apiculture

modern and 0ld method

1. APICULTURE By Ahmed Mushtaq Presented to Miss Khizra Maqsood

2. Introduction Apiculture or bee-keeping is the tech­nique of rearing honey bees F or honey and wax from their comb or beehives. Selection of sites for quality honey and protection of bees and combs from pests and diseases are part of apiculture.

3. History    Apiculture is thought to have been practiced as early as 13,000 BC. • The medicinal importance of honey is mentioned in QUARAN Use of honey has also been mentioned in religious scriptures like Vedas, Puranas, Ramayana and Mahabharata. Tomb of Pabasa (Dynasty 26th)Egypt 3

4. Classification of Honey Bees KINGDOM : ANIMALIA CLASS : INSECTA ORDER : HYMENOPTERA FAMILY : APIDAE GENUS : APIS

5. Species Apis dorsata :  rock bee .giant bee and produces about 38 to 40 kg of honey per colony. 2 Apis indica :Indian bee. The annual yield of honey is 2 to 5 kg per colony . 3 Apis florea : little bee. It produces about 1 kg of honey per colony per year. 4 Apis mellifera : Italian bee. high amount of honey produced, it is often reared by beekeepers.

6. Colony 1 queen 50,000 very busy  workers performing various tasks 300 drones 9000 hungry larvae needing food. 20,000 older larvae and pupae in sealed  wax  cells, needing to be kept warm. 6000 eggs from which new larvae will hatch.

7. Queen The main role of the honey bee queen, is to lay thousands of eggs.  In order to be able to lay lots of eggs, she will go off on  multiple nuptial flights  to mate with different drones If the  honey bee queen  lays too few eggs, her workers will replace her with a new queen.  This is called  'supersedure ’ . When the existing colony is large and it's time to split it and establish a new colony,  the queen achieves this by  swarming .  When the time is right, a new queen is produced in a colony, so there are now 2 queens. queens may lay up to 1,500 eggs per day  250,000 eggs per year and possibly more than a million in her lifetime.

8. Worker The  roles of workers vary depending on their stage of life .  Once the worker bee emerges, she immediately gets to work, removing waste from cells, and adding a disinfecting material ready for the new eggs. After around 3 days, she becomes a brood nurse, meaning that it is her job to feed the larvae with pollen and honey. After about 16 days, she will begin secreting wax from her abdomen for building  hexagonal-shaped honeycombs .  After about 20 days, she will perform guard duties, defending the entrance of the hive or nest from predators.  Soon after, she will begin foraging for  nectar and pollen  to bring back to the hive. Additional duties of worker bees include: fanning the hive to regulate the temperature, removing  dead bees  and larvae from the hive, and carrying water to the hive.

9. Drones Drones (males) perform the function of  mating  with queens. Males ( drones ) differ from females in that they are slightly larger, and have bigger eyes. Drones have no stinger, pollen baskets, or wax glands   Drones become sexually mature about a week after emerging and die instantly upon mating D rones eat three times as much food as workers When cold weather begins in the fall and pollen/nectar resources become scarce, drones usually are forced out into the cold and left to starve.

10. Methods of Bee-Keeping Indigenous methods Modern methods

11. Indigenous methods Immovable structures Small structures are made in pro­tected places. During construction of dwell­ing houses, small permanent chambers are made in the outer wall of the house for bees to build combs. Sometimes mud chambers are con­structed. Orchid Hive made of locally available materials stones available on field; clay; chopped wheat straw platform of stones plastered with mud and measuring 70 cm × 70 cm × 50 cm An entrance hole of about 1.5 cm diameter is provided in one of the lengths, for the easy movement of bees. The top cover is made from sarkanda grass tied with string and supported with strips of wood. It is fashioned as a slopping roof to drain off water.

12. Indigenous methods M ovable structures Bee chambers are made up of hollow bags, empty wooden boxes, earthen pots, etc. which can be moved from place to place, and put in a suitable location for the bees. 

13. Drawbacks Honey extraction is impure because at the time of squeezing the brood cells, pollens and larvae is also extracted The colony become weak due to killing of eggs and larvae at the time extraction Formation of new Hive due to escaped bees require extyra energy which affect the yield Bees may not the Hivate the same hive its only the matter of chance no Selection of best bees

14. Modern Method Common appliances for modern method Typical movable hive Queen excluder Honey extractor Uncapping knife Other equipments

15. Typical movable hive It is an artificial movable hive which made by wooden box based on bee spacetheory . The size and number of frames are variable from hive to hive accordingto the need. A small space is enough to permit the entrance and exit of workers and drones but queen once placed in hive never comes outside the hive .

16. Parts of Hive 6 Parts Stand Bottom board Brood Chamber Supper Inner Cover Top Cover Stand- It is the basal part of the hive on which the whole hive is constructed.The stands are adjusted to make slope for the hive. This slope helps the rainwater to fall down quickly. 2. Bottom board It is present above the stand and forms the proper base forthe hive having two gates in the front position. One gate is for entrance andthe other is for exit purpose.

17. Parts of Hive 6 Parts Stand Bottom board Brood Chamber Supper Inner Cover Top Cover Brood Chamber The bottom board carries the brood chamber which is themost important part of the bee hive. It is of large size made up of 5 to 10frames. Each frame contains a wax sheet bearing hexagonal frames hexagonal mark, the bees start making wall and ultimately the cells.These wad sheets are known as comb foundation which attracts the beesand provides the base for the comb preparation on both the sidesAlong with the marginof every

18. Parts of Hive 6 Parts Stand Bottom board Brood Chamber Supper Inner Cover Top Cover Super It is without cover and the base. Super is provided with many framescontaining comb foundation to provide additional space for expansion ofthe hive. Inner cover It is a wooden piece used for the covering of the super. Manyholes are present for providing proper ventilation. Top cover- Its purpose is to protect the colony from rains. A plain andsloping zinc sheet is fitted in the top cover.

19. Honey extractor Honey extractor It is used for extraction of honey from the frames without damaging the comb. It consists of a metal drum with several pock­ets around a rotating wheel. The frames are hanged from the pockets and the pockets are made to rotate round a central axis. The centrifugal force created by rotation sepa­rates honey from the comb which is col­lected in the drum. The honey is taken out from the drum through a hole at the bottom.- The combs and frames are again placed in the hive.

20. Other Equipment Bee gloves: Leather gloves are used to prevent bees from stinging during handling of the comb and bees. Bee veil: A bee veil is required to cover neck, face and head of the keeper during handling. Usually it is made of linen. Smoker: A smoker must be used while capturing bees in a hive. Smoke from paper, wood and coconut cover makes the bees inactive. There is fire box in a smoker in which smoke-producing materials and fire are put. A bellow system is fitted to blow the smoke. Hive tool: It is a long, narrow and flat piece of steel with a slightly bent head to scrap away dirty materials deposited by bees or some other factors.

21. Advantages A strong colony can be developed by providing sugar, syrup, pollensubstances to honey bees Swarming of bees is checked by modern hive. The same hive is used again and again so less energy is wasted in makingthe hive on part of bees and worker bees can pay more attention on thehoney formation. Hive can be transferred to other place under any adverse climatic conditionsfor the protection of the bees. Comb can be protected from the enemies. Pure honey can be obtained in large quantities.

22. Products Honey Honey is a nutritious food, rich in energy and vitamins. Our body readily absorb sugar, minerals, vitamins and other materials from honey. It is used as a carrier in ayurvedic and unani medicines. It acts as a laxative, antiseptic and sedative. It prevents cold, cough and fever. It is also used as a blood purifier. It is also used in religious ceremonies. It goes in the making of alcoholic drinks and beauty lotions. Another important use is in scientific research for making bacterial cultures. It is also utilised for making poison baits for certain insect pests.

23. Product Wax Generally bees consume about 10-20 kg of honey to produce one kg of bee wax. Beeswax is secreted by the wax glands located on the underside of the last four abdominal segments of the worker bee. Making of traditional candles. Making pharmaceutical preparations like ointments. It is also used in the manufacture of cosmetics like face creams. Carbon papers are also mad with the help of bee wax. In laboratories it is used in microtomy work to prepare blood tissues. Preparation of varnishes and paints Water proofing and waxing of threads; and Formation of comb foundation

24. References https://www.buzzaboutbees.net/honeybees.html https://canr.udel.edu/maarec/honey-bee-biology/the-colony-and-its-organization/#:~:text=A%20honey%20bee%20colony%20typically,related%20to%20its%20adult%20age . https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/farm_enterprises/fe_api_typesofhoneybee.html https://www.notesonzoology.com/bees/apiculture-of-bees-meaning-and-methods-zoology/6553 https://www.studyandscore.com/studymaterial-detail/apiculture-production-of-honey-and-beehive-products#:~:text=In%20the%20indigenous%20method%2C%20the,large%2Dscale%20production%20of%20honey . https://egov.uok.edu.in/elearning/tutorials/1011020512BR15103CR15Apiculture%20Lac%20culture%20and%20%20sericultureapiculture%20lac%20culture%20and%20%20sericulture%20upload.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ePic3dtykk&ab_channel=NationalGeographic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAKkjD3nEv0&ab_channel=DeepLook https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7U2_Y4blt-M&ab_channel=Don%27tMemorise https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Apiculture+animation%5C https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0cdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-10&cl=CL2.9&d=HASH083af43596dbe513371221.8.10&gt=1 https://www.davuniversity.org/images/files/study-material/course%20code%20ZOO225%20Course%20name%20APICULTUREn%20Department%20Zoology.pdf