Aphasia and dyslyxia

a presentation about language disorders

1. Language Disorders: Aphasia and Dyslexia Prepared by: Kawthar A. Nahi M.A. Studies 2015-2016

2. Introduction Language impairments, or disorders, are known as aphasias and dyslexia. The main cause for such impairments is the damage in a specific site in the hemisphere where language is located, i.e. the left hemisphere The brain damage may cause problems in speaking and writing as well . S uch impairments can cause troubles in comprehension.

3. Broca's Aphasia The motor area for spoken speech is situated in the front part of the left hemisphere Paul Broca , a French Surgeon, described it in 1865 in two patients who lost speech and showed a lesion in the 'lateral frontal lobe at autopsy '. Broca's aphasia is a type of nonfluent aphasia, because speech production is effortful with many hesitations. As for other skills of language, Individuals with this type of aphasia may be able to read but have limited ability in writing

4. Wernicke's Aphasia Wernicke’s aphasia and Wernicke’s area are named after the German neurologist Carl Wernicke. He first related this specific type of speech deficit to a damage in a left posterior temporal area of the brain. The ability to grasp the meaning of spoken words and sentences is impaired. while the ease of producing connected speech is not very affected. It is called also as ‘fluent aphasia’ or ‘receptive aphasia ’. Reading and writing are often severely impaired

5. Anomic Aphasia T he most prominent difficulty is in word-finding T he person using 'generic fillers' in utterances, such as nonspecific nouns and pronouns, such as the word 'thing‘. or circumlocution, where the person describes the intended word.

6. Global Aphasia It is founded at the other extreme of the severity scale . It involves severe impairment in language function of both expressive and receptive skills. The patient may be able to utter only a few syllables, not complete words. N on-verbal output is used more than verbal output due to the problems in the auditory comprehension

7. Conduction Aphasia A type of fluent aphasia with a prominent impairment with repetition. Damage typically involves the left parietal region. The patient expresses him/ herself well, with some 'word-finding' issues. C omprehension can be functional. The patient will show significant difficulty in repeating phrases, particularly as the phrases increase in length and complexity This type of aphasia is rare

8. Transcortical Sensory Aphasia: This language impairment is caused by a disconnection between sensory language processes and semantic knowledge of objects. Conversational speech is fluent. patients have severe problems with naming objects . There is often 'alienation' of word meaning. This means that the patients don’t understand the words, even after repeating and using them in a sentence.

9. Dyslexia specific learning disability that is neurological in origin . It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction

10. characteristics associated with dyslexia: lack of fluency and speed in reading hesitant predictive reading (using context) hesitancy in reading losing the place in reading failing to recognise words low level of comprehension difficulty using dictionaries

11. References Aitchison , J. (2008). The Articulate Mammal: An introduction to psycholinguistics. (5th edt .). New York: Routledge . Eadon , H. (2005). Dyslexia and Drama. London: David Fulton Publishers Ltd. Field, ,J. (2004). Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts. London: Routledge Garman, M. (1990). Psycholinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gupta, A and Singhal , G. (2011). "Understanding Aphasia in a Simplified Manner". Available at: http://medind.nic.in/ Hickock , G. "Speech Perception, Conduction Aphasia, and the Functional Neuroanatomy of Language". From Grodzinsky , Y. et al ( eds ). (2007). Language and the Brain. San Diego: Academic Press. 87-104. http://www.aphasia.org/ http://www.dyslexia-hawaii.org/ Steinberg, D. and Sciarini , N. (2006). An Introduction to Psychlinguistics . (2nd edt ). London: Pearson Education Limited. Whitaker, H., A. (ed.) (2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Brain and Language . Oxford: Elsevier Ltd .