Apiculture

The science that aims to study the life, behavior & activity of honey bee in order to obtain bee products and crop pollination. Honey bee is a social & beneficial insect. They lives in hive.

1. Welcome

2. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Ag. & Tech. Meerut- 250110 Master Seminar on Bee-keeping Seminar incharge : Dr. Gaje Singh Dr. D.V. Singh Dr. Rajendra Singh Dept. of Entomology Speaker : Sushant Kumar M.Sc. (Ag) (Entomology) Id. No. - PG / A 3935/17-18

3. What is honey bee and Bee- keeping Honey bee is a social & beneficial insect. They lives in hive. They are flying insect & close relatives of wasp. B eekeeping The science that aims to study the life, behavior & activity of honey bee in order to obtain bee products and crop pollination. M aintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in hives, by humans .

4. Honeybee pollinates more than 110 commercially grown crops including 33 % of agricultural groups. Almond (100%) Apple (90%) Broccoli (90%) Cherry(80%) Onion(65% ) Lucerne (110%) Sunflower (45%) Mustard (40%) Cardamom (35%) Cotton (20%) Importance of Bee keeping in Agriculture Globally, 33% of the human diet comes from insect pollinated plants and the honey bee is responsible for 80% of that pollination.

5. World scenario of Beekeeping About 50 million bee colonies, mostly, Apis mellifera , maintained all over the world. World production of honey estimated 13.88 lakh M.T. 15 countries in world account for 90% of world honey production. Major honey producing countries are China , USA(85000MTs), Mexico , Argentina, Ukraine, Turkey, Russia & India . China is only Asian country producing nearly 1.6 lakh M. T. of honey, 12800 M.T . of beeswax against 43400 M. T. of world production. China also produces 1000 M. T. of pollen and 800 M.T. of royal jelly and biggest exporter of honey, beeswax and other bee products. 70 lakh A.mellifera bee colonies and 30 lakh A.cerana bee colonies in China and they have a plan to increase this number to 5 times in next few decades .

6. Status of bee keeping in India About 14 lakh colonies by 2.5 lakh beekeepers Employment to 1.5 lakh persons Annual honey production 70,000 tonnes (54.15% from domesticated and 45.85 from wild) Apis cerena and mallifera both are practice Avg. yield of honey is 21kg./hive Values of export of honey approx. 250 Crores Major market Germany, USA,Japan , France, Italy and Spain

7. Morphology of Honey-bee

8. Kingdom - Animalia Phylum – Arthropoda class – I nsecta Order – Hymenoptera Family – Apidae Genus – Apis HONEY BEE CLASSIFICATION

9. Important species of Honey-bee in Bee keeping

10. Open nesting. Builds single large comb attached to branches of trees or rocks etc. Found in plains as well as hills up to 1600 meters above sea level. Highly migratory. Biggest honey bee (16-18mm) Swarming/ Absconding tendency Strong Furious in Temperament 40 kg Honey wild bees, cannot be domesticated Apis dorsata

11. Apis cerena indica Cavity nesting. Builds many parallel combs in cavities of tree trunks, hollows of rocks, poles and other Covered places. Found throughout India Medium size (14-15mm) Strong tendency of Swarming Furious in temperament 5 kg (Hive bees; can be domesticated

12. Apis mellifera Cavity nesting and similar in habits to Apis cerana. builds parallel combs. Exotic bee to India, Introduced successfully in 1962 Medium size (14-16mm) Swarming only in African sub species Gentle in temperament 15 kg honey

13. Apis florae Open nesting, Builds single small comb fixed to branches of bushes Found in plains up to 300 mtr above sea level. Highly migratory. Smallest Apis bee (9- 10mm) Swarming/ Absconding tendency Strong Temperament Mild 500 g Average honey yield per colony/year wild bees; cannot be domesticated

14. Site Selection for Bee Keeping Availability of Flower Availability of water Accessibility and topography Shelter or Shady area Proximity of human activities Presence of pest and use of pesticides Drainage

15. Life cycle and colonization of honey bee Swarming, Supersedure,Absconding Nuptial or flight marriage

16. Male (drone) Female (queen) Copulation Unfertilized egg Larva 6 DAYS Pupa Adult Male (Drone) Fertilized egg 3 DAYS Larva 6 DAYS Pupa 12 DAYS Adult Female(worker) Other workers NORMAL FOOD Sterile female workers One female QUEEN ROYAL JELLY 3 DAYS ROYAL JELLY FOR 3 DAYS

17. Three Castes of Honey Bees . Thousands of female WORKERs Hundreds of male DRONEs One QUEEN (complete female)

18. Size of Cast in Hive

19. The Queen Profile The queen is a mature, fertile female.  She lays thousands of eggs during her life time.  A queen has the longest live span in the colony living for years versus months. She is normally larger than the other bees in the hive and has a slim torpedo shape.   

20. She does have a stinger, but uses it to kill other queens. Only actively reproducing female Can produce 1,500 eggs per day or more at the height of the brood season She develops from a fertilized egg. She mates with many drones to produce fertilized eggs. She is the mother of all the bees in the hive. Her role in the hive is to produce eggs and to release pheromone signals within the hive.

21. Worker Profile Female but typically not able to reproduce A colony will have 20,000 - 60,000 Live for 4-6 weeks in summer, 4-5 months in winter Develops from a fertilized egg

22. Worker bees are sexually underdeveloped females. They may number as many as 60,000 in a colony. They are called workers because that is what they do. Female worker bees under certain conditions can lay eggs but because they are not mated, they produce eggs that only develop into drones. A worker bee spends its first 20 days in the hive performing various task – cleaning cells, feeding young larva, building wax comb, etc.

23. The Drone bee Note the general shape of the drone. The head is large and the eyes predominate the head. The rear-end of the drone is rounded --they have no stinger and can not sting.   Although they are usually considered worthless, they  contribute to the continuation of  one generation to the next generation. They emerge in 24 days, larger than the female workers.

24. The drone is the male bee in the hive. He develops from an unfertilized egg. Meaning he is passing on genetic material from his mother only. He provides ½ of the genetic material in worker bees. His life span depends on the health of the colony. During poor honey flows and honey shortages, drones may be driven from the hive. This happens at the onset of winter as well.

25. Swarming The process of leaving the colony by the queen with a large group of worker bees is called swarming. Supersedure when the egg laying capacity of the old queen is lost, it dies or new queen takes the position of the old queen. Absconding Migration of the complete colony from one place to another due to some unfavorable conditions.

26. Communication When food source is < 50 m from hive Waggle dance When food source is > 50 meters away Round dance Waggle dance used during swarming to communicate possible nest sites

27. Methods of Bee-keeping Indigenous Method Two types of hives are used in indigenous method of bee keeping e.g. wall or fixed and movable hive . (a) WALL OR FIXED HIVE: It is purely natural type of comb because the bees themselves prepare the hive at any space on the wall or trees. There is an opening on one side through which bees come out of the hive.

28. (b) MOVABLE HIVE It comprises of hollow wood logs, empty boxes and earthen pots etc. placed in verandas of houses. There exist two holes one is for entrance and the other for exit of the bees. The swarmed bees usually come to the box on their own accord. Some bee keepers use to take the clusters of the swarms from a tree and keep them in the hive EXTRACTION OF HONEY For honey extraction, burning fire is brought near the bee hive at the night as a result of which bees are either killed or they escape off. Further the hive full of honey is being removed, cut into pieces and squeezed to get honey. Sometimes smoking is done so that the bees may escape from their hives.

29. 2.Modern Method An advanced method based on scientific facts Use of Scientifically made artificial Bee hive First artificial comb was introduced by R. L. L. Langstroth in 1851 in America There are 3 type of artificial Bee hive used in INDIA.. 1. Jeolikot model 2. Newton model 3. Langstroth model

30. Appliances of modern method

31. A

32. Seasonal management of Honey bee and bee hive

33. Spring season Management Cleaning Avoid Starvation Timely disease inspection Re- queening Removal of honey crop Creating space for expansion within the hive swarm control

34. Summer season Management Provide shade to hives Provide clean water Provide sugar syrup to honey bees Sprinkle cold water over hive Re- queening

35. Winter season Management Place the colony under sun rays Plug all openings Unite weaker colony with stronger colony Keep the entrance gate opposite to wind

36. Off season Management Enough honey may left in the hive to keep colony alive Protect from rain and wind Protect from enemies Take care of unhygienic condition When nectar is not available , colony should be given 300 to 500 ml warm sugar syrup in evening

37. Pest and Diseases of Honey Bee

38. Diseases Disease Causal organism Place of Infection Nature of Damage Stage infected Management Acarine Disease Acarapis woodi Trachea & body Fluid Mites pierce the tracheal tube wall and feed on the hemolymph of bee Adult Use of resistant hybrid bee k/n as Buck fast bee Cotton soaked in Methyl salcilate and placed under the hive American Foul Brood Bacteria infected Paenibacillus larvae spp. Gut Infected larvae die after their cell is sealed, Turn Dark Brown later change into sticky mass Larvae Use of Antibiotics Dusting the comb with Sulphatiazole powder Dipping of hive part in NaOC@3% Colony collapse disorder (CCC) Stresses, Malnutrition and GM crops Colony Worker bees from a bee hive colony abruptly disappear Worker bees Not known Following organic bee keeping

39. Sac Brood Morator aetatulas (Virus) Skin Larvae changes from white to gray , finally black, Retarded Growth, Died before Pupation Larvae Destruction of affective hives Sanitation of bee hive Nosema Disease Nosema apis Stomach Intestinal tracts of adult bees and causes nosemosis and dysentery Adult Increase Ventilation Amoebic disease Malphigamo-eba mellifera Malphig-ian tubules Causes to dysentery in healthy bees Adult Sterilization of brood box & frames with formalin @ 40% European Foul brood Melissoccous plutonius, Bacillus pluton Mid Gut Affected larvae becomes discolored and found in coiled position, Larvae turns in to yellow to brown color, Tracheal system visible Larvae Use of oxy-tetracycline hydrochloride Chalk Brood Ascosphaera apis Gut Fungus will consume the body of larvae, White and Chalky appearance. Larvae Increase Ventilation Transfer of healthy bee into another hive during wet springs

40. Scientific name - Vespa orientalis Nature of Damage Prey on Bees Wasp macerate the bees and feed on their Larvae Management Destruction of wasp nests by burning or using insecticides Natural Enemies of Honey bee 1. Greater wax Moth Scientific Name – Galleria mellonella Nature of Damage The caterpillar make tunnels through near midribs of a comb during stress. Feed on the Wax. Management Para dichlorobenzene Application of the aizawai variety of Bt Bees also kill them, cleaning is needed 2. Predatory wasp

41. 4 . Ants Enters the bee hive at night and drinks up honey Scientific name Acherontia styx 3.Death’s hawk moth Management Removal of the Moth from the colony Scientific name - Dorylas labiatus, componotus. Compressus Nature of Damage - Steal to the honey and brood, Weaken and destroy to the bee colony. Management - Destruction of ant nest by fumigation or by insecticides

42. Honey Antiseptic product , increase in Hemoglobin, killed germ of pneumonia, typhoid and use in baking industry, wine industry Beeswax used in a multitude of products including: beauty products and cosmetics, soaps, shampoos, moisturizers. Products of Honey Bee & Hive

43. Royal Jelly used for a wide variety of general health conditions such as asthma, hay fever, insomnia, stomach ulcers, skin disorders and for boosting the immune system. Bee pollen consumed to boost energy, aid digestion, and reduce symptoms caused by air-born allergens. Consider as “super food”. Bee venom Given as a shot for arthritis, nerve pain

44. Benefits of Beekeeping Bees help in cross pollination thus they increase the productivity of crops. Proper utilization of natural resources. Unemployed youth can start this business with minimal funds. 73,000 man-days to manufacture appliances / equipments. Net income from 100 Bee colonies is around Rs. 1.70 lakhs/annum It helps in rural development and promotes small village industry.

45. Infrastructure for producing genetically superior queen bees for supply to beekeepers; technical knowledge for efficient management of bee colonies for higher honey yield; awareness about yield increase in crops by BK through pollination; research for disease management & control; financial institutional support consumer awareness about honey and its products; Poor quality control for production of honey and De-forestation; Indiscriminate use of insecticides, pesticides, weedicides etc.; and Global warming & unforeseen changes in climatic conditions. Constraints in Beekeeping

46. Conclusion Production of honey has been the major aim of the industry. About 10,000 tons of forest honey are produced annually. Trends towards industrial bee keeping More sustainable option.

47. Thank You If I will die then you will die