Apiculture and bee keeping.pptx

complete presentation of Apiculture
topics included are- introduction to Apiculture,classification and biology of honey bee, bee keeping, importance, bee hives, products of bee rearing and many more.

1. Apiculture and bee keeping

2. Apiculture Rearing of honey bee for honey is called apiculture Also called bee keeping It is an applied zoology and is a cottage industry L L langstroth is the father of bee keeping The honey bee is domesticated by the farmers to produce honey and bee wax

3. Scope of apiculture Provides employment to the rural people It needs minimum semi skilled laborers It is economically important because it is profitable rural based industry Develops as small scale industry with less capital investment Apiculture related research institution also offers employment to the research workers

4. Scope of apiculture The important product of bee keeping is the honey which is used as medicine and nutritive supplement Bee wax is also used in pharmaceutical industries, production of polishing material By products of bee keeping are exported to various countries and our economy grows Honey is also the ingredient in bakery products

5. Honey bee It is a domesticated insect Belongs to order HYMENOPTERA and family APIDAE genus APIS Most common species of honey bee are APIS DORSATA APIS FLOREA APIC MELLIFERA APIS CERANA APIS INDICA

6. Classification Phylum : ARTHROPODA Class : INSECTA Sub class : PTERYGOTA Division : ENDOPTERYGOTA Order : HYMENOPTERA Family : APIDAE Genus : APIS Species : INDICA

7. APIS INDIA Generally called INDIAN BEES They are very calm They are suitable for apiculture They build their combs in dark place They are yellowish brown in color They have 2 types of combs-honey comb, brood comb They can produce 2-3kg of honey per year They are domesticated in south India

8. Bee colony Honey bee are social insect they live in colonies They show the division of labor Each colony consists of 3 castes- QUEEN, DRONES, WORKERS Colony is comprised of only one QUEEN, 40000 WORKERS and 200 DRONES

9. Queen Largest member of the bee colony. Only one queen in a colony She is the mother of all the members of colony Characterized by the presence of short wings, body is dark brown in color Body consists of head, thorax and abdomen Head consists of pair of compound eyes, mouth parts and a pair of antennae Thorax is made of 3segments-prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax Thorax bears 3 pairs of legs and 2 pairs of wings Her main function is to lay eggs and so called mother of the colony She lays 1500-2000 eggs per day She is larger than the workers and drones she does not have the wax plates or pollen baskets She has pointed mandibles and shorter mouthparts She is developed from a fertilized egg The developing larvae feeds on ROYAL JELLY Mating occurs during nuptial flight Eggs are laid after 8hours of mating The life span of queen bee is 5-6years

10. Queen bee

11. Drones They are fertile male bees They are larger than the workers The body is black in color Body consists of head, thorax and abdomen Head consists of pair of compound eyes, mouth parts and a pair of antennae Thorax is made of 3segments-prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax Thorax bears 3 pairs of legs and 2 pairs of wings They can mate with the queen and die after mating They do not posses pollen baskets, sting glands, and wax glands They have short proboscis They are the laziest flies, they do not work They develop from unfertilized egg Their main function is to fertilize the eggs by the production of sperms

12. Drone bee

13. Worker bee They are the sterile female bee They are the smallest members of colony Body consists of head, thorax and abdomen Head consists of pair of compound eyes, mouth parts and a pair of antennae Thorax is made of 3segments-prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax Thorax bears 3 pairs of legs and 2 pairs of wings They do not produce eggs They have the organs such as pollen baskets, wax glands, scent glands and eyes are well developed The head is longer and triangular than the queen Mandibles are smooth and rounded Worker bees who nurse the young larvae- nurse bee Worker bee who produce wax they posses wax plates Worker bee who guard the hives- field bee They collect nectar and pollen

14. Worker bee

15. Bee keeping It refers to the rearing of honey bees Primitive hives- the earliest method of bee keeping It was adopted by villagers, they used various types of hives and they are called primitive hives The primitive hives divided into 3types- wall type, movable type, bamboo hive.

16. Modern hives Involves the use of movable frame hives There are two types of modern hives Langstroth ten frame hives Newton hives

17. Langstroth ten frame hive Developed by langstroth in 1851 Suitable for big colony Consists of following parts Stand Bottom board Brood chamber Standard frame Super Inner cover Top cover

18. Langstroth ten frame hive Stand is formed of 4 legs and is used to place the hive Used to support the bottom board Bottom board consists of a wooden piece A wooden rod is nailed at the back It is provided with an air space (entrance) in the centre Brood chamber is a box (rectangle) and is made of thick wood Standard frame has a top bar, two sides bars and a bottom bar There is a side bar in the middle of the lower side The dimensions of the super should be the same as that of brood chamber frames The inner cover is a wooden board to cover the brood chamber The sloping top cover consists of a wooden frame It is loosely placed over the hive

19. Langstroth type hive

20. Langstroth type hive

21. Newton hive Designed by Rev. Fr. NEWTON in 1919 Formed of movable frames Useful to rear small colony The hive consists of parts- Floor board Brood chamber Brood frame Super chamber and super frame Stand Top cover

22. Newton hive Floor board has dimension of 40cm*30cm Brood chamber is a box without top and bottom At the base there is a entrance The brood chamber is placed over the floor board Brood frame has top bars and side bars It is hanged down inside the brood chamber The brood chamber consists of 7 frames A super chamber is over brood chamber Stand is a piece of wood and is fixed deep in the ground A board is attached on its top The hive is placed on the platform The top cover consists of 2 sloping planks

23. Newton hive

24. Procedure of bee keeping in primitive method of bee keeping, the bee colonize only by chance The bees are left undisturbed By using smoke the bees are driven out Then the honey is collected by squeezing the combs The honey is stored in vessels

25. Disadvantages of primitive bee keeping / indigenous method Bees colonize the hives by chance It is not easy to control the bees Swarming cannot be prevented Honey becomes impure because at the time of squeezing the brood cells, pollen cells, honey cells and larvae are also extracted Colony becomes weak due to killing of eggs and larvae at the time of squeezing Honey robbers like rat, ant, wasp and monkey may effect the hives easily The storage of honey is not proper Most of the bees are killed during the collection of honey No chance of improvement of race

26. Advantages of modern method Proper watch on the activities of bees can be had Strong colony can be developed by providing sugar, syrup, pollen substances to honey bee Swarming of bees can be checked Same hive is used again and again so the workers pay their attention more for the honey and not for the hive formation Hives can be transferred from one place to another for the protection of bees Comb can be protected by enemies Pure honey in large quantity can be obtained

27. Bee keeping equipments 1.Comb foundation sheets it is the sheet formed of pure wax It is of proper size and attached to super frames by means of thin wires The bees make comb cells over this sheets

28. Bee keeping equipments 2. Queen excluder Consists of frame fitted with metallic wire net assembled together Utilized to prevent the queen’s entrance from the brood chamber to the super chamber

29. Bee keeping equipments 3. Bee veil It is a covering to protect the keeper’s face from the sting of bees Made of fine net

30. Bee keeping equipments 4. Smoker device used by keepers to subdue the bees during hive inspection Materials used for producing smoke are rotten wood, chips, wood latches, waste papers etc.

31. Bee keeping equipments 5. Hive tool it is a flat narrow and long piece of iron which is used in scraping the dirty materials deposited by the bees especially bee glue and superfluous pieces of comb on the inner walls of the hives

32. Bee keeping equipments 6. Uncapping knife It is a long, broad iron piece which helps in removing the cap of the hive for inspection at regular intervals

33. Bee keeping equipments 7. Honey extractor it is used for extracting honey from the frames without any destruction to the comb It is the drum made up of metal, having several pockets around the rotating wheel The frames are made to hang from these pockets and the pockets are made to rotate round a central axis This rotation creates the centrifugal force with separates the honey from the comb The collected honey is taken out from the drum through the hole at the bottom After the extraction of the honey the combs and frames are reutilized

34. Bee keeping equipments

35. Bee keeping equipments 8. Bee brush- it is the brush with soft bristles used to remove bees from the honey comb 9. Queen gate- it is a metal piece fixed at the entrance of the hive used to prevent the escape of queen from the hive 10. Feeders- they are the device used to feed the sugar syrup. Bees are fed with honey syrup/ sugar syrup where there is insufficient amount of honey in the hive

36. Honey It is an aromatic sweet material collected by honey bees from the nectar of the plants. It is the natural food Chemical composition- Water(17%)+ fructose (38%)+ glucose(31%)+ sucrose(1.3%)+ other sugars(9%) total acid(0.57%)+ ash(0.17%)+ nitrogen(0.04%) with negligible amount of enzymes and vitamins Acids- citric acid, gluconic acid, hydrochloric acid Minerals- iron, copper, manganese, sodium, potassium, calcium, silica, phosphorus, magnesium Vitamins- ascorbic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin and thiamine Enzymes- invertase, diastase

37. Properties of honey Color, taste and flavor of honey are contributed by aromatic compounds, colloids and pollen hygroscopic, absorbs moisture when honey is exposed to air high viscosity so it flows very slowly High Density Specific gravity- 1.41

38. Nutritional value of honey Gives full energy A teaspoon of honey liberates 100 calories Considered as “drug of immortality” antibacterial property Enhances appetite Relieves dryness of mouth and body Provides essential amino acids required for the growth of the body Improves metabolism Effective in digestion Aids In blood circulation

39. medicinal value of honey Posses antibacterial property Cures cuts, burns, sore throat Acts as antibiotic Protects skin and eyes Promotes growth of healthy tissues Used to treat cough, cold and intestinal disturbances Cures headache due to sleeplessness Antieosinophilic property Acts as medicine to cure jaundice Protects the deposition of fats Good for kidney patients Used as a medicine for bedwetting Applied to swelling

40. Bee wax Is a natural product and by product secreted by worker bees to make combs of the bee hive Produced by 4 pairs of wax glands which are situated on ventral side of the abdomen Pure wax is white color, yellow color is due to carotene pigments There are 4 methods to produce wax- Solar wax extractor Submerged brood chamber method Submerged sack method Steam wax extraction

41. Uses of bee wax Widely used in cosmetic industry Used to polish shoes Used to manufacture cold creams, lip sticks etc. Used to make candles Used to coat papers and to fill pores in the wood Helpful to produce comb foundation sheets Quality wax used for preparation of ointments Used to make models and pharmaceutical preparations

42. Propolis and balms Are the collections of bees from the plants Utilized in repairing and fastening the comb. bees are good pollinators and responsible for cross pollination in several variety of leguminous plants Sting of bees helps to cure many diseases- blood purifier, cough, cold, sore throat, ulcers in tongue, ulcers in stomach and intestine Prescribed for heart and diabetic patients and useful for kidney and lung disorders

43. Bee enemies Wax moths(galleria mellonella and achroia grisella) Wasp (vespa sp. And palarus sp.) Black ants (componotus compressus ) Bee eaters ( merops orientalis) Kingcrow Controlling measures- artificial sulphur fumigation Calcium cyanide, carbon disulphide, carbon tetra chloride mixture and methyl bromide are also fumigated Wasp nests can be destroyed by blowing 10% DDT dust or by fumigation or burning them with kerosene and petrol torches

44. Diseases of bees They are generally resistant to diseases They do not show the sign of ill health by their external appearance Contagious disease is BROOD FOUL The larvae suffering from this disease show uneasy movements in the cell, the color of the body changes from pearly white to yellow, skin becomes flaccid and opaque and death occurs soon It is due to different genera of fungi like schizomycetes and main source of spreading is man Queen transfers these germs to their offspring through eggs. Prevention- hive should be sprayed by1/150 solution of salicylic acid destroying of infected queen bee and replaced by new one painting of inner side by a mixture made of 2:1 of methylated spirit and carbolic crystals Infected combs should b washed with a soft water , dairy salt, bicarbonate of soda, pure salicylic acid crystals, alcohol mixed with certain amount of honey syrup

45. Diseases of bees NOSEMA Affects the stomach and small intestine which becomes grayish white as compared to yellowish of normal bee AMOEBA DISEASE Affects the malphigian tubules ISLE OF WIGHT/ ACARINE DISEASE Occurs due to blockages of trachea of bees by a small parasitic mite Prevention- Mixture of safrol oil, nitrobenzene, methyl salicylate and petrol BACILLUS APISCEPTIOUS Bacteria affects the blood of bees and produces septicemia