APES Unit 2 Test Review

A little presentation I made to study for APES. I hope you enjoy

1. APES Unit 2 Test
Review
Made by Jordan Randles

2. Bellringer Review
The most abundant element in the
atmosphere is Nitrogen
Photosynthesis is when plants absorb light to
gain energy
Energy cannot be lost but is converted to
heat
The Ozone Hole does not increase surface
temperature because it has UV rays, and UV
rays do not produce heat

3. Bellringer Review
Usually endangered species are
specialists because they cannot keep up
with change
Limiting factors for plants in the
rainforest include: light, phosphorus,
nitrogen and potassium
Commensalism, mutualism, parasitism

4. Bellringer Review
The biomes, chaparral and grasslands,
are adapted to intermediate wildfire
disturbance
Humans interfere with the carbon cycle
by burning fossil fuels and cutting trees

5. Water Cycle
This consists of
evaporation, precipitation
and transpiration.
Evaporation and
precipitation act as mutual
distillation. Humans draw
too much water, clear
vegetation that disrupts
the natural cycle and
increase flooding by
draining wetlands.

6. Carbon Cycle
There is more warm CO2 than
cold CO2. Terrestrial and aquatic
producers remove CO2. Oxygen
consuming producers, consumers
and decomposers carry out
aerobic respiration which
releases CO2. Humans take away
trees that absorb CO2 and burn
too many fossil fuels

7. Nitrogen Cycle
N2 makes most of the
atmosphere. Lighting and
rocks with nitrogen fix
bacteria emit N2.
denitrification is when
bacteria breaks down nitrogen
into simpler form. Human
destruction of forests releases
nitrogen. Humans add excess
nitrates to bodies of water,
remove nitrogen from top soil
when we harvest and burn on
clear grasslands.

8. Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle: Vital for organisms
Nitrogen Fixing: converting atmospheric
nitrogen gas to useful ammonia and ammonium
Nitrification: converting ammonium into
nitrites and nitrates
Denitrification: the opposite of nitrification
Ammonification: converting organic nitrogen
to ammonium

9. Phosphorus Cycle
Known as a sedimentary cycle, it is found
in sediments and rocks
These rocks rise in ridges and mountains
and then weathers away by erosion
becoming available to other organisms to
use
Plants can use it on the soil, and animals
eat these plants

10. Producers and
Consumers
Producers
Use Photosynthesis and
Chemosynthesis
Consumers
Use cellular respiration to break
down complex organic compounds
into cellular energy
Divided into groups:
Primary
Secondary
Third and higher level
and Decomposers

11. Energy
Law of Conservation of
Matter: We cannot create or
destroy matter
Second Law of Thermodynamics:
Energy always goes from a more
useful to a less useful form when it
changes from one form to another
First Law of Thermodynamics:
Energy input always equals
energy output
Only about 10% of useable
energy is transferred
from level to level.
Ecological Efficiency is this
percentage

12. Notes in a Nutshell
The top three ecosystems for NPP:
EstuaryRainforest
Swamp/
Marsh
NPP is the net primary productivity
which is the remaining energy at the
rate at which an ecosystem's producers
capture and store a given amount of
chemical energy as biomass
Feedback Loop:
causes a system to
change further in
the same direction
Tipping Point: the
level at which a
problem causes an
irreversible shift to
the behavior of a
system
Synergy: interaction
between two or
more factors so that
the combined effect
is greater than the
sum of individual
effects

13. Niches
Generalists have a broad niche
They prefer variable
conditions because generalists
can adapt
Specialists have a small niche
They prefer constant
conditions because there is less
competition

14. Nonnative Species and
Indicator Species
Other names for nonnative
species: exotic, alien and
invasive
Nonnative species can spread
so rapidly because they lack
predators and disease
Indicator Species
They can show when events
are coming such as
temperature change, habitat
loss, pesticides, plant issues,
etc.
Frogs are unique because they
are vulnerable to all types of
water impurities

15. Keystone and
Foundation Species
Keystone species have a
large effect on types and the
abundance of other species
Foundation species create
or enhance their habitats
which benefit others
Keystone influences
function
Foundation alters habitat

16. Interactions
Species compete when
there is an overlap in
resource use
Gauss's principle states that no
2 species cannot occupy the
exact same niche for very long
Predators and prey have to
adapt, and when they have to
they partition resources

17. Population
Most animals cluster where resources
are available, for a better chance of
finding prey, protection from predators
in numbers and also temporary groups
for mating
Uniform dispersion allows room for
others to grow

18. Population
Equation for population change:
(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)
Populations will no grow indefinitely because they are limited
by limiting factors such as light, water, space, nutrients, food
and competition

19. Genetic Variation
Development of genetic variation due to
mutations in reproductive cells
Natural Selection
Selecting genetically based traits
that enhances a species’ ability to
survive & reproduce
These traits must be heritable
Steps to EVOLUTION

20. Changing Conditions
If environmental conditions change, organisms have three
options to either adapt, migrate or become extinct

21. Directional Selection
Directional Selection is when organisms shift in one direction
(such as towards one extreme)

22. Stabilizing Selection
Stabilizing Selection is when organisms fall into the average
and there are small amounts of the extremes

23. Disruptive Selection
Disruptive Selection is when organisms fall into both of the
extremes

24. Types of Extinction
Background extinction is when one to
five species per million species go extinct
each year
Mass extinction can be global,
catastrophic events that is far above
the more natural rate of one to five
species per year

25. Ecosystem Services
An ecosystem service is the benefits
that humans obtain from natural
ecosystems
An intrinsic value is one that depends
on personal opinion

26. Natural Ecosystems
Natural Ecosystems help remove impurities
from our environment, which provides us with
more time to deal with climate change than we
otherwise would’ve
Examples include: Pollination of food crops,
natural pest control, they filter harmful
pathogens and chemicals from the water, and
add billions of dollars of revenue to services
that it would have been costly to do otherwise

27. Ecological Succession
Ecological succession is the gradual
change in species composition in a given
area
There are two types of succession,
primary succession and secondary
succession

28. Primary Succession
Before producers move into an area
pioneers such as lichens and mosses
must be present on bare rock,
newly cooled lava,etc.
They start to form soil by
trapping wind-blown soil
particles and tiny pieces of
detritus and add it to their
own wastes and dead
bodies. As the lichens
spread over the rock moss
starts growing in the
cracks, and once they
spread they form a mat
that traps moisture and a
layer of nutrients forms

29. Secondary Succession
Includes abandoned farmland, burned or
cut forests, heavily polluted streams,
land that has been flooded, etc.
With soil already there,
new vegetation can begin
to grow within a few
weeks. The seeds are
imported by winds, birds,
and other animals.

30. Terms
Facilitation: When one species betters
an area for another species but itself
Inhibition: When early species hinder
growth of other species
Tolerance: When late successional
plants are largely unaffected by plants
at earlier stages of succession

31. Limiting factors for
Marine Ecosystems
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Availability of food and light
Nutrients

32. Zones of Freshwater
Streams and Rivers
Zone ClaritySpeedTemp DO
Source Zoneclearfast coldvery high
Transition Zonemed med med med
Flood-Plain Zonelow slow high low

33. Review
Study the following
Your notebook
Your bellringers (if you have them...)
Your study guide(s)
Your APES BOOK (see teacher for
chapters)
Study! The Final (or test) is coming!

34. by Jordan Randles