•Work acceptd but not published yet, use in press instead of a year
•Retrieval date: If necessary, Retrieved date October 11, 2020, from URL
•October 11, 2020, from URL
•For google map: (Google, July 30, 2025)
28

29. Title
•Two type: Stand alone , part of greater whole
•Stand alone: Title of work in the title element
•Work part of greater: Title of the work in the title element and title of greater
whole appears in source element
•Part of greater whole: Regular sentence case
•Stand alone: Italicize sentence case
•After title inside the parenthesis: (e.g., edition, report number, volume number)
29

30. Source
•greater whole:
•stands alone:
•Source of print book without DOI: only publisher
•Journal article: Periodical information and DOI
30
•Periodical source:
Pandey, N., Karna, P., & Bhusal, N. (2025). Bio-efficacy of different traps and baits
under field condition to control fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in watermelon
(Citrullus lanatus (Thnub.) Matsum & Nakai). Turkish Journal of Agriculture -
Food Science and Technology, 13(2), 312–320.
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v13i2.312-320.7128
Journal name, Volume(Issue), Page number. DOI
Italic, Italic(not italic and no space), Page number. DOI/ URL in https://doi

31. References Sample
•Pandey, N., Karna, P., & Bhusal, N. (2025). Bio-efficacy of different traps and baits
under field condition to control fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in watermelon
(Citrullus lanatus (Thnub.) Matsum & Nakai). Turkish Journal of
Agriculture - Food Science and Technology,13(2), 312–320.
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v13i2.312-320.7128
31
Author Date Title
Source
Periodical information DOI or URL
Author, A. , &
Author, B.
(year) Title of articleTitle of Periodical, 34(2), 5–14. https://doi.org/xxxx
Journal Article

32. Books
•Brown, L. S. (2018). Feminist therapy (2nd ed.). American Psychological
Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092-000
•Hacker Hughes, J. (Ed.). (2017). Military veteran psychological health and social
care: Contemporary approaches. Routledge
32
Author Author as Editor Date Title Source
Publisher informationDOI or URL
Author, A., &
Author, B.
Editor, E. (Ed.).
Editor, E., & Editor, F.
(Eds.)
(year)
Title of book
Title of book (2nd
ed., Vol. 4)
Publisher name
https://doi.org/xxx
x

33. Edited Book Chapter
•Meadows, D. H. (2008). Thinking in systems: A primer (D. Wright, Ed.). Chelsea
Green Publishing.
•White, R. (2021). Pine forest biodiversity. In L. Green (Ed.), Advances in forest
research (pp. 45–62). Elsevier.
33
Chapter
Author
Date Title Source
Edited book information DOI or URL
Author,
A., &
Author, B.
(year) Title of
chapter.
In E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. 3–13). Publisher
Name.
In E. (initial name) Editor (last name) & F. (initial
name) Editor (last name) (Eds.), Title of book (3rd
ed., Vol. 2, pp. 212–255). Publisher Name.
https://doi.org/xx
xx

34. Unpublished Thesis
Pandey, N. (2025). Bio-efficacy of different traps and baits under field condition
to control fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus
(Thnub.) Matsum & Nakai) [Unpublished Bachelor’s thesis]. Agriculture and
Forestry University
34
Author Date Title Source
Author, A. A., &
Author, B. B.
(year)Title of thesis [Unpublished Degree
thesis].
Name of Institution Awarding
the Degree.

35. Published Thesis
Pandey, N. (2025). Bio-efficacy of different traps and baits under field condition to
control fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thnub.)
Matsum & Nakai) (No. 22222) [Bachelor’s thesis, Agriculture and Forestry
University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing/ URL/DOI
35
Author Date Title
Source
Database name DOI or URL
Author, A.(year)Title of thesis (Publication No. ……)
[Degree Thesis, Name of Institution
Awarding the Degree].
Database Name https://doi.org/xxxx

36. Software
•R Core Team. (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing
(Version 4.3.1) [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
https://www.R-project.org
36
Author Date Title Source
Author, A., &
Author, B.
(year)Title of work (Version 1.2) [Computer
software]
Publisher
App store
URL

37. Difference
Title APA 6
th
APA 7
th

In-Text Citations
3–5 authors: list all
6+ authors: use et al.
Carretie, Hinojosa, Marin
Loeches,Mecado,
&Tapia, 2004
3 & 3+ authors: always use et al. from first citation.
Reference ListList up to 7 authors
8+, first 6 + ellipsis + last author
List up to 20 authors;
21+, first 19 + ellipsis + last author
Figure CaptionLower than figure Above figure, Figure number regular, title italic
DOI doi:10.xxxx https://doi.org/xxxxx
Font Times New Roman Calibri 11, Arial 11, Lucida Sans Unicode 10, Times
New Roman 12, Georgia 11
Table titleNot explicitly require the title to be
italicized
Double-spaced line below the table number
Title italic case
37
Title
Running head
Double space
Key words
No Introduction
as Level 1
Foot note
Table title NoteSimilar

38. Example: Textual Format
38
Category Type Pattern Example
Periodicals
Journal article
Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal
Name, volume(issue), page range.
DOI/URL
Smith, J., & Lee, R. (2020). Effects of caffeine on
focus. Journal of Cognitive Science, 12(3), 44–
58. https://doi.org/10.xxxxxx
Meta analysis
*
Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal
Name, volume(issue), page range.
DOI/URL
*Brown, L. T., & Green, M. (2018). The impact of
daily meditation on stress levels: A longitudinal
study. Journal of Mindfulness, 12(3), 201–215.
https://doi.org/10.1037/mnd0000021
Magazine article
Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title.
Magazine Name. URL
Brown, M. (2021, August). The changing forest.
National Geographic.
Newspaper article
Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title.
Newspaper Name. URL
Anderson, K. (2020, March 5). Urban gardens
rising. The New York Times.
https://nytimes.com
Blog post
Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title. Blog
Name. URL
Green, L. (2022, May 10). Soil health tips.
EcoGardening Blog. https://ecogardening.com

39. Example: Textual Format
39
Category Type Pattern Example
Books &
Reference
Works
Book (single
author)
Author(s). (Year). Title in italics.
Publisher. DOI/URL
Brown, P. (2018). Forest ecology. Academic
Press.
Book (multiple
authors)
Author(s). (Year). Title in italics.
Publisher.
Carter, T., & Lopez, M. (2020). Global
biodiversity. Routledge.
Edited book
Editor(s) (Ed[s].). (Year). Title in italics.
Publisher.
White, R. (Ed.). (2021). Advances in forest
research. Elsevier.
Reference work
entry
Author(s). (Year). Title of entry. In E.
Editor (Ed.), Reference work title (edition,
pp. xx–xx). Publisher.
Singh, D. (2020). Climate zones. In P. Wilson
(Ed.), Encyclopedia of geography (3rd ed., pp.
102–105). Springer.
Edited Book
Chapters
Chapter in edited
book
Author(s) of chapter. (Year). Title of
chapter. In A. Editor (Ed.), Book title (pp.
xx–xx). Publisher. DOI/URL
White, R. (2021). Pine forest biodiversity. In L.
Green (Ed.), Advances in forest research (pp.
45–62). Elsevier.
Dissertations
& Theses
Doctoral/Master’s
thesis
Author. (Year). Title in italics (Publication
No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master’s
thesis, Institution]. Database/Archive
name. URL
Davis, K. (2019). Sustainable farming practices
(No. 276890) [Doctoral dissertation, Harvard
University]. ProQuest Dissertations
Publishing.

40. Example: Dataset and software
Category Pattern Example
Data Sets
Author/Org. (Year). Title [Data set].
Publisher. URL
U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). American community
survey [Data set]. https://data.census.gov
Software
Author/Org. (Year). Title (Version)
[Computer software]. Publisher.
URL
R Core Team. (2023). R: A language and environment for
statistical computing (Version 4.3.1) [Computer
software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
https://www.R-project.org
OpenAI. (2025). ChatGPT (Feb 2025 version) [Large
language model]. https://chat.openai.com
Tests
Author(s). (Year). Test title.
Publisher. URL
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck
depression inventory-II. Psychological Corporation.
40

41. Example: Audiovisual Media
Category Type Pattern Example
Film & TV
Film
Director, A. A. (Director).
(Year). Title [Film]. Production
Company. URL
Cameron, J. (Director). (2009). Avatar [Film]. 20th
Century Fox.
TV Series
Creator, A. A. (Creator). (Year–
Year). Title [TV series]. Studio.
URL
Gilligan, V. (Creator). (2008–2013). Breaking bad
[TV series]. AMC.
Podcasts
Podcast
series
Host, A. A. (Host). (Year–Year).
Podcast title [Audio podcast].
Production Company. URL
Rogan, J. (Host). (2009–present). The Joe Rogan
experience [Audio podcast]. Spotify.
ArtworkPainting
Artist, A. A. (Year). Title
[Painting]. Museum/Gallery.
URL
Van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night [Painting].
Museum of Modern Art. https://moma.org
Music Song
Artist, A. A. (Year). Song title
[Song]. On Album title. Label.
URL
Adele. (2015). Hello [Song]. On 25. XL
Recordings.
41

42. Example: Online Media
Category Type Pattern Example
Social
Media
Tweet
Author [@username]. (Year,
Month Day). First 20 words
of content [Tweet]. Twitter.
URL
Gates, B. [@BillGates]. (2021, Jan 20). Climate
change is the toughest challenge humanity has ever
faced… [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com
Facebook
post
Author. (Year, Month Day).
First 20 words of content
[Facebook status update].
Facebook. URL
World Health Organization. (2023, July 10). Updates
on COVID-19 cases… [Facebook status update].
Facebook. https://facebook.com
Webpages
/Websites
Webpage
Author/Org. (Year, Month
Day). Title. Site name. URL
World Health Organization. (2023, July 10). Global
health observatory data repository. WHO.
https://www.who.int/data/gho
Website as
whole
Author/Org. (n.d.). Title. URL
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.).
CDC homepage. https://www.cdc.gov
42

43. 43
Title page Abstract page
RUNNING
HEAD
Title
By line
Affiliation
Author note
RUNNIN
HEAD
Abstract
Abstract
text
Keywords

44. Text (Body) Text (Body)
44
RUNNING
HEAD
Level 1
Introduction
part
Level 1
Level 2
RUNNING
HEAD
Level 5
If meta analysis
added
Level 1
Level 4
Level 3
Level 1
Table
Figure
Level 1

45. Acknowledgement and Declaration
•All tables above are intentionally presented without APA formatting due to the complexity
of the information
•This work is conducted solely for academic purposes and is not intended for any
commercial use or profit.
•I sincerely thank the authors of referenced works, the APA Publication Manuals (6th &
7th editions) for entire guidance, and OpenAI’s ChatGPT for clarification of complex
statement.
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). American Psychological Association. (ISBN-
13: 978-1-4338-0561-5)
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (7th ed.). American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
OpenAI. (2025). ChatGPT (GPT-5) [Large language model].
https://openai.com/chatgpt
45